Post Graduate Program in

Computational Fluid Dynamics

Course Syllabus
Course 1:
Introduction to
Computational
Fluid Dynamics
using MATLAB &
OpenFOAM
Modules
What is Computational
Fluid Dynamics?
In this module, you will understand what CFD is and its significance. You’ll also
learn what the Navier-Stokes equations are and how they’re derived.
CFD - An introduction, Necessity, Advantages, CFD Modeling Process
Deriving and understanding the Navier Stokes equations
Substantial derivative
Continuity Equation
Momentum Equation
Energy Equation
Significance of Reynold’s number in the NS equations

Mathemathics and Fluid Dynamics Essentials

In this course, you will be writing solvers and getting your hands dirty with different numerical methods. Before we do this, it
is very important to understand the essential mathematical and fluid dynamics concepts that you will encounter.
Basic Vector Calculus
Divergence, Gradient and Curl
Taylor’s Series
Initial and Boundary Conditions
Classification of PDEs and their characteristics
Learning essential Fluid Dynamics quantities and their Dimensional Analysis

Introduction to MATLAB and Basic CFD

Concepts
It is essential to establish a rigid foundation before plunging into the farther depths of CFD. This is where you get introduced
to MATLAB and learn the basic concepts of CFD by writing MATLAB scripts. Here are some topics that we would cover:
Getting acclimated to the MATLAB interface
Numerical discretization and its types
FDM - Understanding different schemes with worked examples in MATLAB
Deriving own FD schemes using Taylor’s table
Solving ODEs in MATLAB using the ‘ode45’ solver
Exploring CFD by
Solving Standard CFD
Problems using FDM
In this section, you would venture into the Finite Difference Approach
to discretization and solving various benchmark CFD problems in
MATLAB. You’ll also be working on two major and two minor projects
here. The list of projects are as follows:
Solving the 1D linear convection equation and performing stability analysis
Major Project: Simulating 2D unsteady/steady heat conduction equation and studying implicit vs explicit approaches
Solving coupled linear systems using iterative solvers
Jacobi
Gauss-Seidel
SOR
Major Project: Simulating Quasi 1D subsonic-supersonic nozzle in FDM and studying conservation vs non-conservation
forms of governing equations

Introduction to FVM and OpenFOAM

OpenFOAM is an open-source toolbox with in-built Numerical Solver and pre/post processors for solving CFD Problems. It is
based on the Finite Volume Method of discretization. In this section, you will learn how to run a simulation on OpenFOAM and
the significance of using an FVM approach. These are the topics you would learn:
Finite Volume Method and Gauss divergence theorem
Understanding the Linux environment
OpenFOAM code organization and case setup
Detailed blockMeshDict tutorial

Solving standard CFD problems in OpenFOAM

It is important to get a real feel of problem-solving using the OpenFOAM software so that you can explore and simulate a
wide variety of problems. This is where we create a platform that will enable you to start any simulation from scratch and
establish confidence in your result. You will be working on the following major projects.
Flow over Backward Facing Step
Code the geometric mesh information inside the C file ‘blockMeshDict’
Implement mesh grading factor
Laminar flow through the pipe and Validate results
Automate the ‘blockMeshDict’ generation on MATLAB
Characterization of fully developed flow
Explore different boundary conditions
Project Overview
Project 1 - 2D Simulation
2D Heat Conduction
Simulation
In this project, you will learn how to discretize and
solve an unsteady and steady diffusion phenomenon
using a Finite Difference Method in MATLAB/Octave.
You will also learn to use both implicit and explicit
time integration approaches to solving an unsteady
problem. We will work on how to use 3 different
iterative methods to solve implicit quations and
compare their effectiveness. Finally, you will perform
a stability study and understand the criteria to obtain
a stable and reliable solution.
Solve 2D Steady and Transient heat conduction problem
Implement Jacobi, Gauss-Seidel and Successive
Over-Relaxation solvers
Implement Implicit and Explicit methods to solve the transient part
Implement Diffusion CFL number-based time step control

Project 2 - MacCormack Method

Supersonic Nozzle Flow Simulation using MacCormack Method
In this project, you will simulate the conditions for an inviscid flow inside a Subsonic-Supersonic Convergent-Divergent
Isentropic Nozzle. You will perform a quasi-1D simulation using the FDM approach in MATLAB/Octave. The student will then
investigate the conservation and non-conservation forms of the governing equations and learn their characteristics and
applications.
1D supersonic nozzle flow using MacCormack Method
Implement Conservative and Non-Conservative form
Implement Courant Number based time step control
Solve Normalized Governing equations

Project 3 - Laminar Flow

Flow over a Backward Facing Step
In this project, you will simulate a laminar viscous flow across a sudden steep expansion in area and study the boundary layer
separation phenomena. You will learn how to set up and run a case in OpenFOAM in the Linux environment. You will also learn
how to customize the course code to suit this problem. And finally, implement different mesh grading factors and compare the
results.
Simulate this classical CFD benchmarking problem
Run grid dependency test
Implement mesh grading
Study the boundary layer separation phenomenon
 Project 4 - BlockMesh Generation
Automated BlockMesh Generation
for Meshing Pipe Geometry
In this project, you will simulate the laminar viscous flow through a regular pipe using symmetry and wedge boundary
conditions and compare the simulation result with the analytical one obtained using the Hagen-Poiseuille formula. You will
then write a program to automate the generation of the Mesh file. The simulation will be run in OpenFOAM and post-processed
in Paraview.
Automate mesh generation process using MATLAB/Octave
Perform Wedge Vs. Symmetry BC study
Understand fully-developed flow and Hydro-dynamic entrance length
Compare the results with the analytical result from Hagen-Poiseuille formula
Course 2:
Introduction to
OPENFOAM
Development
1.Introduction & Setting Up
The first week of the course introduces you to what exactly OpenFOAM is. OpenFOAM is developed primarily for the LINUX
operating system. We will also cover the basics of the Linux operating system for anybody who is not acquainted with Linux. We
will be covering in detail on the following topics:
Introduction to OpenFOAM
Users, Future opportunities
OS and Version Selection
Windows Subsystem for Linux
Basics of Linux
Test case
Installing opt and debug modes

2.Basics of C++
The course is targeted towards the development of a CFD solver using OpenFOAM. OpenFOAM is primarily a C++ library. Hence,
a good understanding of the basics of C++ is quintessential. In this week, we will cover in detail the following topics:
Setting up environment: Visual Studio Code
Namespaces
Data Structures
Pointers
Static and dynamic arrays
STL - std::array and std::vector
Declarations and definitions
Passing by reference/value
Function Parameters and overloading

3.Basics of C++
Object Oriented Programming brings a plethora of features to improve usability of any C++ code that you generate. In this week,
we will cover:
OOP – Classes and objects
Inheritance
Smart Pointers – auto, unique, and shared
Template programming
Polymorphism
Operator overloading
Abstract classes, Virtual functions
4.High Level
Programming 1
C++ is a high level language that let’s users create
independent programs that are easier to interpret than
assembly level codes. Here we will delve into the
building blocks of it’s code organization by covering the
following topics :
Introduction to parallel programming MPI
Make files and Cmake
Library and class organization
Compiling a solver

5.High Level Programming 2

In this week, we further explore the various dictionaries available in
OpenFOAM and try to understand the different C++ concepts used to
achieve a particular task. We will be looking into :
5 OpenFOAM Classes : Constructor/Destructor,Overloading,
Inheritance & Polymorphism
Time dictionary
IOObject and objectRegistry
Fields dictionary
Scalars, Vectors, and Tensors
Implicit & Explicit namespaces (FVM & FVC)

6.FVM for OpenFOAM 1

Finite Volume Method (FVM) is one of the most commonly used methods of converting PDE’s to ALE’s. In this week, Upon
introducing the basic principles of FVM, we dive deep into the way in which openFOAM handles individual terms of the governing
equations. The following concepts are covered in this week:
General conservation equation
Navier-Stokes equations
Gauss Divergence Theorem
Discretization of the source term
Discretization of the convective term
Upwind
Linear Upwind
Flux Limiter (TVD)
Stability criterion – CFL condition

7.FVM for OpenFOAM 2

FVM in openFOAM is implemented in 3 parts. 1) Surface interpolation 2) fvc and 3) fvm using the mentioned finite volume
techniques covered in the previous week. In this week, we will look into the multiple algorithmic choices of gradient operators and
discretization schemes that can be employed by covering the following topics :
Gradient schemes
Green-Gauss Cell Based
Green- Gauss Node Based
Discretization of the diffusion term
Laplacian schemes
Non orthogonal meshes and solution
N-S Equations revisited
Collocated vs Staggered grids
SIMPLE algorithm
8.FVM for OpenFOAM 3
If we consider the discretized form of the Navier-Stokes system, the form of the equations shows linear dependence of velocity
on pressure and vice-versa. This inter-equation coupling is called velocity pressure coupling and often calls for a special
treatment in order to decouple the terms. This week, we will look at some of the standard techniques used in CFD to achieve
the same. Topics include :
SIMPLE algorithm - Need for Under Relaxation
SIMPLEC algorithm - Consistent SIMPLE
PISO algorithm
PIMPLE algorithm

9.Linear Solvers
Linear systems in numerical methods often reduce to a sparse system (matrix having many zero elements) which can be
computationally expensive to solve using standard algebraic methods. This week we will look into the working of some of the
linear solvers used in openFOAM. Topics include :
Non-orthogonal correctors
From mesh to matrix
Linear solvers
Jacobi
Gauss Seidel
Newton-Kyrlov family
Preconditioners
Smoothers
Solver tolerances

10.Turbulence 1
The concept of turbulence is something that has not been understood vividly till date although turbulent flows are
commonplace in most real life scenarios. Considered as the cornerstone of fluid dynamics, Turbulence modeling is the
construction and use of a mathematical model to predict the effects of turbulence. This week, we will look into the basic types
of turbulence models used in CFD.
Basics of turbulence
RANS averaging
The k-epsilon model
The k-omega model
11.Turbulence 2
This week is an extension of the concepts covered in the previous week where different turbulence models are weighed in
against each other for specific applications. This week we further our understanding of the boundary layer theory by
introducing ‘Wall functions’ which are used to bridge the inner region between the wall and the fully developed turbulent
layer to customizing a user defined turbulence model. Topics include :
The k-omega SST model
Wall modelling and wall functions
Creating a turbulence model

12.Temporal Discretization
Time discretization is a mathematical technique applied to transient problems which require solutions in which position varies
as a function of time. Temporal discretization involves the integration of every term in different equations over a time step (Δt).
Topics include :
Discretization of the time term
Forward and backward Euler
Crank-Nicholson
Function Objects
Latex for Report Writing

Projects Overview
Project 1 - Creating Scalar Form
This project is meant to be an introduction to implementing your own solver in OpenFOAM. The points below are meant to be
rough guiding points to what you should be looking at in the process. You are required to write a report (1000 words) about
the steps you took to create the solver as well as results from the case you run with it.
Project Description: Use the icoFoam solver in the applications/solvers/incompressible/icoFoam directory to create your own
solver - scalarFoam
Changes in the solver:
Replace the main working equation with
What change will you make in the createFields.H file (Hint: the p field is originally created here)
What change will you make in the UEqn.H file? (Hint: replace the solve function)
Compile scalarFoam using wmake. How are the Make/files modified?
Changes in the case:
Use the $FOAM_TUTORIALS/incompressible/icoFoam/cavity case to test out your solver. Rename it scalarCavity.
The scalar transport equation has no pressure p to solve, instead a scalar s. What changes will you make in the 0 folder?
You will have to change the interpolation scheme in fvSchemes to account for the  • (us) term. How will you do this?
In fvSolutions, a solver has to be specified for the quantity s. Can you just replace this with the solver used for p?
Run this case by making the appropriate change in controlDict.

Project 2 - Function Objects

The total pressure ptotal is the contribution of the static pressure p and the dynamic pressure. To calculate this, we decide to
write a coded function object called p_total which:
reads in the fields p and U
creates a field p_total (using IOobject)
computes the expression ptotal = p +1/2U2
writes the file p_total to the disk
Place this in the controlDict file of the pitzDaily tutorial and plot your results. Write a short report including the code you used
in LATEX.

Project 3 - Creating icoTempFoam

The icoFoam solver solves the incompressible flow equations for mass and momentum. Our goal is to now add an equation for
temperature.
Changes in the solver:
Create a new solver based on icoFoam called icoTempFoam
Replace file names and mentions of icoFoam with icoTempFoam
Change the solver target directory to FOAM_USER_APPBIN
Change createFields.H to include a dictionary reader for kappa (κ) and a field read and write IOObject for temperature T
Add a fvScalarMatrix in the main .C file that stores the scalar matrix value of TEqn
Run the solve() function on this matrix object
Compile the solver
Changes in the case:
Copy the FOAM_TUTORIALS/incompressible/icoFoam/cavity/cavity tutorial and rename it to cavityTemp
Add a dictionary entry for kappa in transportProperties
 kappa [ 0 2 -1 0 0 0 0 ] 0.001;
Add a file in the 0 folder for temperature T. Remember to
set the correct dimensions for it! Set the movingWall to be
400K and the other walls and internal field to be 300K
Add a div(phi,T) in divSchemes and laplacian(kappa,T)
in laplacianSchemes
Add a smoothSolver linear solver for temperature in
fvSolution. Use a tolerance of 1e-07 and a relTol of 0
Run the solver and plot the results of temperature in Paraview
Write a short report including the code you used in LATEX

Project 4 - Discretization Schemes

These cases should be simulated for t = 5 seconds with the same blockMesh settings as in the original sonicFoam tutorial
Diffusion
Set velocity to 0 ( U = (0, 0, 0) ) and vary diffusion coefficient via the
transportProperties file, like so:

DT DT [ 0 2 -1 0 0 0 0] 0;
Use these diffusion coefficients and compare the contour plots of temperature for
this case of pure diffusion:
1. 0
2. 0.0001
3. 0.01
4. 1

Convection
Set x-velocity to 1 ( U = (1, 0, 0) ) and set diffusion coefficient via the
transportProperties file to 0:

DT DT [ 0 2 -1 0 0 0 0] 0;
Use the following divSchemes and compare the results for this case of pure
advection
1. upwind
2. linearUpwind
3. quadratic
4. cubic
5. vanLeer
6. QUICK

The comparison of convection schemes should be done via a plot that captures the change of the temperature profile along
the length of the tube, as shown in the lecture (and on the next slides )
Plot of temperature profile at t = 0

Plot of temperature profile at t = 5

Write about the difference in results because of different diffusion coefficients and what it could mean physically.
Additionally, explain how this could be controlled by the user in fvSchemes
Why do different convection schemes cause changes in the original temperature profile
when convected?
What is the most accurate convection scheme from the list and why?
Summarize the case, your changes, your results, and answers to the above questions in a
LATEX report
Course 3:
Introduction to
GUI based CFD
Using ANSYS
Fluent

Course Syllabus
1.Introduction to CFD
In this module, you will understand what CFD is and its uses. You will also be introduced to the basic governing equations
solved and many schemes and algorithms used to stabilise and improve the accuracy of the solution.
Governing Equations of Fluid Motion
Numerical Discretization
Fluid Solver
Boundary Conditions
Post-Processing

2.Simulating Laminar & Turbulent Flows in ANSYS

Fluent
In this module, the focus is to simulate basic compressible and incompressible flows using ANSYS Fluent.You will be introduced
to the streamlined workflow on the Workbench tool from geometry creation to the solution post-processing procedure. You
will be getting hands-on experience in
Geometry creation
Meshing
Boundary and initial condition calculation
Setting up solution algorithms
Solving and post-processing

3.Performing Steady-State Simulations

In this module, the focus is to simulate basic compressible and incompressible steady-state simulations. This provides you with
an introduction to the solution setup procedure for a steady-state simulation. You will get hands-on experience in
Geometry creating using Space Claim.
How to setup Steady-State Simulations?
Checking for Convergence and understanding when the simulation converges for different Boundary Conditions?
How to create Runtime Animation of Engineering Parameters?
Project 1 - HVAC Simulation inside a Mixing TEE.
Project 2 - Performing Parametric Study on Flow inside a Gate Valve.
Project 3 - Performance Characterization of a Cyclone Separator.
4.Exploring Meshing
Strategies
Meshing is an important component in CFD analysis. Improper meshing can lead to
bad results. In this module, you will learn the different meshing techniques that can
improve the solution accuracy with a balanced computational cost. More hands-on
experience in
Methods of providing local refinement like Sphere of Influence, Body
Sizing, etc.
Concept of Y plus and its importance.
Inflation Layers and Controls.
Mesh Dependence Test.

5.External Aerodynamics
You will learn the fundamentals of performing external flow analysis using ANSYS Fluent. It provides you with the knowledge
on boundary layer concept, needs of Y plus and wall functions. Here, we will focus on the following topics.
Setting up Virtual Wind Tunnels using the Enclosure Utility
Item 2
Understand Vortices, calculating Downforce & Drag on a Vehicle
Y+ Estimation & Grid Refinement
6.Conjugate Heat
Transfer
In this module, you will learn how to simulate solid
side heat transfer along with the fluid flow.
Conjugate Heat Transfer (CHT) refers to simulating
multiple modes of heat transfer. For example, in one
of the projects, you will simulate the heat transfer in
an exhaust manifold when hot exhaust products are
flowing through it. When you complete this module,
you will be able to do the following
Extracting Solid and Fluid Volumes
Creating Shared Topologies for Creating Conformal Meshes
Setting up Volumetric Heat Sources
Visualizing Heat Transfer Coefficient Distribution

7.Discrete Phase Modelling

Discrete Phase Modelling (DPM) is used to model particles, fuel drops, coal and any other type of suspended phases. You will
work on problems like Cyclone Separator, where you will incorporate the DPM approach to simulate how suspended impurities
travel through a Cyclone Separator. You will be getting hands-on experience in
Different types of Discrete Phase Boundary conditions and its effects
Methods of tracking the Discrete Phase Particles
Turbulence Intensity and Vortex Core Visualisation

8.Introduction to User-Defined Functions

You will learn how to write a customized program and create different monitor points and take the relevant information you
need to form a simulation.

9.Basic Reacting Flows

In this module, you will learn how to simulate reacting flows using ANSYS Fluent. This includes combustion applications.
 Project Overview
Project 1 - Heat Transfer

Conjugate Heat Transfer Analysis on a Graphics Card

In this project, you will be analysing the heat transfer coefficient and the high-temperature concentration zones through
which effective cooling can be achieved. You will implement local sizing methods to improve the meshing and to
balance the cell count.

Concepts learnt:
The Importance of sharing the topology
Need for the Interface
Effective meshing
Volume rendering in CFD post

Oil Sloshing Analysis through Dynamic Meshing

In this project, You will be analysing the sloshing effect of different lubricants in the gearbox through a dynamic mesh
approach. You will be introduced to User-defined functions and its compiling procedure with ANSYS Fluent for providing
motion to the gears. Also, You will gain knowledge of the various dynamic mesh settings like smoothing and re-meshing.

Concepts learnt:
Extracting the required 2D geometry from a complex component
Dynamic mesh settings
Methods to overcome floating point exception
Defining motion to gears by user-defined functions
Course 4:
Introduction to
Aero-Thermal
Simulations
using ANSYS
FLUENT
1.Introduction to FLUID FLows
This week will take you through the basic theory on Fluid Mechanics and FLUID dynamics. We will cover the basic fundamental
properties that are used to describe a fluid flow along with general CFD methods
Types of fluid properties
Newtonian and Non Newtonian fluids
Description of fluid flows
Overview of CFD methods

2.Introduction to Aerodynamics
Aerodynamics plays a very important role while designing a particular product which is exposed to environments that will
affect its purpose. In this video, you will learn
Role of aerodynamics in design
Parameters of focus
Instruments used in aircraft
Similarity parameters
Aerodynamic forces and moments

3.International Standard Atmosphere

The properties of the atmosphere vary from one place to another. This resulted in the comparison of aircraft performance in
different parts of the world to not be realistic. Hence, a common decision was made to create an “International Standard
Atmosphere” for comparison purposes. In this video, you will learn
What exactly ISA is?
How to calculate the properties according to height?

4.Tetra/Prism generation in ICEM CFD

The quality of the mesh and the elements you use determines the accuracy of the result that you obtain. Using ICEM CFD, you
will be introduced to steps to create a suitable domain for a helicopter fuselage. The domain will be meshed with tetrahedral
and prism elements. Quality parameters to assess your mesh will also be introduced to you. In this video, you will
 Be introduced to ICEM CFD
Understand the steps to setup your domain
in ICEM CFD
Generate a mesh for your geometry
Assess the quality of the mesh

5.Introduction to flow
over airfoil
You can find airfoils in many aerodynamic applications. If you
can’t find it, then you would probably have to take a cross
sectional view to properly visualize it. For example, the cross
section of an airplane wing is in the shape of an airfoil. The airfoil s
hape helps in generating the necessary forces to help the airplane fly.
In this video, you will
Be introduced to what an airfoil is
Understand the forces acting on an airfoil
Use ICEM CFD to generate the domain required to analyse the flow over an airfoil
Generate the mesh for two cases
Incompressible flow over airfoil
Compressible flow over airfoil
Assess the quality of the mesh

6.Introduction to Turbulence modelling

You would have visually experienced turbulent flow of a fluid by simply opening the tap in your kitchen. The fluid flow will
follow an unruly nature once you increase the flow. This is a simple example. Turbulent flows can have negative effects on your
product when it flows through air. If you take the example of your car, having highly turbulent flow in certain regions can lead
to sources of noise generation and can also affect the performance of your car. Through CFD simulations, it has been made
possible to capture this turbulent phenomena to better design your product. In this video, you will
Be introduced to what exactly turbulence is
Learn why it is important
Understand how to model turbulent flows
Understand the turbulence models available in commercial CFD packages

7.Simulate the flow over a NACA0012 Airfoil

Using the mesh created in the previous week, you will be taken through how to setup a simulation to analyse the aerodynamic
forces on a NACA0012 airfoil. In this video, you will ,
Learn how to setup your simulation for analysing aerodynamic forces on an airfoil
Analyse the results for various angles of attack

8.vvIntroduction to moving zones

There can be two types of motion in fluid flow problems. One is rectilinear and the other one is rotary. Till now, we spoke about
rectilinear motion. In order to simulate rotary motion, you need a different approach. In this video, you will
Learn about moving zones
Approaches to model moving zones
Moving reference frame
Moving mesh
 9.Types of mesh
encountered atofinterfaces
For the detailed 1D & 2D design exhaust gas after-treatment
components, GT-SUITE offers outstanding capabilities modelling
all relevant physics and chemistry. This makes it a crucial element
in the design, development and optimization of both diesel and
Run a simulation to understand moving zones

Comparison of Moving Reference and Moving mesh approach From the two approaches discussed in the previous video, we
will use a turbomachinery model to compare the application of both methods and compare the results. In this video, you will
Use a turbomachinery component to compare MRF and MM approach
Setup the simulation with appropriate parameters
Analyse the results

10.Transient flow over air compressor

An air compressor is a common turbomachinery component with a large number of moving parts. It is quite difficult to model
the entire component. Hence, we will take a sector of the component and apply a periodic boundary condition to the
geometry. We will use the FLUENT Console to employ periodic zones in the simulation. In this video, you will
Work on a sector a large air compressor
Setup periodic zones in FLUENT console
Setup the simulation to analyse the turbomachinery component
Analyse the results

11.Introduction to Computational Aeroacoustics

Noise is generated by an aerodynamic body when it is moving through air. The shape of the body determines the sources that
generate this noise. For a car, the mirrors, gaps between the wheels etc are regions of noise generation. Manufacturers use
CAA( Computational Aero-Acoustics) to study such sources and minimise the discomfort caused by it to the customer. In this
video, you will
Learn about acoustics
Learn about acoustic analogy methods
CAA methodologies

12.Broadband Noise modelling

The broadband acoustic solver is one of the CAA methodologies mentioned in the previous section. In this video, we will use
the broadband solver to analyse the noise sources over an Ahmed Body. An Ahmed body is a simplified car body that was
developed in 1984. This model is used for validation purposes. In this video, you will
Use ANSYS Mesher to generate the mesh for your domain
Setup a symmetric model in FLUENT
Run the acoustic solver to analyse noise sources
Projects Overview
Project 1
In this project, the student will have to setup the domain for analysis of flow over an airfoil at subsonic and supersonic regime.
The airfoil will be analysed at 3 different angles of attack and the lift and drag coefficient will be compared in all cases
Create domain for flow analysis
Setup simulation for subsonic and supersonic regimes at
50, 100, 150 angle of attack

Project 2
In this project, using the CAA methodologies learned in the course, the student will have to perform an acoustic analysis of an
automotive ORVM.
Create the domain for analysis
Setup the simulation
Obtain high noise generating regions
Course 5:
Advanced IC
Engine
Simulation
1.CONVERGE Studio Module
In this module, you will learn how to set up a CFD simulation using
CONVERGE CFD. You will be provided with step-by-step instructions on the
following:
CAD import and cleanup
Decomposing the model into boundaries and volumetric regions
Inputting valve timing
Choosing turbulence and combustion models
Running the case in a parallel environment
Post-processing

2.Surface Preparation
In this module, you will learn surface preparation in complete detail. Specifically,
Setting up the piston motion profile
Boundary flagging
Setting up the intake and exhaust valves

3.Region Initialization and Valve Motion Setup

In this module, you will learn the following concepts:
Initializing pressure, temperature, and species concentration in the intake, exhaust and fire deck regions
Disconnect triangles
Valve timing and the concept of minimum lift
Valve profile input

4.Turbulence Modelling
In this module, you will learn how turbulence is modelled and simulated in a state-of-the-art CFD solver. You will learn about
the different classes of turbulence models and understand their merits and demerits. In this module, you will also learn about,
RANS approach to model turbulence
Comprehend the math involved behind RANS and its derivations
Learn theory on different types of turbulence models available (RNG k-ε, k-ω SST, etc.) and appreciate which model is
suitable for what type of application
5.Combustion
Modelling
In this module, you will learn how the SAGE detailed
chemical kinetics solver works. In addition to this, you
will also learn how to use the

6.Emissions Modelling
To design efficient engines, one needs to have a firm grasp of
emissions modelling. You will learn about the Hiroyasu soot
model and the Zeldovich nox model and apply them in engine
simulations.

Project Overview
Project 1 - Throttle Body
Steady and Transient Flow over a Throttle Body
The objective here is to simulate flow past a throttle body under steady state and transient conditions. Your task is to
study the effect of the valve dynamics on key flow quantities.

Project 2 - Diesel Engine

Diesel Engine Characterization
In this project, you will run closed cycle simulations of the CAT3410 engine using two different piston bowls. You will be
looking at the effect of piston bowl shape on the final solution.

Project 3 - Fuel Injection

Port Fuel Injection
Clean up complex CAD model using CONVERGE STUDIO
Assign proper boundary and initial conditions
Setup appropriate physical models (spray, turbulence, combustion, and emissions)
Running simulations in parallel
Runtime results visualization
Post-processing results
Creating cut views, iso-surfaces, images, and animations

You will also focus on analyzing the data obtained from your simulation using line plots. You can find an example below.
Last but not least, there is a reason why CFD is called colourful fluid dynamics. Here are some visualizations that
beautifully convey the complexities of the various physical phenomena that you can expect in an I.C Engine.
Course 6:
Advanced
Aerodynamic
Simulation
using Converge
1.Preparing the Surface for
Flow Simulation
In this module, you will learn how to import your CAD designs into CONVERGE
Studio for performing flow analyses. The CAD geometry contains information on
what the model is supposed to look like. You will work on fixing any errors, if
present, and then split the geometry into boundaries so as to set up the
simulation. This involves, but is not limited to:
CAD import and cleanup
Splitting the model into boundaries and flagging these boundaries

2.Setting up the Simulation

In this module, you will learn about
Creating Virtual Wind Tunnel
Setting the boundary conditions effectively
How to choose the right turbulence model?
K-Epsilon Vs. K-Omega SST
Understanding Y+ and choosing suitable grid sizes for our simulation

3.Physics Modelling
A student of Aerodynamics needs to familiarize themselves with how different concepts in physics are captured by
mathematical models. Without this understanding, an engineer will not be capable of setting up an external flow simulation
with accuracy. We will cover the following modules under physical modelling
Turbulence Modelling
Conjugate Heat Transfer
Shock Capturing

4.Extracting Aerodynamic Quantities

The main reason for performing an aerodynamic simulation is to extract vital information from the solution like the drag and
lift on specific boundaries.
Understanding the wake and the effect this will have on the aerodynamic parameters
Extracting information such as drag and lift force from Converge CFD
Projects Overview
Project 1 - Airfoil
Flow over an Airfoil
In this project, you will be simulating the flow over an airfoil for different angles of attack and make drag and lift calculations
for each of these cases. A comparison of how the lift is being produced in each case, stall predictions and separation can be
studied. Additionally, another comparison of turbulence modelling on the prediction of separation can be studied.
Lift and Drag predictions for different angles of attack
Effect of turbulence model on flow separation

Project 2 - Ahmed Body

Flow over an Ahmed Body
In this project, you will be simulating the flow over an Ahmed body and can alternatively study how separation occurs at the
rear over different slant angles and compare your results with experimental data to validate the results
Drag predictions for different slant angles
Effect of turbulence model on flow separation
Effect of slant angle on flow separation

Project 3 - FSAE Car

Flow over an FSAE Car
In this project, you have the opportunity to perform as many simulations as you want to understand the aerodynamics of an
FSAE car. We encourage students to work on open-ended problems and you can choose to solve as many problems as you
want. Here are a few different project ideas that you can work on.
NOTE: Each of the following topics is a project and requires a fair mount of work. You can work on more than one topic at a
time if you are hard-working and motivated.
Lift and drag predictions for different Yaw angles
Grid dependence test
 Course 7:
Advanced
Turbomachinery
Simulations using
Converge

1.CONVERGE Studio Module

In this module, you will learn how to set up a CFD simulation using CONVERGE CFD. We will provide step-by-step instructions
on the following:
CAD import and cleanup
Decomposing the model into boundaries and volumetric regions
Inputting valve timing
Choosing turbulence and combustion models
Running the case in a parallel environment
Post-processing

2.Surface Preparation
In this module, we will elaborate on surface preparation in complete detail. Here you will learn the following:
Setting up the moving boundaries
Geometry cleanup

3.Regions and Initialization

In this module, you will learn the following concepts:
Initializing pressure, temperature and species concentration in different flow regions.
Disconnect triangles.
While setting up the case, one will come across complex problems where there will be different zones where the value for any
thermodynamic properties like Pressure or temperature will be different and set up the case accordingly, CONVERGE provides
a very good feature of creating a region (volumetric region) in which there will be particular value for the pressure, a
temperature that user will provide according to his needs.
A very good example of the application of regions and initialization is a SHOCK TUBE problem in which there are 2 chambers
filled with fluid, one at high pressure and other at low pressure and these 2 regions are separated with the help of the
diaphragm. Now to set up such cases, a feature of Regions and Initialization seems to be really important and useful.
After creating 2 regions, we need to provide initial values to both regions accordingly and this is how students will learn to
create volumetric regions.
4.Turbulence Modelling
In this module, students will learn how turbulence is modelled and simulated in a
state-of-the-art CFD solver. You will learn about the different classes of turbulence
models and understand their merits and demerits.
Here, students will learn about the RANS approach to model turbulence.
You will get to appreciate the mathematics involved behind RANS and will learn
the derivation part as well.
You will learn various turbulence models available like (RNG k-ε, k-ω SST etc) and
understand which model is suitable for which application.
Mostly, RNG k-ε suits best for Internal flows and k-ω SST suits best for external
flows.

5.Cavitation Modelling
In this module, you will learn how Cavitation can be simulated. We will be focussing on the Volume of Fluid Method (VOF). You
will also learn about VOID FRACTION which is the basis of the VOF method.

Projects Overview
Project 1 - Centrifugal Pump
Performance Characterization of a Centrifugal Pump
The objective of this project is to simulate flow through a centrifugal pump and obtain the pump performance curve. The
performance curve is the plot of Volume flow rate Vs. Total pressure drop. It is a tool that shows how a pump is going to behave
in terms of head and flow. The performance curve defines the range of possible operating conditions for the pump. With the
help of this curve, we can determine the size of the impeller, NPSH and the efficiency required to pump against a particular
head and at a given flow rate. You will work on transient simulations so that you can capture the flow physics.

Project 2 - Supercharger Flow

Supercharger Flow Analysis
The objective of this project is to simulate flow through a supercharger. Superchargers are characterized by complex flow
structures and tiny gaps. By applying a robust meshing methodology, the student can validate the mass flow rate and outlet
temperatures accurately.
Project 3 - Turbocharger Flow
Turbocharger Flow Analysis
The objective of this project is to simulate flow through a Turbocharger and obtain the performance curve. You will be running
transient simulations to capture the flow Physics.
Project 4 - 2D Cavitation
Flow-through Winkyl-Hoffer Nozzle (2D Cavitation)
The objective of this project is to look for the Cavitation zone by using the Volume of Fluid (VOF) method and plot the
Cavitation zone length with respect to the pressure difference. The study of Cavitation is very important as it affects mass flow
rates coming into a cylinder via fuel injectors. Cavitation occurs because of a sudden drop in pressure heads and this occurs
because of abrupt change in flow area. When the flow area suddenly decreases, it creates a zone of low pressure or separation
zone. When the pressure becomes lower than the vapour pressure of the fluid, fluid instantaneously vaporizes into the gas
phase and this affects the injector properties in terms of delivering the required fuel flow rate and this can further affect the
combustion and emission performance. And that’s why it’s very important to look at Cavitation in automotive applications. In
the HVAC or Turbomachinery world, Cavitation is extremely important in rotating devices.
Course 5:
IC Engine
Calibration
using GT-POWER

Week 1: Introduction to
GT-POWERand GT-SUITE
GT-POWER is the industry's first choice when reliable results are needed for engine thermodynamics and
combustion/emissions development. The intelligent integration of modules within it [GEM 3D; Cool 3D;
GT - VTD; GT - TAItherm ] coupled with Simulink, Star CD, Converge, Fluent and other codes facilitates
easy solutions for complex tasks early in the development phase and provides unparalleled accuracy
during the detailed design phase.

Need of a 1D thermodynamic simulation tool

Overview of GT-POWER, GT valve train, GT cool, GT drive, etc.
Introduction to GUI
Templates and libraries
Representation of engine parts
Implicit vs Explicit approach
Navier Stoke equation relevance

Week 2: SI Engine Modelling Techniques

Over the past decade, an increase in air pollution all around the globe as well as the recognition that fossil fuels will not be
available forever has inspired OEMs to develop electrified powertrains. But, this has also opened the door to investigate new
technologies that could significantly improve the ‘old fashioned’ combustion engine in both efficiency and emissions. In this
section, you will get an in-depth look at the functioning of SI Engine operations.
Challenges in SI engine modelling
Combustion modelling approach
Port injection and Gasoline direct injection approach
Tumble modelling
Gas exchange modelling and analysis
Week 3: Case Study on
SI Engine
Virtual prototyping is an efficient and effective way to test new ideas. In this
module, you will look into some aspects of SI Engine including the basics of
fuel spray in the combustion chamber, spray and wall film models
accounting for premixed and sooting diffusion combustion detecting knock
precise heat transfer modelling.
Engine specifications for modelling
Performance and emission prediction

Week 4: CI Engine Modelling Techniques

Understanding the mechanics for modelling combustion in a CI Engine. These solutions play an integral role in engine
simulations to accurately predict performance, fuel consumption, and engine-out emissions. Various models are available to
predict combustion and pollutant formation based on in-cylinder conditions, knock cycle-to-cycle variation (CCV), and other
related processes.
Challenges in CI engine modelling
DI pulse Combustion modelling approach
Swirl modelling
Turbocharger modelling

Week 5: Case Study on CI Engine

Further our understanding by modelling an ‘On-road’ application by calibrating critical CI Engine concepts such as ignition delay
time for mixtures of air, fuel, and residual gases using detailed kinetics. This challenge enables the user to understand the
correlations for ignition delay (CI) or knock (SI) that consider the effect of pressure, temperature, equivalence ratio, residual gas
fraction, fuel composition, etc.
Engine specifications for modelling
Performance and emission prediction
Week 6: Turbocharger &
Supercharger Modelling
Turbocharging allows automakers to reduce engine size and emissions
while continuing to deliver the power and performance consumers
demand. Students will be taken across the turbine and compressor
mechanics to understand the fluid flow and to improve overall engine
performance, reduce pollutant formation, optimize NVH and ensure
component durability.
Fixed geometry TC modelling
Wastegate TC modelling
Variable geometry turbine modelling
Two-stage turbocharger modelling
Supercharger modelling
eTurbo modelling

Week 7: Case Study on FRM Builder

GT-POWER engine models and the validated solution methodologies can be used by the controls system engineer for ECU
development, calibration, and testing to generate a fast running, real-time capable engine plant models. With seamless
integration with Simulink and the most popular real-time software tools, controls engineers are empowered with the ability to run
fully physical, crank angle resolved models, capable of predicting pressure wave dynamics and in-cylinder combustion in a
real-time environment. Advanced control strategies, such as combustion control, can now be tested with a detailed physical
engine model at significantly faster computation speeds with minimum effort and maximum accuracy, predictiveness, and
fidelity.
Introduction to FRM builder
Modelling of various engines using FRM builder approach
Crank-angle resolved, the physically conservative formulation for accurate results
Built-in DOE and Neural Network trainer for MV model development

Week 8: Aftertreatment Modelling Techniques

The starting point for the development and optimization of exhaust gas after-treatment systems is a 1D simulation. GT’s
Quasi-steady state AFT solver offers unmatched modelling depth, simple model setup and extremely short simulation times –
faster than real-time if desired. It solves the very demanding fluid flow, heat transfer and chemical reactions taking place in after
treatment systems of modern IC engines by employing the most advanced set of physics and chemistry models.
Introduction to chemical kinetics
modelling precious metal catalysts
Pre-defined test cases and scenarios
Week 9: Case Study on 3-way
Cat DOC DPF and SCR System
For the detailed 1D & 2D design of exhaust gas after-treatment components, GT-SUITE offers outstanding capabilities
modeling all relevant physics and chemistry. This makes it a crucial element in the design, development, and optimization of
both diesel and gasoline after-treatment devices. Together with GEM 3D, it forms a unique and dependable 1D/3D solution
that can be applied consistently throughout the layout, concept and detailed design stages in both component and system
development to provide a seamless development approach with the reuse of models and results among tools assuring
maximum consistency and efficiency. The after-treatment system performance data integrated in-vehicle models are used to
predict drive cycle emissions.
Modelling 3-way cat con
Modelling DOC
Modelling DPF
Modelling SCR

Week 10: Optimization Techniques

Every GT license includes full access to a built-in optimizer that allows optimization of any combination of model inputs (factors)
to maximize, minimize, or target any single or multiple model outputs (responses).
Key features include Multiple local and global search algorithms to exploring design trade-offs among multiple competing
responses and constraints with the multi-objective Pareto optimization tool and the NSGA-III [Genetic search algorithm].
Design of experiments
Single-factor optimization
Multi-objective optimization
Case study on gas exchange optimization

Week 11: Discretization Techniques

GEM3D is a 3D graphical pre-processor that combines building and importing tools used to create 1D GT-SUITE models from 3D
geometries. From primitive components like pipes, flow splits, etc. it can also be used to import 3D CAD models from other
applications, like GT-SPACECLAIM.
Introduction to SPACECLAIM
Overview of GEM 3D
Discretizing intake manifold
Discretizing exhaust manifold
 Week 12:
Hybrid Engine Modelling
Build any hybrid configuration with any level of electrification, including but not limited to: 48-volt mild hybrids with an electric
boost, strong power-split hybrid (HEV), parallel through-the road (TTR) plug-in hybrids (PHEV), or battery electric vehicles (BEV)
using a comprehensive controls library, including finite state machines in GT-SUITE, or co-simulate with Simulink to develop and
optimize control algorithms.
Overview of hybrid system configuration
Modelling of P0 and P1 configuration
Built-in optimization and DOE tools to evaluate architectures, components, and control strategies

Project Overview
Project 1 - Tractor Engine
Case Study on CI Engine: Tractor Engine Application
Perform calibration and simulation on a commercial application on-road tractor engine to meet the performance and
the emission requirements.
Case studies including baseline simulations that compare different variants [Naturally aspirated vs Turbocharged] for
performance and [Cooled EGR configuration] for meeting NOx targets.

Project 2 - AFT System

Case Study on AFT System: SI and CI Engines
Detailed AFT circuit system integrated with the engine model to accurately model the chemistry that captures the
engine out emissions using a 3-way catalytic converter
Modelling DOC, DPF and SCR with Urea Injection strategy to meet the stringent Euro emission norms for commercial CI
engines.

Project 3 - Eicher Pro

BS IV-VI Conversion of an Eicher Pro Truck Variant
Complete Engine + Aftertreatment modelling for a BS-IV variant HDT [Heavy duty truck] by employing suitable
in-cylinder strategies and AFT techniques to convert the same into a BS-VI compliant variant.
Course 9:
Hybrid Electric
Vehicle
Simulation
Using GT-SUITE

1.Introduction to Hybrid Electric Vehicle

In this video we will touch upon the topic- What is a Hybrid Electric Vehicle?. It is vital that a student have knowledge on this
topic before proceeding on with the course. In this video we will be covering-
Introduction to BEVs
Requirement of HEVs
Classification of HEVs
Classification based on powertrain
Classification based on degree of hybridisation

2.Introduction to Battery Electric Vehicles & Batteries

Once we have a fair understanding of what a HEV is, we will move on to BEVs or Battery Electric Vehicles. Since most HEVs have
a battery powertrain, it is vital that a student familiarises this topic. In this video we will be covering-
What are BEVs?
Degree of hybridisation
Components of BEVs
What are batteries?
Construction and Working of Lithium ion batteries
3.Understanding Series,
Parallel & Series-Parallel
HEVs.
There are many classifications of HEVs. Since, the classification based on
Powertrain is the most widely used, we will be covering it in depth.
What is a powertrain?
Classification of HEV based on powertrain.
Explanation of Series HEV.
Explanation of Parallel HEV.
Explanation of Series-Parallel HEV.

4.Objectives of Modelling and Simulation

The course is oriented towards “Simulation” of an HEV model. Most of us know what a 3D or 2D model/ simulation is. But,
GT-SUITE is primarily a 1D modelling/simulation software suite. So, in this video, we will be having a discussion on the many
types of simulation and the specifics behind it. We will be covering-
What is modeling? What is the importance of modeling?
What is simulation?
Importance and examples of simulation.
Types of simulation.
What is the Navier-Stoke equation and how does GT-SUITE solve it?
5.Introduction to
GT-SUITE
In this session, we will be showing you how to open GT-SUITE and
explain the various features of the software. We will be covering-

What are the applications of GT-SUITE?

Softwares provided in GT-SUITE
Resources available in GT-SUITE
Templates. Models, and Examples in GT-SUITE,

6.Development of P0P4 HEV model

During this week, we will be importing an HEV model in GT-SUITE and explain the templates used in the model.
The basic theory behind IC engines and electric motors.
How to import a P0P4 model into GT-SUITE.
What are the various templates used in the P0P4 model?
What are the parameters used to define the templates?
Changing of the vehicle drive cycle.
Case setup.

7.Analysis of simulation results and conclusion

This is the final chapter of the course. Here, we will take a look at the results we have obtained from the simulation. In this
chapter, we will be covering-
Modifications that can be done in case setup.
“Maximum Simulation Duration Time” option.
GT-SUITE GUI.
How to access simulation graphs and results.
Report generation.
How to study and correlate simulation graphs.
Vehicle state and supervisory controls.
 Course 10 :
Advanced
CFD Meshing
using ANSA

1.Introduction to ANSA
GUI & Tools
In this module you will be introduced to the ANSA Software. You will learn the Graphical User Interface(GUI) of the ANSA
tool. You will get to know about different solvers and types of analysis carried out using them. You will be introduced to
basic tools that will help you with geometric cleanups and other deck setups in ANSA.The topics covered in this module
are,
Introduction to ANSA,
ANSA GUI,
Geometric Tools and Topology cleanup
Different Tools used in TOPO deck

2.2D (Surface) meshing to Pressure valve

In this module you will be introduced to the Pressure valve model. You will get to know how to perform Surface Meshing
to a Pressure valve model. The topics covered in this module are,

PID creation and PID assignment,

Different selection techniques and visibility tools,
Basic Topology cleanup
Basic tools used in Surface mesh

3.3D (Volume) meshing to Turbocharger

In this module you will be introduced to the Turbocharger model. You will get to know how to perform Volumetric
Meshing to a Turbocharger model. The topics covered in this module are,

Geometry cleanup to define volumes

Various Geometry checks
Surface meshing as per Quality Criteria
Volumetric Meshing as per requirements
4.CFD meshing to BMW
M6 Model inside Wind
tunnel
In this module you will be introduced to the BMW M6 model.
You will get to know how to perform CFD Meshing to a BMW
M6 model. The topics covered in this module are,
Advanced Topology cleanup to define volumes.
Variable Surface meshing part by part
Solving quality failed elements as per Quality criteria
Symmetry operation for surface and mesh elements
Wind Tunnel Creation
CFD Meshing for Wind tunnel

5.Surface wrap to an Automotive assembly

In this module you will be introduced to three different automotive models: Engine, Transmission, Gearbox. You will get to
know how to perform Surface wrap to an automotive assembly for outer flow CFD Analysis. The topics covered in this module
are,
Geometry cleanups for surface wrap.
Merging of different models in one GUI.
Surface wrapping for an Assembly.

Projects Overview
CFD meshing to a Truck Model inside Wind tunnel
You will be provided with a Truck Model. You have to perform Topology cleanup as per volume requirements and meshing the
whole model by achieving all the mentioned quality criteria parameters.