Structure for

the TOEFL® Preparation Course

Designed by Nur Basuki Rachmanto

nur.basuki@ui.ac.id
 Structure for the TOEFL test
All the materials here were taken and adapted
from

Phillips, Deborah
Longman Preparation Course For The
TOEFL® Test (The Paper Test)

Pearson Education Inc., White Plains NY, 2004

 General Strategies:

• Be familiar with the directions.

• Do not spend too much time on the
Structure questions (1 through 15). Be
sure to leave adequate time for the Written
Expression questions (16 through 40).
• Review your answers.
• Never leave any questions blank on your
answer sheet.
 Topics:

• Subject and Verb Agreements.

• Object of Preposition
• Appositives
• With Prepositional Phrases
• With Expressions of Quantity
• After Certain Words
• The Participles
Subject – Verb

Agreement
The subject and verb must agree in
person and number
The girl plays very well
Singular Singular
Subject Verb

The girls play very well

Plural Plural
Subject verb
 The subject and verb agreement

…………… was ringing continuously for hours.

(A) Loudly

(B) In the morning

(C) The phone

(D) The bells

 The subject and verb agreement

…………… was ringing continuously for hours.

(A) Loudly

(B) In the morning

(C) The phone

(D) The bells

 The subject and verb agreement

Newspapers…………… every morning and

every evening.

(A) delivery

(B) are delivered

(C) on time

(D) regularly
 The subject and verb agreement

Newspapers…………… every morning and

every evening.

(A) delivery

(B) are delivered

(C) on time

(D) regularly
 The subject and verb agreement

The plane …………… landing at the airport

in five minutes.

(A) it is

(B) it really is

(C) is descending

(D) will be
 The subject and verb agreement

The plane …………… landing at the airport

in five minutes.

(A) it is

(B) it really is

(C) is descending

(D) will be
 The subject and verb agreement

In the early 1900, Eastman________

inexpensive Brownie box cameras.

(A) it developed

(B) it was developed

(C) developed

(D) developing
 The subject and verb agreement

In the early 1900, Eastman________

inexpensive Brownie box cameras.

(A) it developed

(B) it was developed

(C) developed

(D) developing
 The subject and verb agreement

Mark Twain________ the years after the

Civil War the “Gilded Age.”

(A) called

(B) calling

(C) he called

(D) his call

 The subject and verb agreement

Mark Twain________ the years after the

Civil War the “Gilded Age.”

(A) called

(B) calling

(C) he called

(D) his call

 The subject and verb agreement

Early ________ toes instead of hooves on

their feet.

(A) horses

(B) had horses

(C) horses had

(D) horses having

 The subject and verb agreement

Early ________ toes instead of hooves on

their feet.

(A) horses

(B) had horses

(C) horses had

(D) horses having

 The subject and verb agreement

In 1867, ________ Alaska from the

Russians for $7.2 million.

(A) purchased the United States

(B) to purchase the United States

(C) the United States’ purchase of

(D) the United states purchased

 The subject and verb agreement

In 1867, ________ Alaska from the

Russians for $7.2 million.

(A) purchased the United States

(B) to purchase the United States

(C) the United States’ purchase of

(D) the United states purchased

 The subject and verb agreement

________ grow close to the ground in the

short Arctic summer.

(A) Above tundra plants

(B) Tundra plants

(C) Tundra plants are found

(D) For tundra plants

 The subject and verb agreement

________ grow close to the ground in the

short Arctic summer.

(A) Above tundra plants

(B) Tundra plants

(C) Tundra plants are found

(D) For tundra plants

 The subject and verb agreement

During the Precambrian period, the Earth’s

crust formed, and life ________ in the seas.

(A) first appeared

(B) first to appear

(C) is first appearing

(D) appearing
 The subject and verb agreement

During the Precambrian period, the Earth’s

crust formed, and life ________ in the seas.

(A) first appeared

(B) first to appear

(C) is first appearing

(D) appearing
 Subject – Verb

Object of Preposition
 Object of Preposition

• Mike went to the party.

• With Mike went to the party.*

we
 Object of Preposition
• A preposition (in, on, at, of, to, with, for,
from, beyond, beside, between, before,
after, within, under, across, etc.) may be
put before a noun or pronoun that is called
an object of the preposition.

• If a word is an object of a preposition, it is

not the subject. Thus in the previous
example, we still need the subject “we.”
 Object of Preposition
___Hale Telescope, at the Palomar Observatory
in southern California, scientists can photograph
objects several billion light years away.

(A) The

(B) With the

(C) They use the

(D) It is the
 Object of Preposition
___Hale Telescope, at the Palomar Observatory
in southern California, scientists can photograph
objects several billion light years away.

(A) The

(B) With the

(C) They use the

(D) It is the
 Object of Preposition
In male pattern baldness, __________strongly
influences the degree of hair loss.

(A) inherits

(B) inherited

(C) heredity

(D) heredity has

 Object of Preposition
In male pattern baldness, __________strongly
influences the degree of hair loss.

(A) inherits

(B) inherited

(C) heredity

(D) heredity has

Subject-Verb Agreement

With Appositives
 With Appositives

• An appositive is a noun or a noun phrase

that comes before or after another noun,
and is generally set off from the noun with
commas.
• If a word is an appositive, it is not the
subject.
 With Appositives

• Tom, a really good mechanic, is fixing the

car.
• A really good mechanic, Tom is fixing the
car.
 With Appositives

Henry Adams, born in Boston, ________

famous as a historian and novelist.

(A) became

(B) and became

(C) he was

(D) and he became

 With Appositives

Henry Adams, born in Boston, ________

famous as a historian and novelist.

(A) became

(B) and became

(C) he was

(D) and he became

 With Appositives
_____, one of the oldest forms of written
communication, was used as early as 3000 B.C.

(A) In Cuneiform writing

(B) Cuneiform writing

(C) Cuneiform writing was

(D) When cuneiform writing

 With Appositives
_____, one of the oldest forms of written
communication, was used as early as 3000 B.C.

(A) In Cuneiform writing

(B) Cuneiform writing

(C) Cuneiform writing was

(D) When cuneiform writing

 With Appositives
One of the largest and most powerful birds of
prey in the world, _____ a six-foot wingspan and
legs and talons roughly the size of a man’s arms
and legs.
(A) so the harpy has

(B) the harpy having

(C) with the harpy having

(D) the harpy has

 With Appositives
One of the largest and most powerful birds of
prey in the world, _____ a six-foot wingspan and
legs and talons roughly the size of a man’s arms
and legs.
(A) so the harpy has

(B) the harpy having

(C) with the harpy having

(D) the harpy has

 Subject – Verb

With Prepositional Phrases

 With prepositional phrase

• The doors to the room are broken.

• The door to the rooms is blocked by the

police.
 With prepositional phrase
The two biggest resort ___Arkansas are Hot
springs and Eureka Springs.

(A) in

(B) towns in

(C) towns are

(D) towns are in

 With prepositional phrase
The two biggest resort ___Arkansas are Hot
springs and Eureka Springs.

(A) in

(B) towns in

(C) towns are

(D) towns are in

 With prepositional phrase

Because of the seriousness of the company’s

A
financial problems, the board of directors have
B C
called an emergency meeting.
D
 With prepositional phrase

Because of the seriousness of the company’s

A
financial problems, the board of directors has
B C
called an emergency meeting.
D
 With prepositional phrase

The tenants in the apartment next to my house is

A B C
giving a party this evening.
D
 With prepositional phrase

The tenants in the apartment next to my house are

A B C
giving a party this evening.
D
 With prepositional phrase
In ________ several vertically aligned
honeycombs with hexagonal wax cells stacked
close together.
(A) a honeybee hive is

(B) a honeybee hive are

(C) a honeybee hive of

(D) a honeybee hive composed of

 With prepositional phrase
In ________ several vertically aligned
honeycombs with hexagonal wax cells stacked
close together.
(A) a honeybee hive is

(B) a honeybee hive are

(C) a honeybee hive of

(D) a honeybee hive composed of

 With prepositional phrase

Any possible academic assistance from taking

stimulants _________marginal at best.

(A) it is

(B) there is

(C) is

(D) as
 With prepositional phrase

Any possible academic assistance from taking

stimulants _________marginal at best.

(A) it is

(B) there is

(C) is

(D) as
 With prepositional phrase
A pride of Lions _______ up to forty lions,
including one to three males, several
females, and cubs.
(A) can contain

(B) it contains

(C) contain

(D) containing
 With prepositional phrase
A pride of Lions _______ up to forty lions,
including one to three males, several
females, and cubs.
(A) can contain

(B) it contains

(C) contain

(D) containing
 With prepositional phrase

Krakatoa is remembered as the volcano that put

A B
so much ash into the air that sunsets around the
C
world was affected for two years afterward.
D
 With prepositional phrase

Krakatoa is remembered as the volcano that put

A B
so much ash into the air that sunsets around the
C
world were affected for two years afterward.
D
Subject-Verb Agreement

With Expressions of
Quantity
 With some expressions of quantity

All
singular singular
Most object verb
Some (the door) (is)
of
Half
plural
Part plural verb
objects
(are)
The majority (the doors)
 one menu various menu

• Most of the meal was delicious.

• Most of the meals were delicious.

• Some of the movie was just too violent

for children.
• Some of the movies are not suitable for
children.
 With some expressions of quantity

Half of the food that we are serving to the guests

A B C
are still in the refrigerator.
D
 With some expressions of quantity

Half of the food that we are serving to the guests

A B C
is still in the refrigerator.
D
 With some expressions of quantity

More than half of the children in the 1,356 –

A B
member district qualifies for reduced-price or free
C D
lunches.
 With some expressions of quantity

More than half of the children in the 1,356 –

A B
member district qualify for reduced-price or free
C D
lunches.
 With some expressions of quantity

All of the east-west interstate highways in the

United States has even numbers, while the north-

A B
south interstate highways are odd-numbered.
C D
 With some expressions of quantity

All of the east-west interstate highways in the

United States have even numbers, while the

A B
north-south interstate highways are odd-
C D
numbered.
Subject-Verb Agreement

After certain words

 With several expressions such as:
together with, along with, accompanied by, as well as

The actress, along with her manager and

A B
some friends, are going to a party tonight
C D
 With several expressions such as:
together with, along with, accompanied by, as well as

The actress, along with her manager and

A B
some friends, is going to a party tonight
C D
 With several expressions such as:
together with, along with, accompanied by, as well as

Mr. Bean, accompanied by his wife and

A B
children, have also been arriving tonight.
C D
 With several expressions such as:
together with, along with, accompanied by, as well as

Mr. Bean, accompanied by his wife and

A B
children, has also been arriving tonight.
C D
 After Certain Words → Singular

anybody everybody nobody somebody each…

anyone everyone no one someone

anything everything nothing something every…

 After Certain Words → Singular

Thirty-one pairs of spinal nerves are present in

A B C
humans, and each pair have two roots.
D
 After Certain Words → Singular

Thirty-one pairs of spinal nerves are present in

A B C
humans, and each pair has two roots.
D
 After Certain Words → Singular

Every open space in the targeted area that has

A B
grass and a few bushes are occupied by the
C D
white-crowned sparrow.
 After Certain Words → Singular

Every open space in the targeted area that has

A B
grass and a few bushes is occupied by the white-
C D
crowned sparrow.
 After Certain Words → Singular

The term “Yankee” was originally a nickname for

A
people from New England, but now anyone from

the United States are referred to as a Yankee.

B C D
 After Certain Words → Singular

The term “Yankee” was originally a nickname for

A
people from New England, but now anyone from

the United States are referred to as a Yankee.

B C D
Inverted Subject & Verb

TOEFL Preparation®
 S-V pattern vs V-S pattern

• It is

• Is it ?

• What is it?
 S-V pattern vs V-S pattern

• It tastes

• It doesn’t taste

• Does it taste ?

• What does it taste?

 QW+V-S pattern vs QW+S-V pattern

• What is the homework?

• I don’t know what the homework Is

• Where is she going?

• Do you know where she is going?
What can you say about subject-verb
pattern?
• The subject and verb will be inverted if
they are put after question words that
introduce a question

• The subject and verb are not inverted if

the question words function as connectors
which join two clauses.
 More examples:
• How can new students improve their
TOEFL scores?

• I know how new students can improve

their TOEFL scores.
 Do the same!

• Where is the box?

• I do not know where the box is

• What is in the box?

• I do not know what…………..
• What is in the box?

• I do not know what is in the box.

 the box
As a subject:

• Where is the box?

• I don’t know where the box is
The box is on the table
As an object:

• What is in the box?

• I don’t know what is in the box
My book is in the box
Inverted Subject and Verb after single
words expressing place

• Here is the book that you lent me.

– You lent me the book.

– The book is here.
– The book that you lent me is here.
→ Here is the book that you lent me.
 Other examples are:

• There are the keys that I thought I lost

• Nowhere have I seen such a beautiful

weather
 Inverted Subject and Verb after
prepositional phrase

• Around the corner is the place that you are

trying to find.

• Beyond the mountains lies the town where

you will live

• In the jungle lived Donty and his harems.

 The subjects and verbs are not inverted
Compare these two sentences:

• In the jungle are many wild beasts. (V-S)

• In the jungle I walked for many hours. (S-V)
In the jungle lived snow white and 7 dwarves. (VS)

• In the backyard are the trees that need to be

pruned. (V-S)
• In the backyard Donty kissed his spouse
affectionately. (S-V)
 Inverted subject and verb with
negatives expressions

• Not once did I betray my wife.

• Never has Mumun got a promotion.
• I do not want to die, and neither does
Memmy.
• Susi is not attending the workshop, nor is
Paul.
• Scarcely does she take a vacation.
• Only in extremely dangerous situations
does he take over the responsibility.
 Inverted subject and verb in
conditional structures
• If she had taken my proposal, her life
would have been much better.
• Had she taken my proposal, her life would
have been much better.

• If Jimbon were here, everybody would be

scared to death.
• Were Jimbon here, everybody would be
scared to death.
 Inverted subject and verb with
comparisons

• Harumi was more prepared than the other

performers were.

• Harumi was more prepared than were the

other performers.
Present Participle

&
Past Participle
Conjugation of The Verb

swim swim(s) swam swum swimming

infinitive past Present participle

present past participle

A Present Participle is….

the ing-form of the verb (e.g. swimming)

that can be part of the verb or an
adjective.
Consider these examples:

◼ The boy is swimming

◼ The boy swimming in the pool is my son

◼ We like going to the swimming pool on

Sunday.
The present participle is part of the verb
when it is accompanied by some form of
the verb be:

◼ The boy is swimming.

◼ He was swimming when I got there.
◼ He has been swimming for two hours.
◼ I will be swimming, too, when you get
here in a couple of minutes.
The present participle is an
adjective when it is not
accompanied by some form of
the verb be.
◼ The boy swimming in the pool is my
son.

◼ We like going to the swimming pool on

Sunday.
But the ing-form of the verb can
also be a noun that we call as
gerund.
for example:

◼ Swimming is my son’s hobby.

◼ My hobby is swimming, too.

Verb+ing will function as a noun if it is
the subject or object of a verb, or placed
after
• a linking/copulative verb “be”
• possessive form
• several verbs such as:
Admit, appreciate, avoid, can’t help, consider,
delay, deny, enjoy, finish, like, mind, miss,
postpone, practice, quit, recall, regret, report,
resent, resist, resume, risk, suggest
Consider the following examples:

◼ My hobby is swimming.
◼ Swimming is my hobby
◼ My swimming is not as good as my
son’s.
◼ We like swimming on Sunday.
◼ My son admitted swimming with his
girlfriend on Sunday.
List of linking or copulative
verbs:
appear look seem

think remain smell

become taste sound

feel be stay
Consider the following sentences,
and decide whether the ing-form
is a verb, an adjective, or a
noun/gerund.
The blooming flowers in the
meadow created a rainbow of
colors.

◼ An adjective
Small scale industries were
blooming when the monetary
crises happened in 1997.

◼ A verb
Obama had been living in
Indonesia for two years before he
moved to the USA.

◼ A verb
A biologist is a person who
studies living things.

◼ An adjective
She looks charming in that night
gown.

◼ An adjective
The Coast Guard has reported
seeing another ship in the Florida
Straits.

◼ A noun/gerund
We enjoyed seeing them again
after so many years.

◼ A noun/gerund
Seeing is believing.

◼ Nouns/gerunds
 Present Participle
Each object ______ Jupiter’s magnetic
field is deluged with electrical charges.

(A) enters

(B) it enters

(C) entering

(D) enter
 Present Participle
Each object ______ Jupiter’s magnetic
field is deluged with electrical charges.

(A) enters

(B) it enters

(C) entering

(D) enter
 Present Participle
As its name suggests, the Prairie Wetlands
Resource Center ______ the protection of
wetlands on the prairies of the Dakotas,
Montana, Minnesota, and Nebraska.

(A) it focuses

(B) focuses on

(C) focusing

(D) to focus on
 Present Participle
As its name suggests, the Prairie Wetlands
Resource Center ______ the protection of
wetlands on the prairies of the Dakotas,
Montana, Minnesota, and Nebraska.

(A) it focuses

(B) focuses on

(C) focusing

(D) to focus on
A Past Participle is….

the en/ed-form of the verb (e.g. written,

frightened) that can be part of the verb or
an adjective.
The past participle is part of the verb
when it is preceded by derivatives of the
auxilliary verb have and be:

◼ The mailman has/have/had left a letter

in the mailbox.

◼ The classes were/was/is/are taught by

Professor Smith.
The past participle functions as an
adjective when it is not accompanied by
some form of have and be:

◼ The letter left in the mailbox was for me.

◼ The classes taught by Professor Smith

were very interesting.
The bread _____baked this
morning smelled delicious.

◼ has
◼ was
◼ it
◼ just
The bread _____baked this
morning smelled delicious.

◼ has
◼ was
◼ it
◼ just
A stock _____ at an inflated price
is called a watered stock.

◼ is issued.
◼ issued
◼ it is issued
◼ which issued
A stock _____ at an inflated price
is called a watered stock.

◼ is issued.
◼ issued
◼ it is issued
◼ which issued
have can be an auxilliary or a main verb:

◼ I have the written assignment from her.

◼ I have written the assignment from her.

 Participles (A Review)

What are participles?

End with -ing
Look at the verb table below and find out the answers.

Infinitive past Present Past

Participle Participle
bore bored boring bored

interest interested interesting interested

 Participles

What are participles?End with -ed

Look at the verb table below and find out the answers.

Infinitive past Present Past

Participle Participle
bore bored boring bored

interest interested interesting interested

 Participles used as adjectives

Present participles are

Examples :
usually active
1a. The boring teacher talked for hours.
1b. The bored students fell asleep.
Past participles are
usually passive
2a. I read an interesting magazine yesterday.

2b. The magazine receives a lot of support from interested

readers.
 More examples:
3a. It was an exciting concert.
3b. The excited fans screamed during the concert.

4a. Many young people experience troubling situations.

4b. The Samaritan Befrienders Hong Kong receives calls
from troubled young people.
 Participle Phrases

What is a participle phrase?

A participle phrase is made up of a

participle + object / meaningful expression.
Example : A participle phrase
describing the
We get calls from young people noun before, i.e..
worried about relationships. young people.
 A phrase begins
with a present
More examples : participle. (Active)
1a. Look at the boy.
1b. Look at the boy climbing the tree.

2a. The man has missed the bus.

2b. The man running down the street has missed the bus
A phrase begins with a
past participle. (Passive)
3a. The fans stood up and danced.
3b. The fans, excited by the concert, stood up and danced.
 Participle phrases as adverbs

We can use participle phrases to join two ideas

together.
HOW? An adverbial phrase
Examples :
giving a reason

Feeling upset and confused, the girl called the

Samaritans Befrienders Hong Kong.

Who feel upset & confused?

The girl in the main course.
 More examples : Notice the changes
made.

1a. The girl felt upset and confused. She called the
Samaritan Befrienders Hong Kong.

1b. Feeling upset and confused, the girl called the

Samaritan Befrienders Hong Kong.
 A participle phrase joining 2
actions which happen together.

2a. Ellen listened to the girl. She wished she could help her.
2b. Ellen listened to the girl, wishing she could help her.

A participle phrase joining 2 actions, one

of which happens during the other.

3a. He was injured when he was crossing the road.

3b. He was injured crossing the road.
Passive Voice

Active Voice
Think about these sentences:

◼ The shop closes at 9 p.m.

◼ The shop is closed earlier because of

the flood.

◼ When I got there, the shop is close

 be + past participle

◼ I kissed her at the party.

◼ She was kissed (by me) at the party.

◼ I give her some kisses on both cheeks.

◼ She is given some kisses on both
cheeks.
◼ Some kisses are given to her on both
cheeks.
 be + past participle

◼ He has written the letter twice.

◼ The letter has been written twice.

◼ We will have finished the job by Sunday.

◼ The job will have been finished by
Sunday.
Change the following sentences
into passive:
◼ They are sending text messages now.
◼ I will do a TOEFL test next week.
◼ I remember my father took me to the
zoo when I was 10.
◼ I remember my father was taking me to
the zoo when I had my tenth birthdate.
Do the same…

◼ I remember my father taking me to the

zoo.
◼ The police, having apprehended the two
robbers, then took them into jail.
◼ Everybody believed she was the
suspect.
Sentence Types

(Practice on using
conjunctions
Coordinators

F A N B O Y S
COORDINATORS

F A N B O Y S

O N O U R E O

R D R T T
Compound Sentences
and addition The bell rang, and someone knocked on the door.

nor addition You don’t have to study, nor do you have to stay
home.
or alternative You can stay home and study for the exam, or you
can go out and enjoy yourself.
or condition I have to study, or (else) I will fail the course.

but contrast Dr. Joana was very sick, but she taught the class.

yet contrast Her voice was very weak, yet the students
understand her.
for cause Dr. Joana couldn’t come, for she had a sore throat.

so result I’ve been working hard all year, so I’m going to

take a vacation during the summer.
 Complete the statements
1. This course began a few weeks ago, and….
2. The students in the class down the hall are all men,
but….
3. I didn’t attend class yesterday, for….
4. Some students have been complaining about the
amount of homework, yet…
5. Money cannot buy love, nor….
6. Some people love money more than anything else,
so….
7. I’ve been working hard all my life, yet…
8. I don’t have a government scholarship for studying,
nor…
9. The students must pass three out of five courses,
or……
10. After I finish my studies, I will get a job, or….
Paired conjunctions

both and

either or
same same
structure structure
neither nor

not only but also

 Parallel structure with paired conjunctions

◼ They want either to play tennis or golf*

◼ They want either to play tennis or to

play golf.
or
◼ They want to play either tennis or golf.
Identify the mistakes in each sentence:

1. He either lied or telling an unbelievable

story.
2. The discussion was neither exciting and
interesting.
3. He regularly studies both in the morning or
in the evening.
4. She not only passed the test but also
receiving the highest score in the class.
5. She trained as both an accountant and in
nursing.
Combine the following sentences using
paired conjunctions
Example:
◼ You must tell the truth. You must go to jail
Either you must tell the truth, or you must go to jail.

1. I will see you at home. I will see you in jail.

2. The coffee is not good. It isn’t hot.
3. Sue has not arrived. She has not called.
4. Tom has a car. He also has a motorcycle.
5. Maria is coming to the party. Sue is coming to the
party, too.
6. The teachers want one week less of classes. The
director also wants one week less of classes.
Possible answers:
1. Either I will see you at home, or I will see
you in jail. (connecting complete clauses)
2. This coffee is neither good nor hot.
(connecting two adjectives)
3. Sue has neither arrived nor called.
(connecting two verbs)
4. Tom has not only a car but also a
motorcycle (connecting 2 noun objects)
5. Both Maria and Sue are coming to the party.
6. Not only the teachers but also the director
wants one week less of classes.
Subordinators
even
after as soon as whether while
though

before though until who because

as although which whom how

if unless what whose

as if since when where

that so that whenever wherever

Complex sentences
◼ Contain one independent clause and
one (or more) dependent clause(s).

◼ One idea is generally more important

than the other one.

◼ The more important idea is placed in the

independent clause, while the less
important one will be placed in the
dependent clause.
How will you combine these two
ideas?

◼ Einstein was a great physicist.

◼ Einstein was born in 1879.

◼ Einstein, who was born in 1879, was a great
physicist,

◼ Einstein, who was a great physicist, was born

in 1879,

(The second option is better because most

people only know that he’s a great physicist;
thus, the fact that he was born in 1879 was
the more important information to deliver).
Dependent Clause

◼ Group of words with Subject & Verb

◼ is considered to have meaning but can’t
stand alone.
Consider these examples:

◼ If it rains

◼ Because she’s sick

◼ When she died

Incomplete
It’s weird
Are you a nut?
What do you mean?
Now Look at the next examples:

◼ I won’t be able to come to

teach you

◼ She’s absent
What do you think now?

◼ Everybody was there

Is it possible to combine these two
sentences?

◼ Everybody was there

but

◼ I won’t be able to come to teach you

How about combining these?

◼ If it rains

◼ I won’t be able to teach you

These sentences can be combined:

◼ She’s absent
◼ because she’s sick

◼ Everybody was there

◼ when she died
We can also combine two or more
complex sentences:

◼ She’s absent because she’s sick

and even if

◼ Everybody’s there ,

◼ I won’t be able to come to teach you if

it rains
 Summary:
Some ways of combining sentences:
◼ Use coordinate conjunctions FAN BOYS
◼ Use Subordinate conjunctions: if, because,
though, whether, after, etc.
◼ Use conjunctive adverbs: Accordingly,
furthermore, instead, besides, therefore, etc.
◼ Use punctuation (comma, semi-colon)

For, And, Nor, But, Or, Yet, So

Dependent clause can be:

◼ a noun clause

◼ an adjective clause

◼ an adverbial clause
 Identify what kind of clauses are
these?
When she died (dependent clause)

1. When she died was still a mistery for

many years.
2. She knows exactly the time when she
died.
3. Her mother was there when she died.
4. I don’t know when she died.