ENERGY

AND
THE FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS
MEG 212 Week 4 Lecture
Lecture Learning Outcomes
At the end of this lecture, you will be able to,
• Recall the evaluation of expansion work in a closed system

• State the first law of thermodynamics

• Apply the first law of thermodynamics to obtain net work

done or net heat transfer in processes
• Apply the energy balance rate to steady and transient state
operations
Worked Example 2: Evaluation of Work in a Process
Solution 1st Work Process 1 to 2

1
1 1 𝑉1
 Evaluate the work in kJ, for a two 𝑝1 𝑉1 = 𝑝2 𝑉2 = 𝑐; 𝑝2 = 𝑝1 = 2 𝑏𝑎𝑟
step process consisting of an 𝑉2
expansion with 𝑛 = 1.0 from initial
pressure is 3 bar and the initial We can now determine the work for the process
volume is 0.1 m3 to final volume is
0.15 m3 followed by and expansion 𝑉2 𝑉2
𝑐 𝑉2
𝑐
with 𝑛 = 0 from initial volume is 0.15 𝑊= 𝑝 𝑑𝑉 = 𝑑𝑉 = 𝑑𝑉
m3 to final volume is 0.2 m3 𝑉1 𝑉1 𝑉𝑛 𝑉1 𝑉1

𝑛
𝑝𝑉 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑉2 𝑉2 𝑉2
= 𝑐 ln 𝑉 = 𝑐 ln = 𝑝1 𝑉1 ln = +12.16 𝑘𝐽
𝑉1 𝑉1 𝑉1
Worked Example 2: Evaluation of Work in a Process
Solution 2nd Work Process 2 to 3

0 0
𝑝2 𝑉2 = 𝑝3 𝑉3 = 𝑐; 𝑝2 = 𝑝3 = 2 𝑏𝑎𝑟
 Evaluate the work in kJ, for a two
step process consisting of an
We can now determine the work for the process
expansion with 𝑛 = 1.0 from initial
pressure is 3 bar and the initial
𝑉3 𝑉3
volume is 0.1 m3 to final volume is
𝑊= 𝑝 𝑑𝑉 = 𝑝 𝑑𝑉 = 𝑝 𝑉3 − 𝑉2
0.15 m3 followed by and expansion 𝑉2 𝑉2
with 𝑛 = 0 from initial volume is 0.15 = +10 𝑘𝐽
m3 to final volume is 0.2 m3

𝑛 Total work as a result of the two processes is

𝑝𝑉 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
+ 22.16 𝑘𝐽
 Change in Total Energy of a System

The change in the total energy of a Mathematically, the change in total

system in engineering thermodynamics energy of a system is expressed as,
is considered to be made up of three
𝐸2 − 𝐸1 = 𝑈2 − 𝑈1 + 𝐾𝐸2 − 𝐾𝐸1 + 𝑃𝐸2 − 𝑃𝐸1
macroscopic contributions
Which can also be written as
 Change in kinetic energy
 Change in gravitational potential energy
∆𝐸 = ∆𝑈 + ∆𝐾𝐸 + ∆𝑃𝐸

 All other energy changes lumped together in

internal energy
 Energy Transfer by Heat

Closed systems can also interact with

This type of interaction is called
their surroundings in a way that
energy transfer by heat
cannot be categorized as work.
𝑄 is used to denote an amount of

For example, when gas in a rigid

energy transferred across the

container interacts with a hot plate, the boundary of a system in a heat

energy of the gas is increased even interaction with the surroundings

though no work is done.
 Energy Transfer by Heat: Sign Convention

When heat is transferred into a

The sign convention for heat transfer
system, it is taken to be positive
is just the reverse of the one adopted
while the reverse is negative
for work, where a positive value for
𝑄 > 0: Heat transfer to the system
work signifies an energy transfer from
the system to the surroundings 𝑄 < 0: Heat transfer from the system
 Heat Transfer: Sign Convention and Notation

2
𝛿𝑄 = 𝑄
The value of 𝑄 depends on the details 1

of interactions taking place between The amount of energy transfer by heat is

the system and surroundings during a given by the integral above, where the
limits of the integral means ‘from state 1
process not just on the end states.
to 2’ and does not refer to the values of
Therefore, heat is not a property of the
heat at the state (value of heat at each
system or surroundings
state has no meaning)
 Heat Transfer: Sign Convention and Notation

The net rate of heat transfer is denoted Rate of energy transfer by heat
by 𝑄. The energy transfer by heat
𝑡2
during a period of time can be found 𝑄= 𝑄𝑑𝑡
𝑡1
by integrating from time 𝑡1 to 𝑡2

Modes of Heat transfer will be discussed

If a system undergoes a process involving
in details in a Heat Transfer Course
no heat transfer with its surroundings, that
process is called an adiabatic process
 Energy Balance for Closed Systems
 A fundamental aspect of the energy concept is that energy is conserved

 This is called the first law of thermodynamics

 The first law of thermodynamics states that,

𝑛𝑒𝑡 𝑎𝑚𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑛𝑒𝑡 𝑎𝑚𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓

𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛
𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑖𝑛 𝑎𝑐𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑑
𝑎𝑚𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦
𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑎𝑐𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒
 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑 = −
𝑠𝑦𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑚 𝑏𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑦 𝑏𝑦 𝑠𝑦𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑚 𝑏𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑦
𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑛 𝑎 𝑠𝑦𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑚
ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑓𝑒𝑟 𝑑𝑢𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑏𝑦 𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘 𝑑𝑢𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔
𝑑𝑢𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑠𝑜𝑚𝑒 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑎𝑙
𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑎𝑙 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑎𝑙
 Energy Balance for Closed Systems
 The statement of the first law of thermodynamics is an accounting balance
for energy

 It requires that in any process of a closed system, the energy of the system
increases or decreases by an amount equal to the net amount of energy
transferred across its boundary

 The statement of the 1st law can be written mathematically as,

𝐸2 − 𝐸1 = 𝑄 − 𝑊

∆𝐾𝐸 + ∆𝑃𝐸 + ∆𝑈 = 𝑄 − 𝑊
 Energy Balance for Closed Systems
 In differential form, the energy balance can be written as,

𝑑𝐸 = 𝛿𝑄 − 𝛿𝑊

 The instantaneous time rate form is

𝑑𝐸
=𝑄−𝑊
𝑑𝑡

 Which can be written alternatively as,

𝑑𝐾𝐸 𝑑𝑃𝐸 𝑑𝑈
+ + =𝑄−𝑊
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
 Energy Balance for Closed Systems
 Important things to note about energy balance
 Be careful about signs and units
 Recognize the location of the system boundary

 The figures below show three alternative systems than show how recognize
the system boundary
 Energy Balance for Closed Systems: Example
 Cooling a gas in a piston-cylinder
assembly

Four-tenths kilogram of a certain gas is

contained within a piston-cylinder assembly.
The gas undergoes a process for which the
pressure-volume relationship is 𝑝𝑉 1.5 = 𝑐.

The initial pressure is 3 bar, the initial volume is

0.1𝑚3 and the final volume is 0.2𝑚3 . The change
in specific internal energy of the gas in the
process is 𝑢2 − 𝑢1 = −55 kJ/kg. There are no
significant changes in kinetic or potential
energy. Determine the net heat transfer for the
process
 Energy Balance for Closed Systems: Example
 Engineering Model

 The gas is a closed system

 The process is described by 𝑝𝑉 1.5 = 𝑐
 There is no change in KE and PE of the system

∆𝐾𝐸 + ∆𝑃𝐸 + ∆𝑈 = 𝑄 − 𝑊 𝑄 = ∆𝑈 + 𝑊

∆𝑈 = 𝑄 − 𝑊 𝑄 = 𝑚 𝑢2 − 𝑢1 + 𝑊 = 0.4(−55) + 17.6

∆𝑈 = 𝑚 𝑢2 − 𝑢1 = −55𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔 𝑄 = −4.4 𝑘𝐽

𝑊 = +17.6 𝑘𝐽 There is heat transfer out of the system to

(Solution for W can be found in the example solved the surroundings
during the last lecture)
 Energy Balance for Closed Systems: Example

Class Exercise 1 Class Exercise 2

If the gas undergoes a process for which A closed system of mass 10 kg undergoes
𝑝𝑉 = 𝑐 and ∆𝑢 = 0, determine the heat a process during which there is energy
transfer in kJ keeping the initial pressure transfer by work from the system of 0.147
and volume fixed. kJ per kg, an elevation decrease of 50m
and an increase in velocity from 15 m/s to
Answer: + 20.79 𝑘𝐽 30 m/s. The specific internal energy
decreases by 5 kJ/kg and the acceleration
due to gravity is 9.7m/s2. Determine the
heat transfer for the process in kJ.
 Energy Rate Balance for Steady State Operation
A system is at steady state if none of its properties change with time.

In real applications, when property variations with time are small enough to ignore, the
devices are assumed to be at steady state

Example: Energy Transfer Rates of a Gearbox at Steady State

During steady state operation, a gearbox receives 60 kW through the input shaft and
delivers power through the output shaft. For the gearbox system, the rate of energy
convection heat transfer is given by 𝑄 = ℎ𝐴(𝑇𝑏 − 𝑇𝑓 ) where ℎ = 0.171 kW/m2.K is the heat
transfer coefficient , 𝐴 = 1.0𝑚2 is the outer surface of the gearbox, 𝑇𝑏 = 300 𝐾 (27℃) is the
temperature of the outer surface and 𝑇𝑓 = 293 𝐾 (20℃) is the temperature of the
surrounding air away from the immediate vicinity of the gearbox. For the gearbox,
evaluate the heat transfer rate and power delivered through the output shaft in kW.
 Energy Rate Balance for Steady State Operation
 Engineering Model
 The gearbox is a closed system at steady state
 Convection is the dominant heat transfer
 Energy by heat is transferred out of the system
Known: Expression for heat transfer rate and
power input are given
Find: Heat transfer rate and power output in kW

𝑄 = ℎ𝐴 𝑇𝑏 − 𝑇𝑓 For steady state, the energy rate balance

reduces to
= 0.171 × 1 × 300 − 293 = 1.2 𝑘𝑊
Because heat is transferred out of the
system 𝑄 = −1.2 𝑘𝑊 0 = 𝑄 − 𝑊, 𝑄=𝑊
Therefore,
𝑊 = −𝑊1 + 𝑊2
𝑑𝐸 −1.2 = −60 + 𝑊2 , 𝑊2 = +58.8 𝑘𝑊
=𝑄−𝑊
𝑑𝑡
 Energy Rate Balance for Transient State Operation
Many devices undergo periods of transient operation where the state changes with time.

This is observed during startup and shutdown periods

Example: Transient Operation of a Motor

The rate of heat transfer between a certain electric motor and its surroundings varies with
time as 𝑄 = −0.2 1 − 𝑒 (−0.05𝑡) where 𝑡 is in seconds and 𝑄 is in kW. The shaft of the motor
rotates at constant speed 𝜔 = 100 𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑠 (about 955 revolutions per minute) and applies a
constant torque, ℑ = 18 𝑁. 𝑚 to an external load. The motor draws a constant electric
power input of 2.0 kW. For the motor use a spreadsheet to tabulate 𝑄 and 𝑊 in kW and the
change in energy ∆𝐸 in kJ as functions of time from 𝑡 = 0 𝑠 to 𝑡 = 120 𝑠
 Energy Rate Balance for Steady State Operation
 Engineering Model
 The figure shows details of the model
Known: time-varying rate of heat transfer between
motor and its surroundings is given
Find: Changes in the rate of heat transfer, power
and energy as time changes

𝑑𝐸
= 𝑄 − 𝑊, 𝑊𝑠ℎ𝑎𝑓𝑡 = ℑ𝜔 = +1.8 𝑘𝑊 To obtain the change in energy we perform
𝑑𝑡 an integration

𝑊 = −𝑊𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐 + 𝑊𝑠ℎ𝑎𝑓𝑡 = −2 + 1.8 𝑡

= −0.2 𝑘𝑊 ∆𝐸 = 0.2𝑒 −0.05𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = 4 1 − 𝑒 −0.05𝑡
0

𝑑𝐸 −0.05𝑡
= −0.2 1 − 𝑒 − −0.2 Class exercise: Table of values for Changes
𝑑𝑡 in the rate of heat transfer, power and energy
= 0.2𝑒 −0.05𝑡 as time changes
 SUMMARY

1 2 3 4 5 6
Change in Energy transfer Energy balance for Worked Examples Worked Examples
Review of
total energy by heat closed systems – Energy Balance for Energy rate
Evaluation of work
of a system Sign Convention 1st law of closed systems balance –
in a process
& thermodynamics Steady & Transient
Notation states
Next Lecture
 Energy balance for power, refrigeration and heat pump cycles

 Revision for First Quiz

 ANSYS Hands-On Tutorial 1 – Friday December 1, 2023

 First Quiz, Friday December 8, 2023