Fundamentals of Networks

Assignment 2
1. List Link layer main services
Framing, error detection and error correction ,flow control , addressing , link access ,
half-duplex and full-duplex.
2. Where is the link layer implemented?
in a network adapter, also sometimes known as a Network Interface Card (NIC).
3. Write a short note about Carrier sense multiple access (CSMA)
Is a method minimize the chance of collision and increase the performance
(CSMA) requires that each station first check the state of the medium before sending.
4. Illustrate using diagram and describe CSMA/CD

5. What is FRAMING?
The data link layer needs to pack bits into frames, so that each frame is distinguishable from
another.
Dividing data into smaller units called frames
6. Define Byte stuffing.
Byte stuffing is the process of adding 1 extra byte whenever there is a flag or escape
character in the text.
 7. Define Bit stuffing.
Bit stuffing is the process of adding one extra 0 whenever five consecutive 1s follow a 0 in the
data, so that the receiver does not mistake
the pattern 0111110 for a flag.
8. Define Flow control.
Is The most important responsibilities of the data link layer
Flow control refers to a set of procedures used to restrict the amount of data
that the sender can send before
waiting for acknowledgment.
9. Illustrate using diagram and describe Stop-and-Wait Automatic Repeat Request

Error correction in Stop-and-Wait ARQ is done by keeping a copy of

the sent frame and retransmitting of the frame when the timer
expires. we use sequence numbers to number the frames.
The sequence numbers are based on modulo-2 arithmetic.
the acknowledgment number always announces in modulo-2 arithmetic the sequence
number of the next
frame expected.
 10. List the steps for calculating checksum at both Sender and Receiver.
Sender site:
1. The message is divided into 16-bit words.
2. The value of the checksum word is set to 0.
3. All words including the checksum are added using one’s complement addition.
4. The sum is complemented and becomes the checksum.
5. The checksum is sent with the data.
Receiver site:
1. The message (including checksum) is divided into 16-bit words.
2. All words are added using one’s complement addition.
3. The sum is complemented and becomes the new checksum.
4. If the value of checksum is 0, the message
is accepted; otherwise, it is rejected
11. Given a set of numbers is (7, 11, 12, 0, 6), calculates the checksum at the sender site
and verify it at the Receiver site.
12. Given the word "network", calculates the checksum at the sender site and verify it at
the Receiver site.

Sender site Receiver site

110 110
101 101
116 116
119 119
111 111
114 114
107 107
[110, 101, 116, 119, 111, 114, 107,832
0 832
778 packet 1610
1215 2407
832 170

1100001010 778 11001001010 1610

1100001010 + 11001001010+
0011110101 = 00110110101=
10010111111 011111111111
011111111111 2407
10010111111 1215 =100000000000 170
=01101000000 832
13. List different types of Physical Media
14. Compare between Coaxial Cable and Twisted Pair
15. What is optical Fiber Media?
16. Compare between Single and Multimode Fiber
17. What are the benefits of using Wireless Media?
18. Compare between Repeater, Hub, Bridge and Switch.