O-LEVEL: HISTORY & CULTURE OF PAIASTAN (2919-29) | First-Term of Benazir Bhutto:. After the death of General Zia, Ghulam ishag “han, Chairmen of te Sere. thei over as actin: ondition that she would offer full support to him in 1988 elections, Pakistan Peoples P: lliance. With the cooperation of 8 M. Q.h \dministered tribal Area, the P.P. P. showed 3 UCCESSES/ACHIEVEMENTS: a * Benazir Bhutto, daught woman to govem an Islamic State. ° The P. P. P. Govemment hosted 1988. As a result of the Conference, Pakistan end Inde fina! © Soon after taking oath, Prime Unions and Trade Unions would ¢ Pakistan re-joined commonweath in 1988.(refer to page nc.) * Benazir Bhutto also secured e SS00million in interest fi development and S1Billion from Russia for extension o' investment were waived off in Pakistan. As 4 result of increased by 30%. * Benazit’s Labour Reforms were also @ sucoess. She setup Women and Youth Minimum wage rate wes doubled and 40,000 Factory workers who were ~ of De-nationalization process were reinstated. * She also took first steps to spread electricity in rural areas. * Perhaps Benazir’s greatest achievement in foreign policy came in June wi 7 Official visit to the United States in 1989, to meet with President Bush and other govemme: Officials. The visit was a great success and did much to restore good relations ben: fwa enuntrias Ae 2 raciit af thie viet cha was able tn sennre the release of AD 5-16 Scanned with CamSca FAILURES/PROBLEMS: <1) No-confidence motion: But soon, alae ‘Government started facing problems on the political front. A.N. P., deserted the Pakistan People Party and on Novembar 1, 1989, a no-confidence motion was moved against the Prime Minister by the opposition. Bonazir was baroly ablo to pull through with 12 votes to her advantage. She survived but it was damaging for hor reputation, 2) The Secessionist Movement: The Indian government accused of Pakistan establishment helping militants in Kashmir, Tho two South Asian neighbors were at the brink of war in the spring of 1990 because of growing tensions over Kashmir because of Pakistani IS! support of militants fighting in Indian controlled Kashmir, India moved more troops into the rogion to prevent cross-border infiltration from Pakistan and to threaten hot pursuit or raids on training camps but not to launch concerted, major operations against Pakistan. Despite a civilian government being in power in Pakistan, the military continued to retain control over its nuclear programme, including the use of nuclear diplomacy. Under Zia, Pakistan had adopted a strategy of undermining Indian securiy through a war by proxy in Jammu and Kashmir. By 1990, the Kashmir insurgency was at its peak as perceived by Pakistan, and India-Pakistan relations had deteriorated. On 13 March 1990, Benazir Bhutto travelled to Pakistan controlled Kashmir and promisod a "thousand-year war" to support the militants. 3) Use of family members in the Government: ‘One of the major problems faced by Benazir Bhutto was accusation of using family members in government who carried oul massive corruption, received commission and kickbacks on government contracts. It was her husband Asif Ali Zardari and her father-in-law Hakim Ali Zardari who were principally accused. After the dismissal of Bhutto's first government on August 6, 1990 by Prosident Ghulam Ishaq Khan on the grounds of corruption government of Pakistan issued directives to its intelligence agencies to investigate the allegations, Pakistani embassies through western Europe, in France, Switzerland, Spain, Poland and Britain were directed to investigate the matter, Bhutto and her husband faced a number of legal proceedings, including a charge of laundering money through Swiss banks. Though never convicted, her husband, Asif Ali Zardari, ‘spent eight years In prison on similar corruption charges. Investigative report claimed that Pakistani investigators have documents that uncover a network of bank accounts, all linked to the family's lawyer in Switzerland, with Asif Zardari as the principal shareholder. According to the article, documents released by the French authorities indicated that 1d oxclusive rights to Dassault, a French aircraft manufacturer, to replace the air Scanned with CamScO-LEVEL: HISTORY & CULTURE OF PAKISTAN (2019-20) i tion controlled by force's fighter jets in exchange for a 5% commission to be paid toa Swiss ae go into Zardari. The article also said a Dubai company received an exclusive license aon Pakistan for which Asif Zardari received payments of more than $10 million int based Citibank accounts. Bhutto maintained that the charges levelled against her and her husband were purely poli ie the assets held by Bhutto and her husband continue to be scrutinized and eee aa at Prosecutors have alleged that their Swiss bank accounts contain £740 milion. Zarda also bous) @ neo-Tudor mansion and estate worth over £4 milion in Surrey, England, UK. The Pakistani investigations have tied other overseas properties to Zardar's family. Those include a$2.5 million manor in Normandy owned by Zardari's parents, who had modest assets at the timo of his marriage. Bhutto denied holding substantive overseas assets, 4) Opposition by MAM & Pucca-Qila Massacre: : On 30th September 1988 gunmen on motorbikes, believed to be Sindhi militants, fired into a crowd in Hyderabad, causing 250 casualties, mostly muhalirs. This led to widespread riots in Karachi, In August 1989 the MOM ended its alliance with the PPP. Violence continued with hundreds more deaths in 1989 - 90, On 27 May 1990, Sindh government launched a crackdown in Hyderabad, the cantro of MOM Power. A shoot- on-sight curfew was imposed , and a police house-to-house soarch began. The ‘Muhajirs protested at this treatment and fighting broke out. The Muhajirs wore protesting against the unfair treatment at a ground in Hyderabad known as Pucca Qila, The Police opened fire on the Protestors In what has become known as “the Pucca Oila massacre’ 31 woren and children wore killed, leading to retaliations in Karachi and elsewhere and over 300 more deaths, 5) Politi In the elections the PPP had gained @ majority in Sindh but Aot in the other three Provinces, It w: the largest party in the National Assembly, bul did not have a majority, President Ishaq Khan asked Bhutto to become prime minister, but to do so she had to form a coalition, She made an alliance with the Muhajir Quami Movement (MOM), @ party which, fepresented Muslims from Indie folowing partion. This gave her a majorty, but she til faced fierce opposition to her Tule bf the Islami Jamhuri Itehad (WJ!) led by Nawaz Sharif, who Controlled the provincial goverment of the Punjab. The No-Confidence Motion against Benazir was a Fesult of opposition by Nawaz Sharif. Nawaz Sharit also openly criticized Benazir Policies, . _, 8) Drug Trafficking: Benazir government alco failed to deal vith the Country's growing drug abu Parts of the country, drug dealers ang smugglers vith autornats weapons were in ec f Searing drug trade during General Zie's time had inera sol eras ae nag usta Zie's tens had increased the number of heroin addicts in ae nitom @ few thousand to Neary a milton in 1988, This also r sulted in, Astoriating law and who had migrated 8 problem, In a Scanned with CamScO-LEVEL: HISTORY & CULTURE OF PAKISTAN (2019-20) 7) Inflation & Unemployment: Benazir's government also lost support as it was unable to deliver on its promised employment and = economic development programs. Inflation and unemployment were high, and the rapid inorzase in z the country’s population meant the already overburdened education and health systems could not cope. : 8) Conflict with the President: E ‘According to the deal between Ghulam Ishaq Khan and Benazir Bhutto, Pakistan Peoples Party : voted for Ghulam Ishaq Khan. Ghulam Ishaq Khan was also the consensus candidate of isiari Jamuhri Itehad. Four candidates took part in the elections, with Ghulam ishag Khan winning: and i securing the highest 608 votes. Constitutional Amendments made by'the R. CoO. andithe Eighth ‘Amendment, that had given the President a great deal of power, inevitably ed the President and ' the Prime Minister into conflict. The conflict between the President and the Prime Minister arose in 1 {wo areas; the appointment of the Miltary Chiefs and the Superior Court Judges” The Dismissal: As a result of the changes made in the Constitution by the R. C. O. and the Eighth Amendment, the President had the power to appoint a caretaker Prime Minister and a caretaker Cabinet at the Federal as well at Provincial level. Using these powers, President Ghulam Ishaq Khan dissolv the National and Provincial Assemblies on August 6, 1990, and declared a state ‘of emergency in the country. Elections were scheduled to be held on October 24, 1990, Ghulam Ishaq Khan did not appoint a neutral or non-partisan caretaker Cabinet or Prime Minister. He chose the leader of the opposition in the former National Assembly, Ghulam Mustafa Jatoi, as the new caretaker Prime Minister of Pakistan \ Scanned with CamScEEE SS EAARR EEE UE (O-LEVEL: HISTORY & CULTURE OF PAKISTAN (2015-20) JAZIR BH 1993-96): Assumption of Power: However, because of the serious differences between the President Minister Mian Muhammad Nawaz Sharif, both resigned fr issolution of the Central and Provincial Assemblies. On May 26, declared the Presidential Order of the Assemblies’ dissolution as unconst Nawaz Government and the National Assembly. However, because President aces ag Khan and the Prime Miniser Mian Matar he resignation led to the announcement of fresh elections for th ions were held on October 6 and 9, 1993, respectively. The elections were boycoted No party emerged with an absolute majority in the elections. As aresult the P. P. Poform: government with the help of alliances. Benazir Bhutto took oath as Prime Minister on Oc Presidential election was held on November 13. Farooq Ahmad Khan Leghaci th 274 to 168 votes against the then acting President Wasim Sajjad. In October 1993 electi and her PPP coalition was victorious. Benazir returned to power. by winning the Octobe: P.P. P. had won the largest share with 86 seats and formed a new Government with the help of ele Successes/Achievements: 41° The second tenure of Benazir Bhutto was, however, highlighted by the visit of the U. S. first Lady Hillary Clinton and her daughter Chelsea in 1995. Hillary's visit considerably changed the world's perceptions about Pakistan and highlighted Pakistan as a liberal, modem and forward-looking country. In April 1994, Benazir visited the U. S., and projected Pakistan's stance on the F-16 fighter planes withheld by the U. S. despite payments. Her visit resulted in the passing of the Brown Amendment by the U.'S. Senate on September 21, 1995, easing restrictions on Pakistan. It also helped in attracting foreign investors. 3.* The’Bhutfo government took several steps in October 1995 to prevent further erosion of foreign reserves, including devaluing the rupee by 7%, levying temporary duties on some “imports, raising fuel prices, and providing incentives for exporters. As a result Pakistan foreign exchange reserves improved. Ye Benazir entered into Co-Operative Arrangement with United States and restored United Nations’ peacekeeping Operations under which Pakistan sent 5000 troops to Somalia. + Benazir spoke of her concern for women's social and health issues, including the issue of discrimination against women. She announced plans to establish women's police stations, courts, and women's development banks. But she did not introduce any legislation to bring these measures into being. Scanned with CamSc‘After the death of Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto, his wife Begur the PPP. She had preferred and wanted he to h Benazir was not on good relations with her brother because he criticise allegedly betraying their father's principles. the PPP because of the accusations of corruption a In 1993 when Murtaza Bhutto returned to Pat charges of terrorism (Al-Zulfiqar Organization! PPP. Benazir Bhutto's brother, Mir Murtaza Bhutto, wa: a police ambush on September 20, 1996. None of were later promoted. A judicial review suggested that there had been governm rt for Benazir Bhutto. The high-pro! (O-LEVEL: HISTORY & CULTURE OF PAI Problems/Failures: 4) Family feuds/Assassination of Murtaza Bhutto: \KISTAN (2019-20) of im Nusrat Bhutto was appointed 25 the leader jurtaza Bhutto to head the government. But d Benazir Bhutto for tiof AsifAli Zardari in vile, he was imprisoned on tne joved from leadership of r son Mi He also opposed the involvemen| .gainst him. 3 kistan after his & )) and Nusrat Bhutto was rem rious circumstances in 5 arrested and some ent involvement in file killing of her s assassinated under myste f the policeman involved wa the killings and this further undermined suppor brother in her tenure had damaged her political career. 2) Financial/Economic Problems: ° ° ° Less than 1% of Pakistanis currently pay taxes... At the same time, Pakistan owed ‘onal Monetary Fund as part of servicing its enormous huge amounts to the Internati $28.6 billion in foreign debts. Bhutto had raised taxes, which raised the level of discontent in the country. But even so, her government did not collect enough feverue, In an effort to appease the IMF, Bhutto gave up the finance portfolio she had held since retaking the government. "The debt servicing is breaking our backs — debt that | didn't incur,” she told TIME. Pakistan has experienced high inflation hovering between 10.0 to 13.0 percent range during her tenure. Pakistan's external balance of payment deteriorated in the second tenure of Ms. Benazir (1994-95 to 1996-97). Economic problems also made it difficult for Benazir Bhutto to govern effectively. Benazir Bhutto was an economist by profession and so took charge of economic policy herself. This meant she faced direct criticism when the country's economic problems increased. During this time there was a 30% decrease in the value of the npee Guia! to the US dollar. Also Mrs Bhutto's privatisation policy was obstructer ici it it ionalised costars y government officials who had a personal interest in the nationalised Although more than 40 million rupees was raised from the i n m sale of nationali corporations and industries, the country's economy suffered greatly pes eee of the US financial and military embargo imposed as a result of Pakistan's ea programme. Scanned with CamScO-LEVEL: HISTORY & CULTURE OF PAKISTAN (2019-20) © Asagainst an average growth rate of 6.0 percent in the 1980s, Pakistan's GDP growth slowed to around 4% at this time, Large scale manufacturing growth slowed to only 2 .3 percent compared to over 8% in the -1980s. Mehran bank scandal also known as Mehrangate was a major political scandal in Pakistan between 1990-1994 in which senior politicians and political parties were found to have been bribed by military and intelligence officers to prevent the re-election and destablise the government of the Pakistan Peoples Party (PPP). Initiated by Chief of Army Staff Mirza Aslam Beg with the alleged support of President Ghulam Ishaq Khan payments of up to 140 million Rupees were done-by the Inter-Services Intelligence (IS!) Chief Asad Durrani and Javed Nasir via the owner of Mehran'Bank Yunus Habib. Intelligence funds were deposited in Mehran bank in 1992 propping up what was an insolvent bank as a favour for its owners help in loaning money to the Inter-Services Intelligence in 1990 that was used in the creation of the right wing alliance Islami Jamhoori-lttehad and bankrolling the campaigns of many opponents of the PPP, The scandal subsequently broke after the new ISI Chief Lt. Gen Javed Ashraf Qazi decided to transfer the intelligence fund back to state owned banks as per official rules. Mehran Bank was unable to return the money due to its poor financial state and collapsed. It was later discovered that large sums had been siphoned off to 39 fictitious parties. On April 20, 1994, giving details about the payments made by Mr Habib to generals, politicians and Political parties, the then Interior Minister,Naseerullah Babar, told the National Assembly that the main beneficiary of his largesse was former army chief General Mirza Aslam Beg who received Rs140 million, By disclosing this scandal Benzir's govt strained their relations with the army. 4) Terrorist Attacks: Bombing of Egyptian Embassy in Islamabad kills 17 and a attack on U.S. Diplomats in Pakistan, March 8, 1995; Two unidentified gunmen killed two U.S, diplomats and wounded a third in Karachi, Pakistan, 5) Dismi £ Chief Mini f£ Punjab: September, the central government topples the PML/J government of Mian Manzoor Ahmad Wattoo but fails to install the PPP government and forced to accept Arif Nakai of the PMLIJ as a Scanned with CamSc(O-LEVEL: HISTORY & CULTURE OF PAKISTAN, (2019-20) 6) Political Opposition by Nawaz Sharif: Her oe de found it dificult to act effectively in the face of opposition from Nawaz Sharif and ny, hey worked telessly to undermine her government. In 1994 Sharif began a ‘train, March’ taking him from Karachi to Peshawar during which huge crowds listened to his critical ee Sharif Played @ major part in organising strikes throughout Pakistan in September and aber 1994. Benazir Bhutto responded by arresting several opposition leaders who had taken Partin these strikes. This measure merely increased opposion 7) Problems with India: Benazir Bhutto also i her Policy in Kashmir by rally ne lying against Indi. Benazir Bhutto, accompanie by her then Speaker of the National Assembly Yousef Raza Gillani at the Inter-Parliamentary Union Meeting at The United Nations Gave @ vigorous and intensified criticism to India which upset and angered the Indian Delegation headed by Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajapayee. 8) Problems with MOM: ‘The racial violence in Karachi wes atits peck and became the biggest problem for Senazir Bhutto to counter. The MOM attempted to make an alliance with jer her own conditions, but ‘Benazir Bhutto refused. Soon the second. operation, OPERATION BLUE FOX was launched to wipe the MQM from county's political spectrum. The results of this operation remains inconclusive and resulted in thousands kiled or gone missing, with majoty being Urdu speaking. Bhutto demanded the MOM to surrender to government unconditionally. 9) Unrest in the Army: In 1995 a secretive plot was hatched my military officers to overthrow Benazir's goverment and establish Military rule in Pakistan. The plot came to 2 slop when intelligence agencies tipped off the Pakistan Army. The Miltary Inteligence led to the arrest of 36 army officers and 20 civilians in Rawalpindi. Benazir was angered and dismayed and the conspirators were arrested and court-martialled. Pakistan's President Faroog Leghari invoked the Constitution's Article 58(B)(2) then issued the Dissolution Order on Nov. 5, 1996 which called for the dismissal of Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto. The decision was reached after months of economic downturn and domestic violence. Bhutto was released after only a day in protective custody. She filed two court petitions against the Dissolution Order which were both dismissed by the Supreme Court. Bhutto was replaced by Meraj Khalid as caretaker prime minister. —_—_—_—_———— 53 _ DANYAL MALIK (0321-2058434) / SLAIINEU WILT Cal IoC i(OLEVEL HISTORY & CULTURE OF PAKISTAN (TEN) Introduction: Aher the ouster of Ber Ps Govemimant in 1232, alactions for the National and Proving) Assemblies were held on October 24 and 290, Magn Muhanrs war Shank te aeOhet Ministar of Punia, was alastas s the Prime Minister on November 4, 1890. Reforms: Successes: 1) In 1994 the New: government embarked on & rest cforms included liberating trade by red encouraging investment through deregulation and incentives’ 3 country’s 115 state-owned industries. A number of importantindustries, Stich National Shipping Corporation, National Electric PowerRegulatory Authority, Intemational Airfines, Pakistan Telecommunication Corporation, and Pakistan Stato Oil Ware opened up to the private sector. In 1990, prime minister Sharif successfully privatised the national development finance corporation. The reform movement lost some of i momentum by 1993, partly as a result of the political turmoil of that yaar and serious. flooding the previous year. 2) He legalized foreign money exchange ‘transacted through private money exchangers privatization continued by both Benazir Bhutto in the mid-1990's and Shaukat Azi 3) Furthermore, government approval was no longer required for the establishment of new. industrial enterprises (with some exceptions, particularly in relation to arms and explosives), A number of important industries such as electricity generation, shipping, airlines, highway construction, and telecommunications were opened up to the private sector, 4) Yellow Cab Scheme: In order to increase employment, Nawaz's govt. imported thousand of taxis and/they were given out on loan to people. It did increase employment but the sprornmenteutees huge losses as the majority of loans were never pald back. 5) Nawaz Sharif made efforts to strengthen the industrial sector with the help of the private sector. Projects like Ghazi Brotha and the Gawadar miniport were initiated, Land was distributed among landless peasants in Sindh. A massive uplift of Murreo and Kahuta was done during his term as Chief Minister of Punjab. 6) Nawaz Sharif decided to expand the road network in Pakistan and link Pakistan with Russa and Central Asia. For this purpose the M-2 Motorway project was also initiated, Scanned with CamScO-LEVEL: HISTORY & CULTURE OF PAKISTAN (2019-20) Problems/Failures: Ast Tenure: 1) Law and order problem: The arms were largely a legacy from the war in neighboring Afghanistan. The police were ‘gunned, and even foreigners were not immune from attack. In’the summer of 1991, the prime minister was forced to cancel an important trip to Japan in quest of investment in order to calm a population shaken by a particularly savage string of murders in Punjab. In an effort to stem the violence, the government decreed that Pakistanis turn in their weapons, but, predictably, few of them did. The government also passed the Twelfth Amendment to the constitution, which provided for the further jurisdictional authority of Speedy Trial Courts to dispense summary justice. The government also had to contend with Fampant crime and terrorism, which continued to be @ causé for alarm in'the country, Particularly in Sindh. Kidnappings, bombings, and murders persisted despite concerted efforts by the police and the military to stem lawlessness. Pakistanis called this state of affairs the Kalashnikov culture because the flood of available automatic weapons gave ong-standing ethnic and political rivalries a deadly new significance . 2) BCCI Scandal: In the 1970s and 1980s, the Bank of Credit and Commerce International (BCC!) was an important foreign bank in Pakistan. The bank had many close links with the Pakistani political and commercial elite. Itwas founded in 1972 by Agha Hasan Abedi. Abedi resigned as president of BCCI in 1990, when the tuling Al Nuhayyan family of Abu Dhabi obtained a majority share in the company. BCCI collapsed in July 1991 when the Bank of England closed BCCI's operations amid allegations of massive losses, fraud, racketeering, and laundering of drug money. The Pakistani branches continued to operate for some time after BCC! had been closed elsewhere, and there were many allegations that Pakistani businessmen and politicians had profited fromthe bank's illegal activities. Abedi was later indicted in the United States “‘forfraud and racketeering. In 1992 Pakistani operations of BCCI were amalgamated with Habib Bank, B.C.C.I.'s doors have been slammed shut in nearly 70 countries. It is under indictment in New York on charges of fraud, bribery and money laundering, “sand politicians in London and Washington are arguing about who was responsible for what some are calling the most complex and pervasive fraud in banking history. The authorities have said that B.C.C.|, was the bank of choice for the world's terrorists, drug smugglers, arms dealers and spies. ‘Jealousy of the West’ increasingly out Scanned with CamSc(O-LEVEL: HISTORY & CULTURE OF PAKISTAN (2019-20) 3) Failure of Co-operative Societies in Punjab: In 1991 four Punjab-based financial cooperatives, together known as the al Cooperative Societies, failed amidst allegations of misappropriation of public fun 4 Estimates of money lost by depositors ranged from Rs10 billion to Rs23 billion, wi up 0 2.6 million accounts affected. Two of the four cooperatives were owned by relatives of then Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif,and it was also found out that se Foundry had mainly benefitted but an official inquiry cleared hitn and His family o any wrongdoing. 4) Conflict with the Army and the President: In 1993 the Chief of Army Staff General Asif Nawaz Janjua died suddenly under mysterious circumstances, Nawaz wanted to appoint his ovm candidate for the post of COAS but his candidate was disapproved by the army and the President Ghulam shag Khan. President Ghulam Ishaq Khan appointed General Abdul Waheed Kakar as the new COAS and Nawaz Sharif was informed minutes before the announcement was being made on the national television. This created a rift between the President and P.M 5) Shariat in 1991 the Shariat Bill was introduced under which Quran and Sunnah were to be used for rulings in Pakistan‘as long as this did not ‘challenge the existing system of government.' However, the law was not popular. Opponents disliked the increased role of Islam in government and the fundamental Muslims in the alliance were disappointed that it did not go further. In Teality, little was done to enforce the law. For example, when the Federal Shariat Court asked for measures to be taken against the payment of interest, no action was taken by the government. Downfall: 1. Nawaz Sharif developed a conflict with the President over the appointment of Chief of «Army Staff (discussed above). 2. Nawaz Sharif also came into dispute with the president over the Eighth Amendment, “which gave the president the Power to dismiss the government and elected assemblies, Ishaq Khan believed that the Eighth Amendment was an important check “on the Prime Minister's power and was not Prepared to revoke it. On April 19th Ishaq Khan used the Eighth Amendment to dismiss Sharif and his government. He declared that Sharifs government was guilty of corruption and mismanagement of the economy Scanned with CamScO-LEVEL: HISTORY & CULTURE OF PAKISTAN (2019-20) SECOND TENURE(1997-1999 ) 1.1384 iment, — SWULe ae Sharif also introduced the Thirteenth Amendment giving the Prime Minister the authority to evoke the authority of the President to dismiss the Prime Minister and the National Assembly ire now the an Ammendment was no more in effect. The President also lost the power to appoint the three chiefs of staf ofthe armed forces and the provincial governors. In effect, the presidency now became a ceremonial position, 2. Anti- Defection Bill (14! Ammendment); — SUc(ess Under this law politicians were Prevented from switching parties in order to help form Coalitions to Oppose or even form governments. Such a practice invited ‘inducements’ to Persuade politicians to change parties, or even to prevent them changing and many posts in government or cheap loans had been granted as a result of this practice. 3. Dismissal of Sajjad Ali Shah(CuP) —> fale / problem Sajjad Ali Shah had been appointed as Chief Justice of the Supreme Court by Benazir Bhutto, He became a critic of Nawaz Sharif and matters came to a head in 1997 when Sharif was defending himself in the Supreme Court against accusations of corruption. An unruly mob stormed into the Supreme Court, forcing Chief Justice Saljad Ali Shah to adjourn the case against Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif. Hundreds of Sharif supporters broke through the police cordon around the courthouse and the Chief Justice had to flee for his safety. The police managed to restore order only after baton charging and tear gassing the mob, both inside and outside the courthouse. President Leghari had given his support to Sharif. He was appalled by the measures being taken by the government, but had no powers to dismiss it since the Eight Amendment had been revoked, He was particularly concerned when he was asked by the government to dismiss Sajjad Ali Shah and appoint an acting Chief Justice of Pakistan. He, therefore, resigned on 2 December 1997. Shortly afterwards, Muhammad Rafiq Tarar, the PML candidate was elected to replace him, On 23rd Décember, Ajmal Mian was appointed as permanent Chief Justice. Sajjad Ali Shah had been dismissed. us Eten ‘Aid to Pakistan due to it's nuclear program and nuclear tests carried out in 1998. Thus Pakistan’s economy was in serious crises and close to bankruptcy. Scanned with CamSc(O-LEVEL: HISTORY & CULTURE OF PAKISTAN (2015-20) 5. Kargil Conflict: The Kargil War, also known as the Kargil conflict, was an anmed conflict between India and Pakistan that took place between May and July 1229 in the Karel district of Kashmir and elsewhere along the Line of Control (LOC). The cause of the war was the infitration of Pakistani soldiers and Kashmisi mitants into positions on the Indian side of the the initial stageSof thewar, Pakistan ts, but documents eft behind nd Chief of Army Stat showed The Indian Army, of the positions on the Indian side by casualties and later statements by Pakistan's Prime Minis involvement of Pakistani paramilitary forces, led by Ges later on supported by the Indian Air Force, recaptured a major is of the LoC infiltrated by the Pakistani troops and militants. With intemational diplomatic opposition, the Pakistani forces were forced to withdraw from Indian pasitions along the LOC. The war is one of the most recent examples of high altitude warfare in mountainous terrain, which posed significant logistical problems for the combating sides. This was only the second direct ground war between any two countries after they had developed nuclear weapons. Dismissal: Musharraf became de facto Head of Government (using the title Chief Executive and assuming extensive powers) of Pakistan following a bloodless coup on 12 October 1999. That day, Sharif attempted to dismiss Musharraf and install Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI) Director Ziauddin Butt in his place. Musharraf, who was out of the country, boarded a commercial airliner to return to Pakistan. Senior army generals refused to accept Musharraf's dismissal, which was deemed unconstitutional by the Supreme Court. Sharif ordered the Karachi airport closed to prevent the landing of the airliner, which then circled the skies over Karachi. In the coup, the Generals ousted Sharif's administration and took over the airport. The plane landed, allegedly with only a few minutes of fuel to spare, and Musharraf assumed control of the government. Sharif was put under house arrest and later exiled to Saudia Arabia, where he resided until he returned again to Pakistan on 25 November 2007. 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