No.2! | a \Explan formation of 0 TRS. Oe). | TRS. Tes Reems only over areas between 5° le and 30° NIs. Nattudes where Sea water temperature ig above 26.52. \This_temperature accelerates evaporatton and eles the waren melt ale Ses above sea Surface. creating a low pressure - ; Sucreundiug air Flows 4o low pressure then ciges _ up. becomes yoarm and motst pen Mislug , the alr eondenzes to form clouds and teleatée latent . | hea This _\otent heat ig the energy for TRE formation. _ As the wind converges aud _tiees Fuellug Satent heat, it 40 coriol — | gvirls up aud rotates's about “Fhe to preseure antt- clociewsice in NH. while speeding up. The draws more water Into the centre. 1 | When n these winds teaches upto+ 34 krots it is called as a TRS. ) Describe" Easterly Wave (es) | oe | : |e ghexte “Tow . Te is a disturbanee coused + te brads! wlnds bya a . rough io S-N dlection. “tis trough travels westward along vetttr vetu “These waves develop in the Western _parts of oceans. ; bend the —treugh axis, the motst _atr_converges and rises | erefore these waves can give ise to cyclones. RICHARDNo;,22. Explain the reasons for development of equatorial cand —_tounter currents __ (os). Equatorial currents are of too Kinds. North & South. Exist & in Atlantte Pacific and — Sndtan oceans o These are drift currents caused by the drag effect of winds Cute 2 se drades). being blown ever long ocean stredehes for a long _pertod. These currents move westwardly . | _ _ a _ Equatorial counter enrrent Hows eastwards against gucfece | winds | between North — and_ gout equatorial currents . As the equatortal currents and the trade winds pushes ecean water to westward and piles, the sucface of vomter _ nges qbout sem than east. Therefore this excess water Plows eastwards under the \nfluen of thermocline and earth's rotrtion. : 7 Mlhy — dreas of Agulhas current near €. Africa__are Known to_produce _ Foque waves 2 Cos) ee a Reque waves as high twice a8 a normal wave* occurs aa Strong Flowing agulhas current collides with tne northerly ocean swells From the South at an angle of about to- “Th Intensifies the gwell upto about iam. ee unpredictable waves _ and sometime comes as train where a ser(eS of such waves are _produce unidentified by the oceanoqrar These are Qa __wave Stil the clear cut reason {8 RICHARDDate:. Wichore No..23... | Seomb charts.- Brref ly desertbe Ridge {Trough © Lang wave and chert wav an S82 ~— t ——s§5ee 7,, 558 =o —sega Sea dry weetner These indicates Haat warmer attr ied below. Crtighr | In scomb charts the height lines bow towards the Nor (High \wto a low). : = — a The heaght fines Show fowards the gouth. Ctow inte high Cole air is below a _treugh tn Sceomb chart. Long Wave 3 These ore the bigger waves of troughs or tdges eee maeving | Nerth and South in the mid Jatitudes 4 -| Appear to stand Still or move slowly over a period of _|ard__then either ‘break down or move westward ~ Cretroqrad. +| The wave lengths. are _4000~ go00 Km and numbers about (3-4 In t| These are responsible for etorm tracl¢s and overall weather p Cdreughts | + excessive — Storminess Polar chardOO a ee 7 Shook wave _ ‘ “Gens va Gmaller wave troughs which travels _weeterly through long _ wave: These influences specific surface low pressure systems. Life eyele ic lees Han a week. and travels rapidly in wegtern direction « Shert waves can be observed using S400mcontour as shert wave mud point - —-—o— ~ S824, -— — S400 — S46 | What is importance of Sé4om_ height __tontour. > Cos) | + Le oS | T+ _is thigh lighted jn bold. The and —Storm traces are usually 300-00 mm North acks are _porallel. to se4o line. - |-In__wintet_ time _Se4om contour shows —Sourtne rn _\een' —weskerlies - _ In__summer time it chews Westerlies —outhern limit of BE ig curface_ condittens ie North “of the | Therefore the worst weather —Sb4om —_corrtour .a ————— ae ee DaLC 2 srnensidhsnsrnedaesnne No:..28.. Richard D Explain the effect ef —_adge 8 trough in _seemb rs ch Low and High on fhe Surface (io) - | Tough AL ; Ridge. | | - tail | |No:..26. Difference between Analysis and _ preqnesis_ chart - (os). “Prevides information that. gt the time of report: oe _ Analysis chart = actually exiet churt - Provides the forecasted _ weather _ likely to 24, 3b or 48 Hrs. | Prog mast [ _ occur with 12 He | “Pesce ase based onthe. _preaent and | | past _ observations - — _ ee | RICHARDWo:..0h.. gs 2 layer whieh Tensparedre Inevénses gorth._alJrhice Timguiindre \nverstous > __ Frontal ViFAiug + A Bubaro Radiation inversltow- | = 7 TJarbulance + i AP res Subsidence lnverston: L ; “£ 3 vSion | Teo theemal Saye EP denal layer in temp. Inversiow - * ~ Bucface radiatlow. | —~ = Tarbulance layer: Hl - yt _ : Trnpopanse—, Stratopause, Meso pause { ehexrm, Main causes for vertical mevement~ Orographte Vfl: ua Convecttou» ul Frontal ttt. t Turbulance th & { Subsidence - Katabotic Flow L Diva variation of tem perature a RICHARDTwo _ pntiaed. feaaiba soe meverneot of Ice © Wind etresg - Movement due te. wiud __+ Water s4ress = Careent moving tre ce berg.f slower. apeeds . ov. of wiud speed. Succes of info on ice 8 teeberge - _ vin jee patel reports / Ulannings free coastal sistas —Gaitnng_dicecttons [_ Rostine charts | Tee charts. | ates: Warring by ships [| Navetex _/ Novwarning [Port qutronttes fecal piles Weather facsimile | Compurte ased weather _observattow seProares . ___ assages Of the word . | Previews _epertences. Weather routing rept? /Ocea _ Signs of lee. 4 1. See blink - _ Reftactton Prem ee _ surfaces 2. Small Fraqrerts _ = _ _ _ 3, Sudden drop in sea temp _ and temp: 4. Godda calmness of sea | drop of wtod eo when to mn lbeaord side. making shinivg bcttoms s. Neige of ¢ea waves breaking off bergs _— _ c. Dare _gpots in Aog bank: peesenee of open waters. — _ 3. Onget of Fog. : _ $8. Thundertag _netge_ of ice bergs calving. - 4. Water sikcy, ~ Derk petehes on low clouds . sign of epee wader. Three major limatic ones __ite diagram » TTrrid gone - Equator _to 23 Ye w RS. AN year insolation: High temperature : High evaporation, “+ high hamid . No geasonal _vartattens . Cloud formattow . Temperate zone - Tropic of cancer | capricon upto 6b-5° 6 &e - Seasonal variations. ~ Day & night times varies with seasons. - Mere regular _precepitatten : RICHARDTnselation _recetved at very lew angles. __ Extreme cold weather _ Day lengthy _vartes greately with seagons . Mostly covered with ice in higher latitudes . 2 a oe Main weather charts to consider when weather routines “hind. and wave height analysis eS |_Prognosts _Arvalysia | Reuttne charts —2 gar, i2bes, 4ebr surface | Wave — wove analys(3 _ “charts —> Surface analysts —p-Wravesamerbpere—Heig.ht charts, / Predominent _yeetor_ charts - Sea temperature ee en Surface uv actors Type of | Sailing — weather analysts | progres when —gelecting a weather youke vessel , certifteattom and other requlatory requirements. draft, GM, Stresses .on the ship, UKC imitations . Regulations -> Marpol, uweres , lead lines , charter party. insur Time of |B Prebabil the year _ _ a bility oP encountering TRS , gale foree winds, | Forecasted wave helghts .in reference to slamming draft - : Type of car —Wrather | Advantage of the _earrent and wind. a Possibility ef encountering {ce , restricted visibility. cargo, whether cargo cateled on deck or not: Forecasts . warntngs , guidance fiorn calling directions __ Any past experiences of the crew. - _ Owners or _charterer's _ requtrements . _ ot Avatlablitty of — bumieers, provisions, Freah water. RICHARDDeft coreent Effect of wind draq over the ea surface. for a long perted . Known ag wtnd driven current Max. greed about ekts, coriolis or DePleeted by gecstrophic force 30° 45° to ttyht In NH & vice verse Ea- Equaterial currents / N- Atjautte | Circurn polar drifts | Gradtert—eyvent - Uprelling current ~ Wind blews quay surface water. - ts replaced by water from -bottom. Ro = - = These are colder ag they come From : - bottom . ee 7 ~ Coe be tein sy eesbeee” gheres of Narge land masses. in low ated latttucles ‘Canary | Benqueta) __Feru [ Californian )-Gradtent Current» Flow of water due to level differences _/ salinity [ temperature | When 9 different water masers MY Ne adjacently . Gradient 18 developed, water flows down slope Affected by coriolis force and deflects accordingly . diterranean — Gurface current - Warm current - Originates ty tale warmer reqlon. Carries 2 relative warm water inte colder areas / Easterly winds blow tow Experienced along eastern chores oF large lard masses. Eq- Brazil’ ! Mozambique | Aquihas ! Norwegian | Karoshto Cold current - Originates in Colder areas and carries relattvely cold water (nto warmer areas _ Neatly along weetern theres ef land masecs_ Westerltes blow these towards east - 6 > Labrador - Benguela | Peru l W Avgtralta | Calderotan | Cyashio, RICHARDNo:.28.. Dewn welling + current + _Onehore winds — pushes water 40 coast - | Shere we surface water ts driven down | ~|_ Warmer | e Seasonal ¢ currents. 4 Current changes speed 8 direction due to Pr winds. _-| Changes due to Ne 8 SE monsoons In vier? Bay ef bengal | a _ oo ee @ Langghere a current ott ti —— -| Current caused along long stretches of beaches where wed Strikes i beach at an augle - ee ~| Waves become slow upon ‘teaching shallow waters. Then wind affects the divection oP weave - + Trig causes resultant meverent along the beach - -| Sand bars are Formed @®| Ekman Spiral « —— a = When wind blews over Surface water, the surface current sch? drags the \ayor below it. But ot a slower rate. Be | Likwige it continues down upto about toom depth where the draq will be zero: | All these layers gabjects to coriolis force and deflect to right 16 ba. Since below tev layers moves slowly, effect of cotlolig force is mere. Layer by layer the divection is deffected and creates a spiral effect ReCHARD 7SAN e+ water - movement ‘ {oom “Wo mebiow- ) Favorable conditiona fe TRS development - Sea water temperature ~ g6.8%c Potenttall y unstable ctmos phere High relative — hamidity - minimum . ( SufPectert evaporation ) os Coentinue nging | qrew disturbance) _ 50°%/. ~ bo'/. | Adequate cortolig foree - (TRS doeen't Form within 3° nls of | Lew pressure area Surrounded | Limited equator) by high preecure areas, vertical wind sheer (To prevent Blowing ¢ y clone apart ) z _Lndieationg of | Approaching TKS. Drop of pressure . Pregeure tendency of Heavy, tong swell From. eyclone certre. Red Smb or more falling . Sopper colour okies at Sun set - Sea waves becom nq heavy g dangerous, . Wind picks ups shift of direction ag pes eye lorie Spin. Squalls increasing Intensltq becomes, Frequent - Frequent lightening: | possible rain thunderstorms | Clouds beeomng denge & heavy. | Weather vearnings issued by coastal aurthorittes. RICHARDNo:..0%. a Yow to aseertain _vesgel position . in relation to TRS -2 Heave to the wud. _ Positten of TRS (estimated ) will be p-tz_peints NH ( Left in SH) ag per Buy Ballot's _ lwo « - ‘The position js on the RHSC if the wind is veering. and _iniwse if the vind ts backing ( Bofh tn NH & sy). Chserwe—preasure Tf no change & duectton and wind speeds uP, “then vessel onthe path. Tf reduces then on fhe track. — Preseure variation - IF dropping - Fud of trough line. Behind the trough line. on the right tn if _inereasing - RICHARD) ~The wind No:.. 0M... Date nerernsedisentned se Richer Why wind blows parallel 40 isobars _In_eye wall 2 which Flows due to pressure gradient force (Pak) towarc the tow Cie the eye) gets deflected due to coriclis force. Around the eye, a6 ‘there are curved \Sebars, wind affected by the centrifugal Force » too: - Whee the wind — beeomes — deFlected by Yhe coriolte force, contrtfag ‘Fore also acts in game - | Fetz Wihen these fuse Forees are Par, the wind Starts to Flow parallel to direettom ground the eye. ee equal and opposite te circular isobars. CE + Cortolts Force + a PGE cL NH _ - ae a — ie a Coriolis force outer storm. area of a Tee in NH @) Vessel located —geonm — from Danger areas to be cavelded by vessel. - oe \ 4BHes \ Frat dawg (24 Hes \ - er arga- ee — Smminent vepecjead Danger: a ‘Atameter RICHARD| Plot reported _pesttton. > Get 9 dims tangents 2 Measure forecast distance R sectors . _+| es the “Hour | 24 Wee geetor- Immine bet gee ot Censtruct circle with reported diameter: From the farecast path , 40° apas elther side. of sybrs 2 48 hrs. and construct danger. 4B Wve sector - Probable danger etorg. process Whenever pen warulug ts received . t ‘eonm « eo aa Area 7 _ Ferecaat path a —" Plat let_reperted position and a circle wth sepetlad aes oD ak op ae +| Keep adding s| Danger area —@® Why ree recurve? ——* ‘Det fe coany reasens , LInerease in _corioli¢ ‘Poree_ __|prevat Wg wester lies ____| Betn Hhese affects to _ _|and g€ in SW forecast additonal path . mark ay, 4g LAr tes looym, goonm. Q B00 to Ferece of pratt radij_respecttely _\ieg between 2 tangent ines on _etther atde. when reaching mid _ latitudes. ag the latitude increases yecurve TRS towards NE Zz “Westecltes — 20" = = Pe ra NE Trade wind s impact te caused by the and the (ao whe) to NA08 + Desenrbe Buy's Ballet's Jaco: Buy Ballet's lao, states that if we face the troe wind low presgure tes 8- (2 the area of on the left hand side io Northern hemisphere petnts om the right —fland __ side ancl on Si: But it sheald be kept in mind this te net valid in / near the equater 08 eorielts Force ig lees - — ) Evplain why i cannet be used io ome places? _ Near equator - Effeet of eoriclig force is dese | zero. Therefore vind blews perpendicular 4o teebars. Lege er ne _ __ deFleetten - ee In or pear land | islands | obstracttong- The vind could have een deflected due to the obstractions.. For Buy Ballot’ low, wind mast -be unebatracted — ) Explain Focmatton of a — fronts (eo) Fronts are formed when theo alr masses 0% wit different properties. meet each other at surface evel. — a _ At the Fromtal gone temperature, humtdity and wind Speed and rect change rapidly. 4 The Front will be the air mage, and {& named a8 occludec| or stationary Front: A A cold front (6 fhe feading edge of a celd air mags | ald ¥ ware - - RICHARD leading beundacy of the dominating cold front, warm Front ,Date. No:.2 ‘ A warm Front is the leading edge of a warm alr_mass = Vaan Cela + - An cceludecl front 78 formecl where a warm Front aud a cold front is mirecl -— Mecttes due te When a teld 8 uearen ate mass Move In game directton aud takes Hhecttser = cold: ove over’ Harr. _A stationary front ig stationary between a cold and «acm mass. | - Formed when a cold mass and warm > - _ _ 4 _ mase meets wo while meving on Gld Warn opposite direction . Coa). — Whhet is an air mase? |——— — — An atr mass is defined to be- a@ Nacqe parcel of dir having the game physical characteristics through out. heir | temperature and relattve humidity is the game in a qiven _herigontal plane - | nese Forms over a uniform area of the earth and prevailing anti- cyclonic cendittons for at least 3 days. _ - These are named after thetr Source region compared to where -they “neve- Cold aie masses originale tn cold areas while icarm ait - L Mmagges originate - \n Warm areas (Equatorial | Vropical | Polar / Arctte [Amtarctte The properties depenel on Source region, time In Source reqiony track 1 Speed of travel, — extent of converg dHeeA’R divergence -Explain thew a least time track jg constructed. (cs), For constructing leagt time track , i) Ship's performance curves ii) A wave 'pregrmosi¢ chart a are _ required - - | Draw 4he shertest route for destination . a Transfer it to a plastte sheet and place it pover prognosis chart. Construct radial lines at 10° apart for 19@ hrs . Consult the performance curves and determine where ship would be after 24 hee along each radial {tne (Mepending on wave height I dérectte of impact, distances will vary). - — Determine the furthest potot reached. rere Draw new -eas ghertest course to destinattou- Agatn draw radial Wines on either sides at 10° [20° apart - Place a4@ hes _preqnosig _ehact and determine distances along each radial Ine. Determine “Locus 9". - -_ Repeat the same process daily [ whenever fresh forecast ie teeetvedl . - _ 7 e Lott? ss ghortest trae i from Lees 1. 6 Destinations RICHARDNo:08, Sea Tee - New fourdlaud ice > - _ Originated by Begins Joe “qlavers . . Fatt green laud current drifts * Sout. ee > Lowgshore current —> irto Baffin bay. _ 7 - ~ Westerlles + E. Baffin currert derfts Se'ly. _ _- Caugirt up by Seb ea ends up in . aes New foundlacd - Mostiy geen i April - August - ot|. Lee patrol ~- Establiehed in 1914 after “Titante . - ~ Covers Wgejremerreerbete—of. N. Pantie Atlawdtc._ - Tt monitors and provide _warntug 40 ships es - Operated py USCG aud Canadian _jee_patrol. ss - Governed by 8014S Ch vy Req 08, = _ ~ Study , obeewe and quard -the ships Ftom tee bags - Period - 15% Feb +p 01% July each year. - Rest of year- Study J Observations | “Multi year ice = Gee that Survives more than ot summer | a= er | —————— _pertod. _ _ — | __Mestiy found in Arctte regions . — Ge ean be thicken upto 3.5 m_ and above. Tabata ay - Mest toromen In Antarctic reqtons See = Trey are wth a flat top gurface_and FF) shape. = Shaws different bande of colours caused due to __multic year developments = Tee limits - NH = Off new Foundland - E-40w. S- 40°N Nocth pacific ~ Line from NE tp of Tapan— N+ of - ‘Aleuttaw jslauds to 60°N 160° - oA > Rough! rallel +o gee. except in 20° (4e%s) . oe Ba eal New Zealaud are not includedCategory of ice trangitiow From — Nilas to Young Ice - Tee edge Frazit ice — Collecttow of loo, taudomly Grease | _— (Pack ice - Sea tee whieh are Fre XD) in First year ice. ~ it -> Paneaces | Grey ice joem to ZBocm . = _ | Grey- white Tee. - Thickness 1s _*) Glacier origin | iceberg -> These ave the Icebergs which calves — _ From the glacier mn polar reglous .___ =z These are Sresh water fee. a => Ferm mastly tm spring aad summer, _ dash, SE Sout, found Uhh Greeoland /Autarctt - The boundary between the © ice and epen water [ _ sea] rwer or lake - _orlented ice crystals. = upto gSmm. = ice - Is the second stage of ice formation. The frazih Tee _crystale ate merged Into a goupy ‘thin layer - with - matt . appearence, __ e to meve under wind or current. Also_ called drift ice- _ Tee - Sea ice whieh are attached to ear ice - The gea ice ichich are only one year (one summer) eld. upto om in thickness. Jand or otter, (Anchored >) ie ee y Maybe RICHARD® Short Notes (05 each) , ® Sig nefecant wave height: _7 Average hetght of the highest Y2__ waves in a wave spectrum. = Significant wave height provides an eshmation of wave helghts. | Mee _4£— Mast probable - _ |__ waves Z | _Signiftcart wave height: re — eave hig het = — _ st ] - acghust Ys of eaves — — @ Prebable wave height: oe a + The most frequent — oove hetght. = About — Ve the height of significant amve _ —> | PWH « Sig + wave Heig FET o _ ~ @ Maximum — wave thet ght: St _is twice the hetght of the stqnificant wave height. _ Fis likely te oceur 3 ttmes _in__24 hour pertods 2x Significant wave heteybrt — Maxtmum wave _ hetg bt = | — @ Nlector mean current charts. = Charts shows overage rate and drift cf eurrents. over q long period. ~ Docen't give mest likely current on any occasion. -| Denotes direction with an arrow with current speed per day with — no of observations wth figure below. Speed_fer day—y 1, — — _ _ | Figure above and — Crome Idau) 64 ——> Ne. of observations RICHARD DirecHouw « —@) Predemmment current chart -_ 5 set and drift . | Represents an approximation to mest likely eurent's set an | . Thicknese oF arrow indicates constancy «(percentage out of tela chsewv.) Digit ake behied the arrow Indicates tate per day . | 5 12 fe, 10. Wie 35 ~100'/. _ Rate 7 some 5 - 34°/, —_ (Ida) —> 28-50, ® least me track. — oe — =| Objective ig to meet clesttmatten in least time. = Used by tankers which are more Strengthen, having carqo _ | Supporting bucyancy _and wth greater water tightness. - 4 Less lively to_ damage cargo. - - | ® least time least damage . 3 > Ben sideration Pitmurn speed —— ~ 18 given to achieve Ness feme ‘Hh leas damage fisks. _- Mestiy _utilrged bu tet—aed-. container vessele. “Mest widely used metted @ Leost damage =| Mere —teneerned on stele of damaqing caro. Time and dtetance are Net_ of that Ampertanee . -| Weed by | ships —farryting Sensitive Cammoes —- Car carriers [Nivestocre Larry 3 Constant dpeed. -| Regardless of ~*p=t_time, fuel Consumption tye concentratton is | fee the vessel 4p Matrtaln a constant Speed through =| Often used by chartered owt voyage. belle Carriers Such gpeed May incur financial Nosees 45 RICHARD : | -| Failure to maintain - | alipowner «te: ©3. Explain with sletchee — Ty pee |_ to _isobars. of wind which Flows parallel! (is). * Geostrophic Wind Gradient wind —_*_ Cyelastrophie wind . *| Geestrophic wid. |= When on air parcel gtarts to move due to PAF, it gains speed. ~ Coriolis force. (qeostrophic force) deflects wind to Hight In MH aud _|__to left |= As tf continues to deflect in the presence in SH. Ff straight iscka wee the PGF and cortolig force _ becomes equal and opposite at one _petnt oe oe _|- From thie _peint wind blows parallel 4p isobaca. This {5 knew a8 geestrophic vind . : gt Gy — ta 7 } Pw =p Geostropite wind . — _ fw _ Weontolte — = =i +| Gradient wind . =| @- Gradient wind developes as @ result of PGF from He to LP. Corcolie foree acts and defleets wind 40 right tm Nw. When vind passes circular isobars atound the low pressure, _due to its carved motion When the PGF balaneed by force and the centrifugal force to curved tgobars . - centrifugal force acts outwards . the gradient cle resultant of — cortolig wind Flews — paralle! te RICHARDN. 7Dai _.| Cyclestrophte wind. H is cf same Incidence as qradient wind flowing _paralle | 4o carved igobare. But the offeet of the coriolis firee is —heglegible, preferrably near equatertal_ region The PGF is balanced only by the centrifugal wind starts to blew parallel to force_and — elrcular igobars NH: explain —_pettodical wind and local wind | with examples. _ — - 7 (6) —@_Wih regard te winds | Porcedical wind. - —} these winds change the directton periodically in different Seasons. |The cause for _ changes depends upon the geographical — locattons | and the _seasenal change. _ winter season would develop cold drt ale —jand a high pressure Fegion which will Flow towards _ | region. Cex. N winter | ro =| A place experiencing = low presen wind blows towards South). Bat ducting _ _| Summer Season , the same area would develo _ | Area causing alr to Row cn opposite directton, This ts _ _ | called periodical — winds . _ i Examples: Pa low pressure ME and §W mongoons In Bay of Benqal —___ Caveed due to Highs in Syiberian inter, RICHARD - -o Local voind . These ate momentarily \n locality . These winds canbe local charactertstics. _ For _exam ple Sea breete —— Sen__breeze. |-Ducing day time sland heats up faster ¢ Air heats up and rises - lo Low pressure over land- >Wind blows Other examples - — These and denser than the From gea to land. winds flew down the gurreunding Winds and Katabatte wind hulle developed dae land No:.2S. temperature auc — ton pressure changes cold or warm » dusty . chilled according bo breeze >, Land breeze. + During night time - « Land cools faster than sea. 2 Gurface atr become cold and decée o Starts to Flow towards se. when fhe air becomes cooled _ Slope of land accelerates Bora , Etesiau— wind together with gravity “These ean be expected In night time er in cold weather. oo Anabatic winds - Oceurs oP the Duc to ingolation. alr Thig__creates Yow pressure From __dewe. starts [ ed / / “4 Relatively voarmers mountam reqtons during dass becomes heated up on on hill top _and AKA - Mistral time tops and relatively cold ate A starts _ascercig. low pressure « fo Flom up. towards : } - 3 ie oS| Explatm general pattern of _verttcal temperature vartatton No:.06 + ‘ in —atmesphere- _ ee Os). Km — = may oe - we Thermasphere.- ~ a4 — _— Me TT Ft tt = — Mesopase oe pass Fe — — _ | Mesegphere —— be a —— — _ = = = Ghalepause 2 —— E on Strateaphere— 7 ; ae _ — a 1——1e— —= Tro popause | _ —— Troposphere ste BO EC yO 2 0 20S Temperature -— SS a Sy the _tropeshere tempbrature reduces vatth altttude clue to reduction of presdure tatosphere -> Temperature rises _ as abtthude increases, Due to —— the _tefmetien oF uv by Oeene layer. Mesosphere - Temperature reduces woth altitude Thermosphere —_Temperature increages with altitude . RICHARD dn__Trepepause , Strate pause, Mesepase —> Teo thermal layers.No:.2... Corchig Force, - a Alzeo called gecstrophic force. - A Force _aeting oe ¢ due to the “rotation of the earth. Maximum af the poles and —mintrnum at the equator: G4 deflects the wind to right side om NH and to the left on SH. Pe Direction of rnevement —> Deflection due to cericlis ) Pressure _gradiemt _ Force - The force net ing due to the pressure difference at 2 postions. Acted fromm high pressure area towards low pressure. This causes _hertaental—atr—movement. wind to flew _The speed of wind 1s _prepertional to the _preseure gradient -_ RICHARD@ Cumulonimbus Cleuds. Cey) - Oe -| A__type of low cloud with —_congiderable vertical development. -|Tk__can__develop even upto tropopause. with anvil shape em top - =| A dark based cloud causing atl, thunder, lightening . aud | heavy _precepitartion 7 - ~| Can be observed on the cold front of a frontal depression ag the warm air aseends along following cold front - _ © Line squall i o|_ These are formed generally along or ahead Ff a cold front ~| Produces Severe weather with rain, Strong winds lightening | These __ Sweep. ahead of the — Frowt delwering Short _, viclent @ List the benefits of — | weather — i -|_Prebable [ese tngurance premiums. | Mee comfort to the crew. I | observations oo pe =| We reuting prevides optimum speed _4n_ maintain epeci#teally _| for the ship a8 per ship's performance eurves and pregent condition burst of weather. Shere baged weather routine - Coe) Real time weather observations | foreeasts being received aboard — 2 —_ - ~ consideration to | 9% Optiroun routes being guqqested with » vast number of -| bese chances of heavy weather encounters -| Benifits to the owner by aveidance of toges due te heavy Ship gtractures being over Stressed ta can be avoided, Overall, tt _dehanceg _€afe passage and rakes economical . RICHARD