© OCT 2018 | IRE Journals | Volume 2 Issue 4 | ISSN: 2456-8880

Fault Analysis in a Three-Phase System (1)

MANG A O1, EZECHUKWU O A2, ANIH L U3
1,2
Department of Electrical Engineering, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka.
3
Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Nigeria, Nsukka

Abstract -- Faults often occur in three-phase power per unit length of the line, then the unit length of the
systems. With the increasing demand for electrical power, line may be represented by an equivalent circuit of the
one key challenge is the ability to identify and analyze these type shown in Fig. 1. Naturally, a relatively long piece
faults when they occur. In this paper, the performance of
of line would contain several such identical sections.
long transmission line in a balanced system has been
discussed. This paper is the first in the series of four papers
for fault analysis in a three-phase system. A three lines to
ground (LLLG) fault occurred in the system, which
automatically operated the circuit breakers and left them
open. Simulink was used to view the waveforms of the
current and voltage at both normal and fault conditions.
The result showed that at the fault point, the sudden
increase in current was accompanied by a drop in voltage.
The system was also able to leave the breaker open all Fig 1: Equivalent circuit of a unit length of
through the operation, suggesting the occurrence of a transmission line
permanent fault.
i. Short transmission lines – length less than
Indexed Terms: faults, permanent, three-phase, 80Km. Due to smaller, shunt capacitance
transmission. effect is neglected, and performance depends
on the resistance and inductance of the line.
The parameters are also assumed to be
I. TRANSMISSION SYSTEM
lumped together.

A transmission line is a structure used to guide the ii. Medium transmission lines – length between
flow of electromagnetic energy from one point to 80Km and 200Km. Owing to appreciable
another. This line may be of any physical structure; length and voltage, the line charging current
that is, it may be made of two parallel wires or two is appreciable and therefore shunt
parallel plates or coaxial conductors, or it may be of capacitance cannot be neglected. Lumped
hollow conductor variety (waveguides). The general parameters are also assumed in this category.
characteristics of electromagnetic wave propagation in
these lines are the same. The preference depends only iii. Long transmission lines – length above
on the frequency of wave propagation and the use to 200Km (with operating voltages greater than
which these lines are put. Conductors, be it in 100KV). Line parameters are not assumed to
underground cables or overhead lines, are modelled by be lumped but considered to be uniformly
a π circuit, sufficiently accurate for short, middle, or distributed over the length of the line and
long distances. For long conductors, chained π therefore for their solutions, rigorous
sections or distributed parameters can be their good methods are employed.
approximation.
1.1: Voltage Regulation
In general, if we examine a transmission line, we will
find four parameters, i.e., series resistance (R), series When a transmission line is carrying current, there is a
inductance (L), shunt capacitance (C) and shunt voltage drop in the line due to resistance and
conductance (G), distributed along the whole length of inductance of the line. The result is that receiving end
the line. If R, L, C and G be these primary constants voltage (VR) of the line is generally less than the

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sending voltage (Vs). This voltage drop (Vs – VR) in A, B, C and D are constants called the generalized
the line is expressed as a percentage of receiving end circuit constants of a transmission line. The values of
voltage VR and is called Voltage regulation. these constants depend upon the particular method of
solution employed. Once the values of these constants
𝑉𝑆 −𝑉𝑅
% 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = × 100 (1) of a particular transmission line are known the
𝑉𝑅
performance of the line can be determined easily
It is desirable that the voltage regulation index of a
The values of A, B, C and D can be determined as
transmission line should be low i.e. the increase in load
follows;
current should make very little difference in the
receiving end voltage. The voltage regulation index
If receiving end of transmission line is open circuited,
determines the transmission efficiency, which is the
then
power obtained at the receiving end of a transmission
line which is usually less than the sending end power
Receiving end current Ir is zero, from equations 3 and
due to losses in the line reactance. The ratio of
4 above;
receiving end power to the sending end power of a
transmission line is known as the transmission 𝑉𝑠
𝐴= (5)
efficiency of the line. i.e. 𝑉𝑅

𝑅𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑒𝑛𝑑 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝐼𝑠

% 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 = × and 𝐶 = (6)
𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑒𝑛𝑑 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑉𝑅

100 (2)
With receiving end short circuited

Receiving end voltage Vr is zero, from equation 3 and

1.2: Generalized circuit constants 4;

𝑉𝑠
In any passive, bilateral and linear network with two 𝐵= (7)
𝐼𝑅
input and two output terminals, the input voltage and
current can be expressed in terms of output voltage and and 𝐷 =
𝐼𝑠
(8)
current. Incidentally, a single-phase transmission line 𝐼𝑅

is a 4 – terminal network; two input terminals where

From the above expressions, A, B, C and D can be
the power enters the network and two output terminals
defined as follows
where the power leaves the network. Such a circuit is
passive as it does not contain any source of emf, linear
A can be defined as the ratio of the sending end voltage
as its impedance is independent of current flowing and
Vs to receiving end voltage VR when the line is open
bilateral as its impedance is independent of direction
circuited at the receiving end. A is dimensionless
of current flowing. The input voltage and current per
phase of a transmission line can be expressed as:
B is defined as the ratio of sending end voltage Vs to
receiving end current Ir when the line is short-circuited
𝑉𝑆 = 𝐴𝑉𝑅 + 𝐵𝐼𝑅 (3)
on receiving end. B is in ohm
𝐼𝑆 = 𝐶𝑉𝑅 + 𝐷𝐼𝑅 (4)
C is defined as the ratio of sending end current Is to
receiving end voltage VR when the line is open
Where Vs is the sending end voltage per phase
circuited on the receiving end. C is in Siemen
Is is the sending end Current
D is defined as the ratio of sending end current I s to
Vr is the receiving end voltage per phase receiving end current IR when the line is short circuited
on the receiving end. D is dimensionless
Ir is the receiving end current

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By circuit analysis, for short transmission lines, A=1, fault will then clear and the power-line can be returned
B =Z, C=0 and D=1 to service. Typical examples of transient faults
include: momentary tree contact, bird or other animal
𝑌𝑍
For a nominal T – network, 𝐴 = 𝐷 = 1 + ; 𝐵= contact, lightning strike, conductor clashing
2
𝑌𝑍
𝑍 (1 + ) and C=Y Transmission and distribution systems use an
2
automatic re-close function which is commonly used
𝑌𝑍
For a nominal 𝜋 – network, 𝐴 = 𝐷 = 1 + ; B=Z and on overhead lines to attempt to restore power in the
2
𝑌𝑍 event of a transient fault. This functionality is not as
𝐶 = 𝑌 (1 + )
4 common on underground systems as faults there are
typically of a persistent nature. Transient faults may
Where Z is the impedance and Y is the admittance.
still cause damage both at the site of the original fault
or elsewhere in the network as fault current is
II. FAULTS
generated.
In an electric power system, a fault is any abnormal
2.2: Permanent fault
occurrence on the system. Fault current is any
abnormal electric current flowing through non-
One extreme is where the fault has zero impedance,
required current. For example, a short circuit is a fault
giving the maximum prospective short-circuit current.
in which current bypasses the normal load. An open-
Notionally, all the conductors are considered
circuit fault occurs if a circuit is interrupted by some
connected to ground as if by a metallic conductor; this
failure. In three-phase systems, a fault may involve
is called a "bolted fault". It would be unusual in a well-
one or more phases and ground, or may occur only
designed power system to have a metallic short circuit
between phases. In a ground fault or earth fault,
to ground but such faults can occur by mischance.
current flows into the earth. The prospective short-
Typical examples of permanent faults include:
circuit current of a predictable fault can be calculated
conductors breaking from the insulators and resting on
for most situations. In power systems, protective
a firm earth or on another phase, two or more
devices can detect fault conditions and operate circuit
conductors twisting due to a high-speed wind, etc.
breakers and other devices to limit the loss of service
due to a failure. For a system with an auto-reclose function, this kind
of fault usually initiates permanent trip to the circuit
In a polyphase system, a fault may affect all phases
breaker leaving it de-energized until the bolted fault is
equally which is a symmetrical fault. If only some
cleared.
phases are affected, the resulting asymmetrical fault
becomes more complicated to analyses. The analysis 2.3: Symmetric fault
of these types of faults is often simplified by using
methods such as symmetrical components. The design A symmetric or balanced fault affects each of the three
of systems to detect and interrupt power system faults phases equally. In transmission line faults, roughly 5%
is the main objective of power-system protection. are symmetric. This is in contrast to an asymmetrical
fault, where the three phases are not affected equally.
2.1: Transient fault
2.4: Asymmetric fault
A transient fault is a fault that is no longer present if
power is disconnected for a short time and then An asymmetric or unbalanced fault does not affect
restored; or an insulation fault which only temporarily each of the three phases equally. Common types of
affects a device's dielectric properties which are asymmetric faults and their causes include:
restored after a short time. Many faults in overhead
power lines are transient in nature. When a fault i. line-to-line: a short circuit between lines, caused
occurs, equipment used for power system protection by ionization of air, or when lines come into
operates to isolate the area of the fault. A transient

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physical contact, for example due to a broken a

insulator. In transmission line faults, roughly 5%
- 10% are asymmetric line-to-line faults.

ii. line-to-ground: a short circuit between one line c b

and ground, very often caused by physical
contact, for example due to lightning or other Fig. 2: 3-Phase balanced system
storm damage. In transmission line faults, roughly
65% - 70% are asymmetric line-to-ground faults. In a balanced system of fig. 2, each line will produce
equal voltage magnitudes at phase angles equally
iii. double line-to-ground: two lines come into spaced from each other. With Va as our reference and
contact with the ground (and each other), also Vc lagging Vb lagging Va, using angle notation, and
commonly due to storm damage. In transmission Vph the voltage between the line and the neutral gives:
line faults, roughly 15% - 20% are asymmetric
𝑉𝑎 = 𝑉𝑝ℎ ∠0° (9)
double line-to-ground.

𝑉𝑏 = 𝑉𝑝ℎ ∠ − 120° (10)

2.5: Arcing fault
𝑉𝑐 = 𝑉𝑝ℎ ∠ + 120° (11)
Where the system voltage is high enough, an electric
arc may form between power system conductors and These voltages feed into either a wye or delta
ground. Such an arc can have relatively high connected load.
impedance (compared to the normal operating levels
of the system) and can be difficult to detect by simple
overcurrent protection. For example, an arc of several
3.1: Star or Wye (Y) Connection
hundred amperes on a circuit normally carrying a
thousand amperes may not trip overcurrent circuit
To derive the relations between line and phase currents
breakers but can do enormous damage to bus bars or
and voltages of a star connected system, we have first
cables before it becomes a complete short circuit.
to draw a balanced star connected system. Suppose
Utility, industrial, and commercial power systems
due to load impedance the current lags the applied
have additional protection devices to detect relatively
voltage in each phase of the system by an angle ϕ. As
small but undesired currents escaping to ground. In
we have considered that the system is perfectly
residential wiring, electrical regulations may now
balanced, the magnitude of current and voltage of each
require Arc-fault circuit interrupters on building
phase is the same. Let us say, the magnitude of the
wiring circuits, to detect small arcs before they cause
voltage across the red phase i.e. magnitude of the
damage or a fire.
voltage between neutral point (N) and red phase
terminal (R) is VR. Similarly, the magnitude of the
III. POWER SOURCE
voltage across yellow phase is VY and the magnitude
The power source is the input to the system and could of the voltage across blue phase is VB. In the balanced
be a generator output stepped up to E1KV or a supply star system, magnitude of phase voltage in each phase
from a EKV feeder. There are two types of system is Vph.
available in electric circuit, single phase and three
∴ VR = VY = VB = Vph (12)
phase systems. In the perfectly balanced case all three
lines share equivalent loads. Examining the circuits,
The star connection is shown below-
the derived relationships between line voltage and
current can be obtained as well as the load voltage and
current for wye and delta connected loads.

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The voltage across Y and B terminal of the star

connected circuit is VYB. The voltage across B and R
terminal of the star connected circuit is VBR.

From the fig. 4, it is found that

𝑉𝑅𝑌 = 𝑉𝑅 + (−𝑉𝑌 ) (15)

Similarly, 𝑉𝑌𝐵 = 𝑉𝑌 + (−𝑉𝐵 ) (16)

Fig 3: Star connection
And, 𝑉𝐵𝑅 = 𝑉𝐵 + (−𝑉𝑅 ) (17)
From fig 3 above for a star connection, the line
currents are equal to the phase currents as there are no
Now, as angle between VR and VY is 120o (electrical),
nodes between them, hence for star connected
the angle between VR and -VY is (180° − 120°) =
systems:
60°(electrical).
𝐼𝐿 = 𝐼𝑝ℎ (13)
Resolving,
The vector diagram for a star connected system is
shown in figure 3 below 𝑉𝐿 = |𝑉𝑅𝑌 | = √𝑉𝑅 2 + 𝑉𝑌 2 + 2𝑉𝑅 𝑉𝑌 cos 60°

But VR=VY=VB=Vph for a balanced circuit

1
= √𝑉𝑝ℎ 2 + 𝑉𝑝ℎ 2 + (2𝑉𝑝ℎ 𝑉𝑝ℎ × )
2

= √3𝑉𝑝ℎ 2 = √3𝑉𝑝ℎ

Hence, 𝑉𝐿 = √3𝑉𝑝ℎ (18)

Thus, for the star-connected system, line voltage = √3

Fig 4: A phasor diagram for a wye configuration. × phase voltage.

We know in the star connection; line current is same Line current = Phase current
as phase current. The magnitude of this current is same
in all three phases and says it is IL. As, the angle between voltage and current per phase is
φ, the electric power per phase is
∴ IR = IY = IB = IL (14)
𝑉𝐿
𝑉𝑝ℎ 𝐼𝑝ℎ cos 𝜑 = 𝐼 cos 𝜑
√3 𝐿
Where, IR is line current of R phase, IY is line current
of Y phase and IB is line current of B phase. Again, So, the total power of three phase system is
phase current, Iph of each phase is same as line current
IL in star connected system. 3×
𝑉𝐿
𝐼 cos 𝜑 = √3𝑉𝐿 𝐼𝐿 cos 𝜑 (19a)
√3 𝐿

∴ IR = IY = IB = IL = Iph
By applying Kirchhoff's current law (KCL) to the
Now, let us say, the voltage across R and Y terminal neutral node, the three phase currents sum to the total
of the star connected circuit is VRY. current in the neutral line. In the balanced case:

𝐼1 + 𝐼2 + 𝐼3 = 𝐼𝑁 = 0

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3.3: Delta Connection (Δ)  Current in Line 1, I1 = IR – IB (21)

 Current in Line 2, I2 = IY – IR (22)

 Current in Line 3, I3 = IB – IY (23)

Fig 5: Delta Connected System

i. Line Voltages and Phase Voltages in Delta

Connection

It is seen from fig 4 that there is only one phase

winding between two terminals (i.e. there is one phase
winding between two wires). Therefore, in Delta Fig 6: Phasor diagram for delta connection.
Connection, the voltage between (any pair of) two
lines is equal to the phase voltage of the phase winding The current of Line 1 can be found by determining the
which is connected between two lines. vector difference between IR and IB and we can do that
by increasing the IB Vector in reverse, so that, IR and
i.e. for delta systems, VL=Vph (19b) IB makes a parallelogram. The diagonal of that
parallelogram shows the vector difference of IR and
Since the phase sequence is R → Y → B, therefore,
IB which is equal to Current in Line 1= I1. Moreover,
the direction of voltage from R phase towards Y phase
by reversing the vector of IB, it may indicate as (-IB),
is positive (+), and the voltage of R phase is leading
therefore, the angle between IR and -IB (IB, when
by 120° from Y phase voltage. Likewise, the voltage
reversed = -IB) is 60°. If,
of Y phase is leading by 120° from the phase voltage
of B and its direction is positive from Y towards B. IR = IY = IB = IPH …. The phase currents

If the line voltage between Line 1 and Line 2 = VRY, Then;

Line 2 and Line 3 = VYB, Line 3 and Line 1 = VBR
The current flowing in Line 1 would be;
Then, we see that VRY leads VYB by 120° and VYB
leads VBR by 120°. 60°
𝐼1 = 2 × 𝐼𝑝ℎ × cos
2

Let’s suppose,
√3
= 2 × 𝐼𝑝ℎ × cos 30° = 2 × 𝐼𝑝ℎ ×
2
VRY = VYB = VBR = VL …… (Line Voltage) (20)
√3
I.e. in Delta connection, the Line Voltage is equal to 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 cos 30° =
2
the Phase Voltage.
𝐼1 = 𝐼𝐿 = √3𝐼𝑝ℎ (24)
ii. Line Currents and Phase Currents in Delta
Connection i.e. In Delta Connection, The Line current is √3 times
of Phase Current
It will be noted from fig. 6 that the total current of each
Line is equal to the vector difference between two Similarly, we can find the remaining two line-currents
phase currents flowing through that line. i.e.; as same as above. i.e.,

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I2 = IY – IR … Vector Difference = √3 IPH Hence Power in Delta Connection,

I3 = IB – IY … Vector difference = √3 IPH 𝑃 = 3 × 𝑉𝑝ℎ × 𝐼𝑝ℎ × cos 𝜃 ……or

As, all the Line current are equal in magnitude i.e. 𝑃 = √3 × 𝑉𝐿 × 𝐼𝐿 × cos 𝜃 (26)

I1 = I2 = I3 = IL This can be seen to be the same as the power for star

connection found in equation 19a, hence
Hence
Power in star = power in delta.
𝐼𝐿 = √3𝐼𝑝ℎ
3.4: Performance and Analysis of Long Transmission
It is seen from the fig. 6 above that; lines

 The Line Currents are 120° apart from each The equivalent circuit of a long transmission line is
other shown schematically in fig. 7 below

 Line currents are lagging by 30° from their

corresponding Phase Currents

 The angle Ф between line currents and

respective line voltages is (30°+Ф), i.e. each
line current is lagging by (30°+Ф) from the
corresponding line voltage.

iii. Power in Delta Connection

Fig 7: Equivalent circuit of long transmission lines
We know that the power of each phase

Power per Phase = 𝑉𝑝ℎ × 𝐼𝑝ℎ × cos 𝜃

And the total power of three phases;

𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 = 𝑃 = 3 × 𝑉𝑝ℎ × 𝐼𝑝ℎ × cos 𝜃 (25)

We know that the values of Phase Current and Phase

Voltage in Delta Connection are; Fig 8 – sectional view of a long transmission line

𝐼𝐿 Consider an infinitely small length dx of the line at a

𝐼𝑝ℎ = from (24)
√3
distance x from the receiving end as seen in fig. 8.
And VPH = VL from (19b)
Let r = Resistance per unit length
Putting (24) and (19b) in power equation of (25)
x= Reactance per unit length
𝐼
𝑃 = 3 × 𝑉𝐿 × ( 𝐿 ) × cos 𝜃 b = Susceptance per unit length
√3
𝐼𝐿
𝑃 = √3 × √3 × 𝑉𝐿 × ( ) × cos 𝜃
√3 g = conductance per unit length
𝑃 = √3 × 𝑉𝐿 × 𝐼𝐿 × cos 𝜃
𝑧 = √𝑟 2 + 𝑥 2

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1 𝑑𝑉
𝑦 = √𝑔2 + 𝑏 2 But from (27) we have = . substituting this in (31)
𝑧 𝑑𝑥
above gives
V = Voltage per phase at the end of the element
towards sending end 1
𝐼 = √𝑦𝑧[𝐴1𝑒 √𝑦𝑧𝑥 − 𝐴2𝑒 −√𝑦𝑧𝑥 ]
𝑧

V + dV = Voltage per phase at the end of the element

𝑦
towards sending end 𝐼 = √ [𝐴1𝑒 √𝑦𝑧𝑥 − 𝐴2𝑒 −√𝑦𝑧𝑥 ] (32)
𝑧

VR = Voltage per phase at receiving end

Equations (30) and (32) thus give the expressions for
Vs = Voltage per phase at sending end V and I in the form of unknown constants A1 and A2.
The values of A1 and A2 can be determined by
IR = Current per phase at receiving end applying receiving end conditions as under:

Is = Current per phase at sending end At receiving end x=0, V=VR, I=IR

I + dI = Current entering the element dx Substituting these values in equations (30) and (32) we
get
And I = Current leaving the element dx
𝑉𝑅 = 𝐴1 + 𝐴2 (33)
Now the series impedance of element dx of the line =
zdx 𝑦
𝐼𝑅 = √ (𝐴1 − 𝐴2 ) (34)
𝑧

The shunt admittance of element dx of the line = ydx

𝑧
For transmission line, √ is a constant called the
𝑦
The rise in voltage over the element length in the
direction of increasing x, characteristic constant, Zc and √𝑦𝑧 is another constant
called the propagation constant γ, both are complex
𝑑𝑣
𝑑𝑣 = 𝐼𝑧𝑑𝑥 Or = 𝑧𝐼 (27) quantities.
𝑑𝑥

Similarly, the difference of current entering the From (33) and (34) above, solving simultaneously we
element and that leaving the element, have
𝑑𝐼
𝑑𝐼 = 𝑉𝑦𝑑𝑥 Or = 𝑉𝑦 (28)
𝑑𝑥 1 1 𝑧 1
𝐴1 = 𝑉𝑅 + √ 𝐼𝑅 = (𝑉𝑅 + 𝐼𝑅 𝑍𝑐 )
2 2 𝑦 2
Differentiating (27) W.r.t x, and substituting in (28),
we get 1 1 𝑧 1
𝐴2 = 𝑉𝑅 − √ 𝐼𝑅 = (𝑉𝑅 − 𝐼𝑅 𝑍𝑐 )
2 2 𝑦 2
𝑑2𝑉 𝑑𝐼
=𝑧 = 𝑧𝑉𝑦 (29)
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
Thus, the expressions for V and I become
The solution of the above differential equation is
1 1
𝑉 = [𝑉𝑅 + 𝐼𝑅 𝑍𝑐 ]𝑒 𝛾𝑥 + [𝑉𝑅 − 𝐼𝑅 𝑍𝑐 ]𝑒 −𝛾𝑥
2 2
𝑉 = 𝐴1𝑒 √𝑦𝑧𝑥 + 𝐴2𝑒 −√𝑦𝑧𝑥 (30) (35)

where A1 and A2 are unknown constants. 1 1 1

And 𝐼 = [ [𝑉𝑅 + 𝐼𝑅 𝑍𝑐 ]𝑒 𝛾𝑥 − [𝑉𝑅 − 𝐼𝑅 𝑍𝑐 ]𝑒 −𝛾𝑥 ]
𝑍𝑐 2 2

Differentiating (30) above w.r.t x, we get

1 𝑉𝑅 1 𝑉𝑅
Or 𝐼 = [( + 𝐼𝑅 )] 𝑒 𝛾𝑥 − [( − 𝐼𝑅 )] 𝑒 −𝛾𝑥
2 𝑍𝑐 2 𝑍𝑐
𝑑𝑉
= √𝑦𝑧[𝐴1𝑒 √𝑦𝑧𝑥 − 𝐴2𝑒 −√𝑦𝑧𝑥 ] (31) (36)
𝑑𝑥

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Expanding and rearranging (35) and (36) above we get figures 9 and 10 respectively. The system load,
transmission line parameters and other parameter were
𝑉 = 𝑉𝑅 cosh 𝛾𝑥 + 𝐼𝑅 𝑍𝑐 sinh 𝛾𝑥 (37) assumed to be kept in their normal conditions.

𝑉𝑅
And 𝐼 = 𝐼𝑅 cosh 𝛾𝑥 + sinh 𝛾𝑥 (38)
𝑍𝐶

The sending end voltage, Vs and sending end current

Is can be obtained by substituting x= L in the above
equations

𝑉𝑠 = 𝑉𝑅 cosh 𝛾𝑙 + 𝐼𝑅 𝑍𝑐 sinh 𝛾𝑙 (39)

𝑉𝑅
And 𝐼𝑠 = 𝐼𝑅 cosh 𝛾𝑙 + sinh 𝛾𝑙 (40)
𝑍𝐶

Now 𝛾𝑙 = √𝑦𝑧 × 𝑙 = √𝑦𝑙 × 𝑧𝑙 = √𝑌𝑍 (41)

Fig. 9: Current waveform operating normally before
Where Z is the total impedance of the line and Y is the
fault occured.
total admittance of the line.

The expression for sending end voltage and sending

end currents are now gotten by substituting (41) into
(40) and (39). Hence,

𝑉𝑠 = 𝑉𝑅 cosh √𝑌𝑍 + 𝐼𝑅 𝑍𝑐 sinh √𝑌𝑍

𝑉𝑅
And 𝐼𝑠 = 𝐼𝑅 cosh √𝑌𝑍 + sinh √𝑌𝑍
𝑍𝐶

Comparing the above equations with the general

voltage and current equations of the line (equations 30
and 32), we have

𝐴 = 𝐷 = cosh √𝑌𝑍
Fig. 10: Voltage waveform operating normally before
𝐵 = 𝑍𝐶 sinh √𝑌𝑍 fault occurred.

1 V. CONCLUSION
And 𝐶 = sinh √𝑌𝑍
𝑍𝐶

The three-phase power system was in a balanced state

IV. ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION OF
and operated normally until a fault was introduced
FAULT ON A THREE-PHASE
through the trip signal. When the fault occurred, there
SYSTEM
was a sudden rise in the operating current as shown in
fig. 9. Conversely, there was a voltage drop on the
A L-L-L-G fault was made to appear on the line after
system as shown in fig. 10. For a transient fault, an
1.5 seconds. The CB trip/control signal trips the
overcurrent relay would send a signal for the CB to
system at the fault point.
reclose. However, the results showed that the trip
signal immediately came into action detecting the fault
The Simulink simulation waveforms for current and
and sending the trip pulse to the circuit breaker to
voltage during normal & fault conditions are shown in
open. If the fault was still on the line after some time

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delay, then the line would attempt to reclose and bring

the system back to normal operation. These attempts
will be unsuccessful if the fault is a permanent one.
The line would remain open due to the fault till it is
manually cleared, suggesting a permanent fault.

REFERENCES

[1] B. Ingelsson, P. Lindstrom, D. Karlsson,

Wide protection against voltage collapse,
IEEE Computer Applications in Power, 1997,
4(10), 30-35.
[2] J. D. Glover, S. S. Mulukutla, T. J. Overbye,
Power System Analysis and Design, Thomas
Learning, Ontario, 2011, 1-752.
[3] J. J. Grainger, Power System Analysis, Tata
McGraw-Hill, New York, 2003, 1-815.
[4] J. Gupta, Transmission and Distribution of
Electrical Power in a course in Power
Systems, S K Kataria, New Delhi, 2013,
chapter 14.
[5] T. Thakur, Three Phase Faults Analysis of
Power System, Global Journal of Researches,
USA, 2016, 16(5), 1-13.
[6] V. K. Mehta, R. Mehta, Principles of Power
System, S Chand, New Delhi, 2008.
[7] Z. Bo, F. Jiang, X. Dong, G. Weller, M.
Redfern, Transient Based Protection for
Power Transmission System, IEEE Power
Society Winter Meeting, Singapore, 2000.
[8] Z. Bo, G. Weller, T. Lomas, Positiona
Protection of Transmission System Using
Global Positioning System, IEEE
Transactions on Power Delivery, 2000, 4(15),
1163-1168.

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