Lab #7 : Passive RLC Bandstop Filter.
Learning Objective:
To find the resonance frequency of passive RLC bandstop filter.
To find the cutoff frequencies of passive RLC bandstop filter.
To find the bandwidth of passive RLC bandstop filter.
Equipment Required:
Digital multi-meter
Oscilloscope
Breadboard
Probes
Resistors
Capacitors
Inductors
Introduction:
An electrical filter is a circuit that can be designed to modify, reshape or reject all unwanted
frequencies of an electrical signal and accept or pass only those signals wanted by the circuit
designer. In other words, they “filter out” unwanted signals. An ideal filter will separate and
pass sinusoidal input signals based upon their frequency.
Band-Stop Filter:
A band-stop filter rejects a frequency band in a certain range determined by the user while
allows the lower and upper frequencies out of this range. In this filter, inductor and capacitor
are used together. The center frequency at this range is determined by the resonance
frequency at this inductor and capacitor. A little amount of signal is passed below and above
at this resonance frequency and the others are rejected. The wideness of this band depends on
the inductor and capacitor value. A band pass filter circuit and output characteristic curve is
given in fig. 13.1 & fig. 13.2.
Figure 13.1: RLC Band-stop Filter
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Figure 13.2: RLC Band-Stop Filter Frequency Response
Transfer Function:
We can get the transfer function of band-stop filter by measuring the voltage across the resistor VR
driven by a source Vin. Start with the voltage divider equation:
Centre Frequency:
The H (jω) reaches a maximum when the denominator is a minimum, which occurs when the real part in
the denominator equals 0. In math terms, this means that:
The frequency 𝑓𝑜 is called the center frequency.
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Cutoff Frequencies:
The cutoff frequencies are occurs when the real part in the denominator is equal to
Band Width:
The bandwidth BW defines the range of frequencies that pass through the filter relatively
unaffected. Mathematically, it’s defined as:
Quality Factor:
It is defined as the ratio of the centre frequency to the bandwidth.
The RLC series circuit is narrowband when Q>>1 (High Q) and wideband when Q<<1 (low
Q). The separation between the narrowband and wideband response occurs at Q=1.
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Calculation:
Calculate the following for the above circuit.
Transfer Function:
Center Frequency:
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Cutoff Frequencies:
Quality Factor:
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Procedure:
1. Build the RLC band-stop filter circuit as shown in Figure. Use appropriate values of
Resistor, Capacitor and Inductor.
2. Measure the actual values of resistor, capacitor and inductor using DMM and LCR
Meter and record them in Table-13.1.Calculate the cutoff frequency.
3. Connect the circuit as shown in Figure-13.3.
4. Connect the function generator at input. Adjust the function generator to produce 10
Vp-p sine wave at a frequency of 10 Hz. Increase the frequency from function
generator until the output voltage Vout is equal to 0.707 times the input voltage. The
frequency where this occurs is the lower cutoff frequency of the filter. Similarly find
the high cutoff frequency. Measure and record this frequency in Table-13.1.
5. Set the frequencies to the values given in Table-13.2, measure and record input,
output voltage and gain. Complete Table-13.2.
6. Plot the semi log graph of the output voltage versus frequency.
Experiment Results:
Table 13.1
Calculated Measured
Resistor
Capacitor
Inductor
W1
W2
BW
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Table 13.2
Measured Calculated
Frequency
Vin Vout Av
Vout Vs. Frequency Plot:
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