Dr. Salvatore J.

Rand, an independent For many years, Rand has been teaching

Rand | Verstuyft
petroleum industry consultant, has been an two ASTM training courses that he developed:
ASTM International member for over thirty Gasoline: Specifications, Testing and
years. He was recently honored with ASTM’s Technology, and Fuels Technology. He
most prodigious award, the William T. Cavanaugh has presented these courses in many cities
Memorial Award. He was recognized for throughout the world, and he has also made
his contributions to the promotion of, many varied presentations globally on
leadership in, and education about petroleum ASTM fuels specifications and
standards worldwide. standardization procedures.
Rand serves on Committee D02 on Petroleum Professionally, prior to his retirement from
Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and industry and forming his consultancy, Rand
several of its subcommittees. He is also a directed the Fuels Test Laboratory which
member at large of the executive subcommittee. analyzed both liquid and gaseous fuels, at the ASTM INTERNATIONAL
During his tenure on D02 he has been vice Texaco Research and Development Center Manual

Significance of Tests for Petroleum Products – 9th Edition

chairman of the committee, the chair of in Beacon, New York. He provided technical

Significance
Subcommittee D02.05 on Properties of information and services to Texaco installations
Fuels, Petroleum Coke and Carbon Material, worldwide on fuel distribution, marketing and
Secretary of Subcommittee D02.05 on Color and operations; as well as laboratory inspection,
Reactivity, and has been particularly involved auditing, and personnel training both within
in developing standards in these areas. He has
also been a member of ASTM’s Committee on
Technical Committee Operations (COTCO).
Texaco and external to the company. He also
served as an adjunct professor in the graduate
school of chemistry at the University
of Tests for
Rand has been recognized with the ASTM Award
of Merit in 2009; a Service Award from the ASTM
Committee on Technical Committee Operations in
of St. Joseph.
Rand, who is the author of a number of research
technical publications, is a 60-year member
Petroleum
2008; the Lowrie B. Sargent Jr Award in 2006; the
George V. Dyroff Award of Honorary Committee
D02 Membership in 2004; and the Committee
of the American Chemical Society, where he is
a past chairman of its Mid-Hudson Section.
He holds a Ph.D in Physical Chemistry and
Products
D02 Sydney D. Andrews Scroll of Achievement
in 2003. In 2010, Rand received the Charles B.
Physics from Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute,
and a B.S in Chemistry and Philosophy from
9th Edition
Dudley Award for Manual 1, Significance of Tests Fordham University.
for Petroleum Products: 8th Edition, which has
become ASTM’s best selling Manual.

Salvatore J. Rand, Ph.D.

Dr. Al Verstuyft, an independent petroleum He is recognized in petroleum and
industry consultant, has been an ASTM environmental laboratory business for Allen W. Verstuyft, Ph.D.
International member for over twenty years. improving technical soundness and defensibility
Is a member of D02 on Petroleum Products, of data and operations; as well as laboratory
Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and several of auditing, and personnel training both within
its subcommittees, including Subcommittees Chevron and external to the company. He as
D02.03 on Elemental Analysis, D02.04 a Visiting Research Scientist at Burner
Hydrocarbons and D02.94 on Quality Assurance Engineering Laboratory of Sandia-Livermore
and Statistics. He is also a member of D19 on National Laboratory.
Water and D34 on Waste.
With Dr. Sal Rand, Al coedited “Fuel
Al has been or is currently a member of the Specifications: What They Are, Why We
American Petroleum Industry (API)Test Methods Have Them and How They Are Used” ASTM
Task Force and Environmental Monitoring Task Manual 69 (2016). He is the coauthor of a
Force; Western State Petroleum Association number of research technical publications, is
(WSPA) Test Methods Task Force (Petroleum a 48-year member of the American Chemical
Fuels); American Chemical Society (ACS), Society, where he was a past chairman of its
Committee on Reagent Chemicals and the California Section. He holds a Ph.D. Inorganic/
California Section ChemOlympiad Coordinator. Organometallic Chemistry from University
of Nevada at Reno, and a B.S. Chemistry in
Al was the Global Laboratory Coordinator
Santa Clara University, and was Postdoctoral
at the Chevron Energy Technology Company
Associate in Physical Organic Chemistry at the
in Richmond, CA. He provided petroleum and
University of Utah.
environmental analysis and chemistry consulting
with expertise in turning complex chemical
analysis data into information for decisions.
ASTM INTERNATIONAL
Helping our world work better

ISBN: 978-0-8031-7108-4
Stock #: MNL1-9TH
www.astm.org
 Salvatore J. Rand, Ph.D., and Allen W. Verstuyft, Ph.D., Editors

Significance of Tests for Petroleum

Products
9th Edition
ASTM Stock Number: MNL1-9TH

ASTM International
100 Barr Harbor Drive
PO Box C700
West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959
Printed in U.S.A.

BK-AST-MNL1-180273-FM.indd 1 23/11/18 3:13 PM

 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Names: Rand, Salvatore J., 1933- editor. | Verstuyft, Allen W., 1948- editor.
Title: Significance of tests for petroleum products / [edited by] Salvatore J. Rand, Allen W. Verstuyft.
Description: 9th edition. | West Conshohocken, PA : ASTM International, [2018] | “ASTM Stock Number: MNL1-9th edition.” | Includes bibliographical
references and index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2018039184 | ISBN 9780803171084 | ISBN 9780803171091 (ebook)
Subjects: LCSH: Petroleum—Testing. | Petroleum products—Testing.
Classification: LCC TP691 .M36 2018 | DDC 665.5—dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2018039184

Copyright © 2018 ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA. All rights reserved. This material may not be reproduced or copied, in whole or in part, in any
printed, mechanical, electronic, film, or other distribution and storage media, without the written consent of the publisher.

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appropriate fee is paid to the Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923,
Tel: (978) 646-2600; http://www.copyright.com/

Publisher:
ASTM International
100 Barr Harbor Drive
PO Box C700
West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959
Phone: (610) 832-9585 Fax: (610) 832-9555

ISBN 978-0-8031-7108-4
ISBN-EB: 978-0-8031-7109-1

ASTM Stock Number: MNL1-9TH

DOI: 10.1520/MNL1-9TH-EB

ASTM International is not responsible, as a body, for the statements and opinions advanced in the publication.
ASTM International does not endorse any products represented in this publication.

Printed in Hanover, PA
December 2018

BK-AST-MNL1-180273-FM.indd 2 23/11/18 3:13 PM

 iii

Foreword

THIS PUBLICATION, Significance of Tests for Petroleum Products: 9th Edition, was sponsored by ASTM
Committee D02 on Petroleum Products and Lubricants. The editors are Salvatore J. Rand, Ph.D.,
Consultant, North Fort Myers, Florida, and Allen W. Verstuyft, Ph.D., Al Verstuyft Consulting, LLC,
Napa, California. This is the ninth edition of Manual 1 in the ASTM International manual series.

BK-AST-MNL1-180273-FM.indd 3 23/11/18 3:13 PM

BK-AST-MNL1-180273-FM.indd 4 23/11/18 3:13 PM
 v

From Sal, to Thomas, Theresa, Amanda, Sarah, Michelle, Timothy, Steven, Paul, and Lucas

From Al, to Kate, Joanne and Amy

BK-AST-MNL1-180273-FM.indd 5 23/11/18 3:13 PM

BK-AST-MNL1-180273-FM.indd 6 23/11/18 3:13 PM
 vii

Contents

Acknowledgmentsix

1 Introduction 1
Salvatore J. Rand and Allen W. Verstuyft

2 Automotive Spark-Ignition Engine Fuel 3

James J. Simnick

3 Ethanol and Other Fuel Oxygenates 21

Kristin Moore

4 Fuels for Land and Marine Diesel Engines and for Nonaviation Gas Turbines 37
John E. Chandler

5 Biodiesel 57
Steve Howell

6 Aviation Fuels 69
Stanford Seto and Roger Gaughan

7 Crude Oils 97
Harry N. Giles

8 Sampling 119
Frederick J. Passman

9 Gasoline and Diesel Fuel Additives 143

Alex Kulinowski, Rick Chapman, and Al Verstuyft

10 Chromatographic Methods for Fuels, Feedstocks, and Products 155

Frank P. DiSanzo

11 Spectroscopic Methods for Spark Ignition Fuels 183

Daniel C. Mertens

12 Burner, Heating, and Lighting Fuels 191

Victor J. Turk

13 Methods for Assessing Stability and Cleanliness of Liquid Fuels 211

David R. Forester

14 Gaseous Fuels, Liquefied Petroleum Gases, and Light Hydrocarbons:

Methane through Butanes, Natural Gasoline, and Light Olefins 225
Andy Pickard

15 Properties of Petroleum Coke, Pitch, and Manufactured Carbon and Graphite 235
Bill M. Spencer

16 White Mineral Oils 249

William T. Welch

17 Lubricant Base Oils 257

Aaron Mendez

BK-AST-MNL1-180273-FM.indd 7 23/11/18 3:13 PM

 viii Contents

18 Lubricating Oils 267

Shawn Dubecky and Matthew Nyce

19 Passenger Car Engine Oil and Performance Testing 287

Raj Shah and Theodore Selby

20 Petroleum Oils for Rubber 315

John M. Long and Jude Abia

21 Lubricating Greases 321

Raj Shah and Gian L. Fagan

22 Petroleum Waxes Including Petrolatums 341

H. Lindsay Barnes

23 Analytical Methods for Determination of Inorganic Species in Petroleum Products and

Lubricants: A Focus on New Technologies and Techniques in the Petroleum Industry 351
Jenny Nelson

24 Standard Test Method Data Quality Assurance 371

Alex T. C. Lau

Index377

BK-AST-MNL1-180273-FM.indd 8 23/11/18 3:13 PM

 ix

Acknowledgments

This manual was brought to fruition by the combined efforts of Monica Siperko, who have given us significant behind-the-
many individuals. First and foremost, we would like to convey scenes guidance and assistance from the outset of this venture.
our sincerest appreciation to all of them, with particular acco- We also wish to thank Sara Welliver of J&J Editorial, LLC, in
lades to the 31 authors who are all experts in their individual North Carolina, who was responsible for this logistically chal-
fields and who bring a broad spectrum of interests, experience, lenging project of assembling the 24 chapters and guiding the
and knowledge of the testing of petroleum products to this man- authors involved in this publication. Ms. Welliver, Mrs. Dernoga,
ual. They have devoted considerable time, energy, and resources and Mrs. Siperko were timely and extremely responsive to the
to support this publication. In addition, we are grateful to the 46 continual and numerous requests of the editors. Finally, we
experts who reviewed the various chapters, who through their would like to extend our sincerest appreciation to the industrial
perusal of the chapters and their suggestions permitted great and governmental employers of all those involved in this publi-
manuscripts to be made even greater. We would also like to par- cation. They ultimately make it possible for us to produce manu-
ticularly extend our sincerest appreciation to the publication als such as this for the benefit of those who develop and use
staff of ASTM International, especially Kathy Dernoga and petroleum standards worldwide.

BK-AST-MNL1-180273-FM.indd 9 23/11/18 3:13 PM

 Dr. Salvatore J. Rand, an independent For many years, Rand has been teaching

Rand | Verstuyft
petroleum industry consultant, has been an two ASTM training courses that he developed:
ASTM International member for over thirty Gasoline: Specifications, Testing and
years. He was recently honored with ASTM’s Technology, and Fuels Technology. He
most prodigious award, the William T. Cavanaugh has presented these courses in many cities
Memorial Award. He was recognized for throughout the world, and he has also made
his contributions to the promotion of, many varied presentations globally on
leadership in, and education about petroleum ASTM fuels specifications and
standards worldwide. standardization procedures.
Rand serves on Committee D02 on Petroleum Professionally, prior to his retirement from
Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and industry and forming his consultancy, Rand
several of its subcommittees. He is also a directed the Fuels Test Laboratory which
member at large of the executive subcommittee. analyzed both liquid and gaseous fuels, at the ASTM INTERNATIONAL
During his tenure on D02 he has been vice Texaco Research and Development Center Manual

Significance of Tests for Petroleum Products – 9th Edition

chairman of the committee, the chair of in Beacon, New York. He provided technical

Significance
Subcommittee D02.05 on Properties of information and services to Texaco installations
Fuels, Petroleum Coke and Carbon Material, worldwide on fuel distribution, marketing and
Secretary of Subcommittee D02.05 on Color and operations; as well as laboratory inspection,
Reactivity, and has been particularly involved auditing, and personnel training both within
in developing standards in these areas. He has
also been a member of ASTM’s Committee on
Technical Committee Operations (COTCO).
Texaco and external to the company. He also
served as an adjunct professor in the graduate
school of chemistry at the University
of Tests for
Rand has been recognized with the ASTM Award
of Merit in 2009; a Service Award from the ASTM
Committee on Technical Committee Operations in
of St. Joseph.
Rand, who is the author of a number of research
technical publications, is a 60-year member
Petroleum
2008; the Lowrie B. Sargent Jr Award in 2006; the
George V. Dyroff Award of Honorary Committee
D02 Membership in 2004; and the Committee
of the American Chemical Society, where he is
a past chairman of its Mid-Hudson Section.
He holds a Ph.D in Physical Chemistry and
Products
D02 Sydney D. Andrews Scroll of Achievement
in 2003. In 2010, Rand received the Charles B.
Physics from Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute,
and a B.S in Chemistry and Philosophy from
9th Edition
Dudley Award for Manual 1, Significance of Tests Fordham University.
for Petroleum Products: 8th Edition, which has
become ASTM’s best selling Manual.

Salvatore J. Rand, Ph.D.

Dr. Al Verstuyft, an independent petroleum He is recognized in petroleum and
industry consultant, has been an ASTM environmental laboratory business for Allen W. Verstuyft, Ph.D.
International member for over twenty years. improving technical soundness and defensibility
Is a member of D02 on Petroleum Products, of data and operations; as well as laboratory
Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and several of auditing, and personnel training both within
its subcommittees, including Subcommittees Chevron and external to the company. He as
D02.03 on Elemental Analysis, D02.04 a Visiting Research Scientist at Burner
Hydrocarbons and D02.94 on Quality Assurance Engineering Laboratory of Sandia-Livermore
and Statistics. He is also a member of D19 on National Laboratory.
Water and D34 on Waste.
With Dr. Sal Rand, Al coedited “Fuel
Al has been or is currently a member of the Specifications: What They Are, Why We
American Petroleum Industry (API)Test Methods Have Them and How They Are Used” ASTM
Task Force and Environmental Monitoring Task Manual 69 (2016). He is the coauthor of a
Force; Western State Petroleum Association number of research technical publications, is
(WSPA) Test Methods Task Force (Petroleum a 48-year member of the American Chemical
Fuels); American Chemical Society (ACS), Society, where he was a past chairman of its
Committee on Reagent Chemicals and the California Section. He holds a Ph.D. Inorganic/
California Section ChemOlympiad Coordinator. Organometallic Chemistry from University
of Nevada at Reno, and a B.S. Chemistry in
Al was the Global Laboratory Coordinator
Santa Clara University, and was Postdoctoral
at the Chevron Energy Technology Company
Associate in Physical Organic Chemistry at the
in Richmond, CA. He provided petroleum and
University of Utah.
environmental analysis and chemistry consulting
with expertise in turning complex chemical
analysis data into information for decisions.
ASTM INTERNATIONAL
Helping our world work better

ISBN: 978-0-8031-7108-4
Stock #: MNL1-9TH
www.astm.org