snunek WAALS FORCES lecular Forces and Interm y Surfaces Potential Energ' i nes dfn as van der Weal fo. | troaal shang ofc see aie {410 Prinpe of Contin of Sat {441 catia Constants Tee re earn i sioner neem ace (47 Van Der Waa Equation (Reduced Eauaton of ‘Sat (auton of Sata for Fes! Gases) stances canbe liquified. Even te inert gases srpsing forces. But why d Jnsasrer this question lar force because they can also be liquified, and some weak h neighbouring mole 150 dipates, with one end charged, as represented in Fi: 4 Along with inermoleclar ores, we _ , we shal take up the study of potential energy surfaces inthis | ———days OF INTERACT = gener the greater the symmetry of The tp of emote a ee its atacand SCIJEEENG fom deco Fer xl om hich has a cis-configuration. 4. Temperature. With increase of temperature the magnitude of van der forces increase in thermal energy, the molecular motion inereases and, theref intermolecular forces decreases. When temperature is lowered even th such s noble gases and halogens condense to liquids and freeze into solids du tit forces existing among them. }Beato pres an hgh emperai ca fo tise Da 1 OF REAL GASES FROM GAS LAW (BOVLE'S LAW) svc DEVIATION: the product of PV increases with the increase in pressure Factor 1s more clearly, a quantity, called compressibility factor an where V is the volume occupied a ‘by one mole ofthe gas ata given temperature T and pressure P ature a0 400 00 0 1000 presse in arospberes > ion of 2 cv PU) AP sta temperatecrease wih ines erate is above press. thos expected of an ‘CAUSES OF DERI “he failure of the ies! presurs hasbeen explained by Inthe Knte theo volume ofthe 20 The molecules exer necessary VAN DER WAAL’ the gas equation PV = RT. steeper iseto te Bs ng pressure, pass pe Boyle's point Zt or Zee higher ha “Ie Boyle’ temperature ee ware respectively. Hyd OH Lup athigh pressures the a ip Eset of temperature: At pas ismor provouncedatlow temperate 1) The actual volume accspied by the gas molecules is eel (EQUATION OF STATE FOR REAL GASES) nt for ferent gases B ew histemperatre tf “Obviously, above the Bor! points ae evident hydrogen, helium and ncon, ae ofan ideal 235. Jue of PY for al gases incuding Ha He,Ne, ete seal gs gas from ideal behaviour sar pressure the deviation of 8 ‘Thelowertemperaur the greater are the IVATIONS FROM IDEAL BEHAVIOUR us equi PV = RT over an exesiv anes of tre Tee Faas be due tothe following rwo faulty assum gible as compared tothe ota no intermolecular atration among themselves ce etme lw empath Pres: ton tothe ideal gas equation should be made. es '5 EQUATION (REDUCED EQUATION OF STATE) van der Waal's deduced 2 modified es equation by making following nesesary corestion © spre excluded vol spexcluded vol sahere V_ isthe volume 0 “us the exchuded vol sano appreciable re quite lose together: ‘Consider the particles A and B in the gos Fig ‘etamnetion pa i force inva “ B ig. 40. Molecular aacte"propert mee, et rsue= (Pt =) eorprting he volume caecton and atation corrections (or pressure correction) in the gas usin we EXPLANATION OF BEHAV! JOUR OF REAL GASES ON v-0( VAN DER WAAL’S: EQUATION Ea raioniscale the van der Waals Equation of it represents the bebavi then he efletv vo {Torte movement ofthe 0 ee, 2a proanso v a, 2 (43) py-Po+ “ fue ken pb sana tion ole V. The © therefore, overweight Pbaavwesst pombe AMP prePy ppere za 4 pyaz, postive quant” & rh=Z.008 selene ete Sy HE ear: Woe i press ih BE Fe sles canna neglect wheres sen wena prs ese sant °2 ie, BB? fe, 4 —pb=y,ancenve quantty pyecy=PV ‘or over perfect veaching a nnimun, increases with further increase in lagen tis cse oth the coection mS Fz and bin the van der reduces to PV = RT the BeiyabeN Substituting the values of a, 5, V and Ly oss _ P= y95-0.0826 0.00 ce in a ive ite askat 27°C the pressure predominates atlow pressure, whereas the factor Pb predomins on thigh press these two factors will balance each other at east 5 fas Beemer web sre enclos ‘Thus at medium pressure, Pb= pressure, b= reduced to PV =RT'= P'V' and the gas behaves like an ideal gas.Pemuiek « S: an der Waa'seqation ee er Waals 6 ev ns) = ART (orm mole) ‘aviation of volume and pressure at constant ase of an ideal gas, the isotherms Wor ‘The curves representing ihe aoherms (Grek: 5 = equ) Inthe byperbols. in 1869, Andes studied the effect of pressure on vol Fig 4.1 was obtained, Each curve cotespnds to one partic inoherm. The carves shold be rectangular, hyperbola ike clear that CO, does ot gve rectangular hypetbols although with increasing tm sppoximate oon, Let us consider the various isotbems separately. (9 Iothermat 0°C: The jsatherm shows that carbon dx gaseous andthe volume decreases with increasing pressure in the normal fashion. a verve Ft any 8 Aobehave similarly. Theepoint , the "ALR the temperatures again [EEEIL CRITICAL CONSTANTS wl { Crieal temperature ofa gas (T) isthe minimum temperature which mt by the application of presure. A gas er arash be Eo. 4.5046 0 cet wo exuions may be ovate ividing Ean 49 by Ea. 4 sinsing the vabe of Vom Bp. 44 in Bg. 42, We Be 4a13. Calculation of Van der Waal's Constants in Terms of T,and Ps Substituting the values of Vand Pin Ean. 4.1, we 8 nad resting riding Ean 4.17416 as ensosing he vals ava a tT. ie Ly 8 ey, 2er, | ‘ fees 8 4419) t Rearanging Eq. 4.19, we eet ‘Squaring, we get (420) Sitting the value of V.= op 420,006 a2)ap on he axis. one ofthe at ‘We have studied that the iteration energy bet Ry comes very large. The curve of Exp 5 Rag gen te eatin FETC te te ae wl wT of inear H, + H Reaction ‘pin appropiate rat aw mn. When A and B are very tem Egy (Ry) can be obi )- We have plete he relative interaction energy between “1, a. function of Ry, This is indeed the relative ground state electro 4.4.00) ‘Lelus consider the collinear collision between Al ton ends on two distances Ry 208 “1dRgcon the y-axis. This is three dimet thepotentil energy surface PES Fig 18Fig. 4.16, Sale pot trom points 1102 of Fi ‘4412:4 Contour Diagram of PES for H, +H corresponding oFig.4.14is shown ini The ctu (uptet enere curve) agra Ween ee Re “Asractive PES Fig, 448. atracive 2 ive PES \ —eee vental Energy Surface 1B Lote compressibility NecH 1 of PV versus, Roy Fig. 449, The HC + NPES.Notoe the deep wel at pint umber 5 coresponding jean corvst with he pont rumber 5 f FQ. 4 INFORMATION WINDOW Intermolecular Forces sion {0)Bxistence of intermolecular forces of ible when compared tothe volURE (0) The volume of gas molecules is ee ‘molecule andthe electrons preset in another molecule.PROBLEM WITH SOLUTIONSPiso aremecncs eS OTE cole euied the =P ol abe een py=akT ete tend, Bayes and Char’ ews and genera ation PY eal ea rssures ie, PY= by real gases under all tics 12, Can we Bet gay increasing pressure along? Wh? ssn Nm ei impr il mp OS a semperanure called critical sch it i SS expert above which it cannot be ligetied Prebiem 13. What semperatere? ‘77 of graph will you get when PY Js plotted against Fat constant Sehation 5 sexghe line parale o resmae sis.ai the mone cay ii Sigil pe ¥ wil be more easily : ecient wimrnnsara cc resi scorn Canis Teron ie exen i teond engh of the reaetant mole Sen on tas tis a exer reaction sd 8 lassi 1, Which typeof imermolecla forces exist baween the molecules ce van det Wal’ forces? What is the nature of van er