The Architecture of 8085 Microprocessor
The diagram shown below represents the Architecture of the 8085 Microprocessor
The 8085 Microprocessor includes various functional blocks such as
Registers
Arithmetic & Logic Unit
Instruction Decoder
Machine Cycle Encoder
Address Buffer
Address/Data Buffer
Incrementer Address Latch
Decrementer Address Latch
Interrupt Control
Serial I/O Control
Timing & control circuitry.
Registers:
The 8085 has eight addressable Eight-bit registers such as A, B, C, D, E, H, L, & F.
The 8085 has two Sixteen bit registers such as Stack Pointer (SP) & Program Counter
(PC).
These registers are classified as
General Purpose Registers
Temporary Registers:
Temporary data register
W and Z registers
Special Purpose Registers:
Accumulator (A)
Flag registers
Instruction register (IR)
Sixteen-bit Registers
Program Counter (PC)
Stack Pointer (SP)
General Purpose Registers:
General purpose registers such as B, C, D, E, H, and L are 8-bit general purpose registers
used as separate Eight-bit registers or as sixteen-bit register pairs, like BC, DE, and HL.
When used in register pair mode, the high order byte is stored in the first register like B
when BC is used as a register pair, and the lower order byte is stored in the second
register like C when BC is used as a register pair.
Register pair HL works as Data or Memory Pointer known as a scratch pad register for
programmers to load the data in this register.
But bus access is not essential for storing (writing), & reading data from these registers,
Its operation is internal, hence it provides the easiest method to store intermediate or
temporary results and can be used when we require it.
Usually, only efficient programmers prefer this HL register pair to store intermediate
results because bus access is essential for using memory locations and requires more time
for program execution.
Temporary Registers:
Temporary Data Register: The Arithmetic & Logic Unit has two inputs.
The first input is from Accumulator and the second input is from Temporary Data
Register.
But the programmer can’t access this Temporary Data Register.
It is used to execute arithmetic and logical instructions internally
For example, an instruction ADD B is an arithmetic instruction.
This instruction adds the contents of register A and register B and stores the final added
value in register A.
This operation is performed by the Arithmetic & Logic Unit.
Here,
The content of register B is moved to the temporary data register to apply the second
input to the ALU.
The Arithmetic & Logic Unit reads inputs from register A and Temporary Data Register.
W and Z registers:
W and Z registers are temporary registers and are not available for the programmer.
These W and Z registers are used to store eight-bit data during instruction execution.
The 8085 Microprocessor uses these W and Z registers for internal operation.
Application of W and Z registers
The CALL instruction transfers program control to a subroutine or subprogram.
This instruction pushes the existing value of the Program Counter PC to the stack register
to load the given address into the Program Counter PC.
Hence the given address is stored temporarily in the W and Z registers and loaded on the
address bus for the fetch cycle.
Thus the program counter is transferred to the address given in the instruction.
An instruction XCHG swaps the contents of the H register with the D register, and the
contents of the L register with the E register.
During swapping these W and Z registers are used to store temporary data.
Special Purpose Registers:
Register A (Accumulator):
It is a tri-state eight-bit register it has three stable states.
This register is broadly used in arithmetic, logic, load, & store operations as well as in
I/O.
In maximum cases, this register A functions as an accumulator to store the result of
arithmetic and logical operations
Flag Register:
It is an eight-bit register.
The five bits among these eight bit carries essential information in the form of flags:
1. Sign Flag (S)
2. Zero Flag (Z)
3. Auxiliary Carry Flag (AC),
4. Parity Flag (P), And
5. Carry Flag (CY)
