2022 Mathematics Passing Package

10 Marks
1. Solve the following graphically, Minimize and maximize Z  3x  9 y , subject
to the constraints x  3 y  60; x  y  10; x  y; x  0; y  0
Sol: Consider given constraints as equations

x  3 y  60

X 60 0

Y 0 20

( x, y ) (60, 0) (0,20)

x  y  10

X 10 0

Y 0 10

( x, y ) (10, 0) (0,10)

xy

X 0 10 20

Y 0 10 20

( x, y ) (0, 0) (10,10) (20,20)

The Feasible region ABCD , as shown

in the figure.

The minimum value of Z is 60 at (5,5), &

maximum value of Z is 180 (15,15)&(0,20).
 2. Solve the following graphically, Minimize and maximize Z  5 x  10 y , subject
to the constraints x  2 y  120; x  y  60; x  2 y  0; x  0; y  0 .
Sol: Consider given constraints as equations

x  2 y  120

X 120 0

Y 0 60

( x, y ) (120, 0) (0,60)

x  y  60

X 60 0

Y 0 60

( x, y ) (60, 0) (0,60)
x  2 y  0;  x  2 y

X 0 20 40

Y 0 10 20

( x, y ) (0, 0) (20,10) (40,20)

The Feasible region ABCD, as

shown in the figure.

The minimum value of Z is 300 at (60,0), &

maximum value of Z is 600 (120,0)&(60,30).
 3. Solve the following graphically, Minimize and maximize Z  x  2 y , subject to
the constraints x  2 y  100; 2 x  y  200; 2 x  y  0; x  0; y  0 .
Sol: Consider given constraints as equations

x  2 y  100

X 100 0

Y 0 50

( x, y ) (100, 0) (0,50)

2 x  y  200

X 100 0

Y 0 200

( x, y ) (100, 0) (0,200)
2 x  y  0;  2 x  y

X 0 20 40

Y 0 40 80

( x, y ) (0, 0) (20,40) (40,80)

The Feasible region ABCD, as shown in

the figure.

The minimum value of Z is 100 at (0,50) & (20,40) maximum value of Z is 400 (0,200).
4. Solve the following graphically, Minimize Z  3x  4 y , subject to the constraints
x  2 y  8;3 x  2 y  12; x  0; y  0
Sol: Consider given constraints as equations

x  2y  8

X 8 0

Y 0 4

( x, y ) (8, 0) (0,4)

3x  2 y  12

X 4 0

Y 0 6

( x, y ) (4, 0) (0,6)

The Feasible region OABC, as shown in the figure

The minimum value of Z is -12

12 at (4,0).
5. Maximise Z  4 x  y , Subject to constraints : x  y  50;3 x  y  90; x  0; y  0 by
graphical method .
Sol: Consider given constraints as equations

x  y  50

X 50 0

Y 0 50

( x, y ) (50, 0) (0,50)

3 x  y  90

X 30 0

Y 0 90

( x, y ) (30, 0) (0,90)

OABC (double shaded) is the feasible region determined by the constraints.

The corner points are O(0, 0), A(30,0), B(20, 30), C(0,50)
Values of Z at corner points.

Corner Point Z  4x  y
O (0, 0) 0+0=0
4(30) + 0 = 120
A (30, 0)
(Max)
B (20, 30) 4(20) + 30 = 110
C(0,50) 0 + 50 = 50

∴ Maximum = 120 at (30, 0) .

6. Solve the following graphically, Minimize Z  600 x  400 y , subject to the
constraints x  2 y  12; 2 x  y  12; 4 x  5 y  20 and x  0; y  0 .
Sol: Consider given constraints as equations
x  2 y  12

X 12 0

Y 0 6

( x, y ) (12, 0) (0,6)

2 x  y  12

X 6 0

Y 0 12

( x, y ) (6,0) (0,12)

4 x  5 y  20

X 5 0

Y 0 4

( x, y ) (5,0) (0,4)

The Feasible region ABCDE, as shown in the figure

The minimum value of Z is 4000 at (4,4).

 7. Solve the following problem graphically : Maximize and minimize
Z  10500 x  9000 y Subject to the constraints x  y  50; 2 x  y  80; x  0, y  0
Sol: Consider given constraints as equations
x  y  50

X 50 0

Y 0 50

( x, y ) (50, 0) (0,50)

2 x  y  80

X 40 0

Y 0 80

( x, y ) (40,0) (0,80)
Corner point O(0, 0),B (0, 50),C(40, 0)
and E(30, 20)

Minimum value of Z=0 at the point O(0, 0)

Maximum value of Z=495000atthe points E(30, 20).
4 Marks
 2 3 2 1 0  0 0
1. If A    , satisfying the equation A  4A  I  O , Where I   0 1  and O   0 0  .
1 2     
Find A . -1

Sol: Given equation A 2  4A  I  0

Multiply A1 on both sides
 
 A 1 A 2  4A  I  A 1  0 
 A 1A 2  4A 1A  A 1I  0
 A  4I  A 1  0  AA 1  I
 A 1  4I  A
1 0   2 3   4 0   2 3   2 3
 A 1  4      
0 1   1 2   0 4  1 2   1 2 
  3 1 2
2. If A    satisfies the equation A  5 A  7 I  0 , then find the inverse of A
 1 2 
using this equation, where I is the identity matrix of order 2.

Sol: A2  5 A  7 I  0

Multiply A1 on both sides

 A 1  A 2  5 A  7 I   A 1  0 

 A1 A2  5 A1 A  7 IA1  0  AA1  I

 A  5 I  7 A 1  0

1
 A1   5I  A
7
1  5 0   3 1   1  2 1
 A1     
7  0 5   1 2  7 1 3 
4 Marks
 Kx 2 if x  2
1. Find the value of K if f  x    is continuous at x=2
3 if x  2
Sol : Given function is continuous at x  2
lim f  x   lim f  x   lim f  x 
x 2 x 2 x 2
2
f  2   k  2   4k ….. …….1
RHL: lim f  x   lim 3 =3…………2
x  2 x 2

3
From 1&2  4k  3  k 
4
 Kx  1 if x  5
2. Find the value of K if f  x    is continuous at x  5
3 x  5 x  5
Sol: Given function is continuous at x  5
lim f  x   lim f  x   lim f  x 
x 5 x 5 x 5

f  5   k  5  1  5k  1 ……….1
RHL  lim f  x 
x 5

 lim  3 x  5 
x 5

  3  5  0   5
 15  5  10 …………2
9
From 1&2  5k  1  10  5k  9  k 
5
  kCosx 
   2 x if x  2 
3. Determine the value of k if f  x    is continuous at x 
3  2
if x 
 2

Sol : Given function is continuous at x 
2
lim f  x   lim f  x   lim f  x 
 x 
x x
2 2 2

 
f    3 ….. given ……….1
2
LHL : lim  f  x 
x  / 2

 k cos x 
 lim   
x  / 2    2 x 

 
Let x  h Then x  ,h  0
2 2
  
 k cos  2  h  
 lim   
h 0   
   2 2  h  
  
 
 k sinh  sin x
 lim    lim  k sinh   lim 1
h 0    h  0  2h  x 0 x
   2 2  2h 
 
k
 …………..2
2
k
From 1 & 2  3k 6
2
kx  1 , if x  
4. Find the value of k if f  x    is continuous at x  
cos x , if x  
Sol : Given function is continuous at x  
lim f  x   lim f  x   lim f  x 
x  x  x 

f    k  1 ……….(1)
RHL  lim f  x 
x 

 lim  cos x    cos    1 ………..(2)

x 

2
From 1&2  k  1  1  k  2  k 

5. Find the relationship between a and b so that the function f is defined as
ax  1, if x  3
f  x   , is continuous at x=3
bx  3, if x  3
Sol : Given function is continuous at x  3
lim f  x   lim f  x   lim f  x 
x 3 x 3 x 3
 f  3  3a  1 ….. ……….(1)
RHL:  lim f  x 
x 3

 lim  bx  3
x 3

 3b  3 .......2
From 1 & 2  3a  1  3b  3
 3a  3b  2
2 2
 ab   a  b
3 3
6. Find the values of a and b such that the function defined by
5, if x2

f  x    ax  b, if 2  x  10 is continuous function
 21, if x  10

Sol : Given function is continuous at x  2
lim f  x   lim f  x   lim f  x 
x 2 x 2 x 2

f  2  5 ….. ……….1
RHL:  lim f  x 
x 2

 lim  ax  b 
x2

 2a  b ...........2
From 1 & 2  2a  b  5 .......3
Given function is continuous at x  10
lim f  x   lim f  x   lim f  x 
x 10 x 10 x 10

f 10  21 ….. ………4

LHL:  lim  ax  b 
x 10

 10a  b .............5
From 4 & 5  10a  b  21 ………6
Solving 3 & 6
(6)-(3)  16  8a  a  2
From (3),  2a  b  5  2.2  b  5  b  5  4  b  1

7. For what value of  is the function defined by f  x   

 
 x 2  2 x , if x  0
4 x  1 , if x  0
continuous at x  0 , what about its continuity at x  1 .
Sol: If function is continuous at x  0
Then , lim f  x   lim f  x   lim f  x 
x 0 x 0 x 0

f  0    0  0 =0 ….. ……….1
RHL:  lim1 f  x   lim1  4 x  1  1
x 0 x 0

 f  0  RHL
f  x  is not continuous at x  0 , x  R
If function is continuous at x  1
Then , f 1  LHL  RHL
f 1  4 1  1  5 ….. ……….1
 RHL:  lim1 f  x   lim1  4 x  1
x 1 x 1

  4  1  5
 f 1  RHL  LHL f  x  is continuous at x  1
Thus , for any  value , f  x  is continuous at x  1
5 Marks
1. If = , = , = ,Calculate AC, BC and (A+B)C. Also,

verify that (A+B)C = AC+BC

 0 6 7  0 1 1   0 7 8 
Sol :
 
A  B   6 0 8   1 0 2   5 0 10 
     
 7 8 0  1 2 0   8 6 0 
 0 7 8   2   0  14  24  10 
 A  B  C  5 0 10  2  10  0  30  20 ............1
 8 6 0   3   16  12  0   28
 0 6 7   2   0  12  21   9 
AC   6 0 8   2 =  12  0  24   12 
 7 8 0   3   14  16  0  30 
0 1 1   2   0  2  3  1 
BC  1 0 2   2   2  0  6   8 
      
1 2 0   3   2  4  0  2
 9   1  10 
AC  BC  12    8    20  ...............2
30   2  28
From 1 & 2  A  B C  AC  BC

 1 2  3  3 1 2  4 1 2
2. If A  5 0 2 , B  4 2 5 & C   0
    3 2  , then compute (A+B) and
     
1 1 1   2 0 3   1 2 3 
(B – C). Also, Verify that A + (B – C) = (A + B) – C.

1 2 3  3 1 2   4 1 1

A B  5 0 2    4 2 5   9 2 7 
Sol : 
1 1 1   2 0 3   3 1 4 
 3 1 2  4 1 2  1 2 0
  
B  C  4 2 5  0 3 2  4 1 3
  
     
 2 0 3 1 2 3  1 2 0
1 2 3  1 2 0   0 0 3

A  B  C  5 0 2    4 1 3  9 1 5  ..............1

1 1 1   1 2 0   2 1 1 
  4 1 1  4 1 2 0 0 3
 A  B   C  9 2 7   0 3 2  9 1 5  .............2
 3 1 4  1 2 3  2 1 1 
From 1 & 2  A  B   C  A   B  C 

1 0 2 
 
3. If A  0 2 1  , prove that A3  6 A 2  7 A  2 I  0
 2 0 3
Sol : A 2  A. A
 1 0 2  1 0 2 
 0 2 1  0 2 1 
  
 2 0 3   2 0 3
1  0  4 0  0  0 2  0  6   5 0 8 
 0  0  2 0  4  0 0  2  3   2 4 5 
 2  0  6 0  0  0 4  0  9  8 0 13
A3  A2 . A
 5 0 8  1 0 2 
 2 4 5  0 2 1 
8 0 13 2 0 3
 5  0  16 0  0  0 10  0  24  21 0 34
  2  0  10 0  8  0 4  4  15   12 8 23
8  0  26 0  0  0 16  0  39  34 0 55
1 0 2  7 0 14 
7 A  7 0 2 1    0 14 7 
   
 2 0 3 14 0 21
1 0 0   2 0 0 
2 I  2 0 1 0    0 2 0 
0 0 1   0 0 2 

Now , A3  6 A 2  7 A  2 I  0
 21 0 34  5 0 8  1 0 2  1 0 0 
LHS :  12 8 23  6  2 4 5   7 0 2 1   2 0 1 0
     
34 0 55 8 0 13  2 0 3 0 0 1 
 21 0 34 30 0 48  7 0 14   2 0 0 
 12 8 23  12 24 30    0 14 7    0 2 0 
       
34 0 55  48 0 78 14 0 21  0 0 2
 21  30  7  2 0  0  0  0 34  48  14  0  0 0 0 
  12  12  0  0 8  24  14  2 23  30  7  0   0 0 0  = RHS

34  48  14  0 0  0  0  0 55  78  21  2  0 0 0 
  1 2 3
4. If A   3 2 1 , then show that A3  23 A  40I  0
 4 2 1
2
Sol : A  A. A
1 2 3 1 2 3
  3 2 1  3 2 1
  
 4 2 1  4 2 1
1  6  12 2  4  6 3  2  3  19 4 8 
  3  6  4 6  4  2 9  2  1    1 12 8 
 4  6  4 8  4  2 12  2  1 14 6 15
A3  A2 A
19 4 8  1 2 3 19  12  32 38  8  16 57  4  8   63 46 69 
  1 12 8   3 2 1   1  36  32 2  24  16 3  12  8   69 6 23
14 6 15  4 2 1 14  18  60 28  12  30 42  6  15 92 46 63
3
LHS : A  23 A  40 I
 63 46 69  1 32 1 0 0 
 69 6 23  23  3
  2 1  40 0 1 0

92 46 63  4 2 1 0 0 1 
 63 46 69   23 46 69   40 0 0 
 69 6 23  69 46 23   0 40 0 
92 46 63 92 46 23  0 0 40 
63  23  40 46  46  0 69  69  0  0 0 0
  69  69  0 6  46  40 23  23  0   0 0 0  = RHS
 92  92  0 46  46  0 63  23  40 0 0 0 
1 2   2 0  1 1
5. If A    ,B    & C  calculate AC, BC and  A  B C . Also verify
2 1 1 3  2 3
that  A  B C  AC  BC
1 2  2 0 3 2 
Sol : A  B      
 2 1  1 3 3 4 
3 2  1 1 3  4 3  6   7 9
 A  BC         ...............1
3 4   2 3  3  8 3  12 11 15
 1 2   1 1  1  4 1  6   5 7
AC      
 2 1   2 3  2  2 2  3  4 5 
 2 0   1 1  2  0 2  0   2 2
BC      
1 3  2 3 1  6 1  9  7 10
5 7   2 2   7 9 
AC  BC      ................2
 4 5 7 10 11 15
From 1 & 2 ,  A  B  C  AC  BC
  2
6. If A   4  , B  1 3 6 find  AB   B1 A1
1

 5 
 2 
Sol : A   4  ; A1   2 4 5
 5 
1
B  1 3 6 ; B  3
1
 
 6
 2   2 6 12 
AB   4  1 3 6   4 12 24 ...........1
 
 5   5 15 30
 2 4 5 
 AB   6 12 15 

1

12 24 30

1  2 4 5 
B A  3  2 4 5  6 12 15  ...........2
1 
1  
   
 6  12 24 30 
1
From 1 & 2 ,  AB   B1 A1
1
7. If A   4  , B   1 2 1 find  AB   B1 A1
1
 
 3 
1
Sol : A   4  ; A1  1 4 3
 3 
 1
B   1 2 1 ; 1
B   2 
 1 
1  1 2 1 
AB   4   1 2 1   4 8 4 ...........1
 
 3   3 6 3 
 1 4 3
 AB    2 8 6 
1

 1 4 3 
 1  1 4 3
B A   2  1 4 3   2 8 6  ...........2
1 1 
 1   1 4 3 
1
From 1 & 2 ,  AB   B1 A1
8. Solve the system of linear equations, by using matrix method
x  y  z  4 ; 2 x  y  3z  0 ; x  y  z  2
Sol : The system of equations can be written as AX=B,
1 1 1  x 4 
adjA
A   2 1 3 , X   y  , B   0 
    X  A 1 B , A1 
A
1 1 1   z   2 
1 3 2 3 2 1
Now , A  1   1 1  11  3  1 2  3  1 2  1  10
1 1 1 1 1 1
System has unique solution
Finding Adj A :
1 3 2 3 2 1
A11    1  3   4 ; A12      2  3  5 ; A13      2  1  1
1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1
A21      1  1  2 ; A22     0  0   0 ; A23     1   1   2
1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1
A31     3  1  2 ; A32      3  2   5 ; A33    1   2    3
1 3 2 3 2 1
 A11 A21 A31   4 2 2
adjA
 adjA   A12 A22 A32    5 0 5 
   X  A 1 B  B
A
 A13 A23 A33   1 2 3 
 4 2 2 4  16  0  4   20   2 
1  1  1 
  5 0 5   0    20  0  10    10    1
   
10 10 10
 1 2 3   2   4  0  6   10   1 
 x  2; y  1; z  1
9. Solve the system of linear equations, by using matrix method
2 x  3 y  3 z  5; x  2 y  z  4;3 x  y  2 z  3
Sol : The system of equations can be written as AX=B,
2 3 3   x 5
A  1 2 1  , X   y  , B   4 
   
 3 1 2   z   3 
1 adjA
X  A 1 B , A 
A
2 1 1 1 1 2
Now , A  2 3 3
1 2 3 2 3 1
 2  4  1  3 2  3  3 1  6
 40 System has unique solution
Finding Adj A :
2 1 1 1 1 2
A11     4  1  5 ; A12      2  3  5 ; A13      1  6   5
1 2 3 2 3 1
3 3 2 3 2 3
A21      6  3  3 ; A22     4  9   13 ; A23      2  9   11
1 2 3 2 3 1
3 3 2 3 2 3
A31     3  6   9 ; A32      2  3  1 ; A33     4  3  7
2 1 1 1 1 2
  A11 A21 A31  5 3 9
 adjA   A12 A22 A32   5 13 1 
 
 A13 A23 A33  5 11 7 
adjA
X  A 1 B  B
A
5 3 9  5   25  12  27   40   1 
1     1   1 
 5 13 1   4   25  52  3   80    2 
40  40  40 
5 11 7   3   25  44  21  40   1
 x  1; y  2; z  1
10. Solve the system of linear equations, by using matrix method
x  y  2 z  7 ;3 x  4 y  5 z  5; 2 x  y  3 z  12 .
Sol : The system of equations can be written as AX=B,
1 1 2   x 7
A   3 4 5 , X   y  , B   5
   
 2 1 3   z  12 
1 adjA
X  A1B , A 
A
4 5 3 5 3 4
Now , A 1   1 2
1 3 2 3 2 1
 112  5  1 9  10  2  3  8
4 System has unique solution
Finding Adj A :
4 5 3 5 3 4
A11    12  5   7 ; A12      9  10   19 ; A13     3  8   11
1 3 2 3 2 1
1 2 1 2 1 1
A21      3  2   1 ; A22     3  4   1 ; A23      1  2   1
1 3 2 3 2 1
1 2 1 2 1 1
A31     5  8   3 ; A32      5  6   11 ; A33     4  3  7
4 5 3 5 3 4
 A11 A21 A31   7 1  3
 adjA   A12 A22 A32    19 1 11 
 
 A13 A23 A33   11 1 7 
adjA
X  A 1 B  B
A
 7 1 3   7   49  5  36   8  2
1    1  1   
  19 1 11   5    133  5  132    4    1 
4 4 4
 11 1 7  12   77  5  84  12   3 
 x  2; y  1; z  3
 11. Find solve the system of equations
+ = ; + = ; + =
Sol : The system of equations can be written as AX=B,
 2 3 5   x  11 
A   3 2 4  , X   y  , B   5
   
 1 1 2   z   3
1 adjA
X  A 1 B , A 
A
2 4 3 4 3 2
Now , A 2   3  5  2  4  4   3 6  4  5 3  2  1
1 2 1 2 1 1
System has unique solution
Finding Adj A :
2 4 3 4 3 2
A11     4  4   0 ; A12      6  4   2 ; A13     3  2  1
1 2 1 2 1 1
3 5 2 5 2 3
A21      6  5   1 ; A22     4  5   9 ; A23      2  3   5
1 2 1 2 1 1
3 5 2 5 2 3
A31    12  10   2 ; A32      8  15   23 ; A33     4  9   13
2 4 3 4 3 2
 A11 A21 A31   0 1 2 
 adjA   A12 A22 A32    2 9 23

 A13 A23 A33  1 5 13 
adjA
X  A 1 B  B
A
 0 1 2   11   056   1  1 
1     1   1    
  2 9 23  5   22  45  69    2    2 
1 1 1
1 5 13   3  11  25  36   3  3 
 x  1; y  2; z  3
12. Solve the system of linear equations, by using matrix method
+ = ; + = ; + =
Sol : The system of equations can be written as AX=B,
 3 2 3   x 8 
A   2 1 1 , X   y  , B   1 
   
 4 3 2   z   4 
1 adjA
X  A 1 B , A 
A
1 1 2 1 2 1
Now , A  3   2  3
3 2 4 2 4 3
 3 2  3  2  4  4  3 6  4  17 System has unique solution
Finding Adj A :
1 1 2 1 2 1
A11    1 ; A12    8 ; A13    10
3 2 4 2 4 3
 2 3 3 3 3 2
A21    5 ; A22    6 ; A23   1
3 2 4 2 4 3
2 3 3 3 3 2
A31    1 ; A32    9; A33   7
1 1 2 1 2 1
 A11 A21 A31   1 5 1
adjA
 adjA   A12 A22 A32    8 6 9  X  A 1 B  B
A
 A13 A23 A33   10 1 7 
 1 5 1 8   8  5  4   17  1 
1     1   1 
  8 6 9  1    64  6  36    34    2 

17 17 17
 10 1 7   4   80  1  28   51  3 
 x  1; y  2; z  3
13. Solve the system of linear equations, by using matrix method
x  y  2 z  1; 2 y  3 z  1;3 x  2 y  4 z  2
Sol : The system of equations can be written as AX=B,
1 1 2  x 1 
A   0 2 3 , X   y  , B  1 
   

 3 2 4   z   2 
1 adjA
X  A1B; A 
A
2 3 0 3 0 2
Now , A =  1   1 2
2 4 3 4 3 2
 1 8  6   1 9   2  6   2  9  12 =-1
System has unique solution
Finding Adj A :
2 3 0 3 0 2
A11    2; A12    9 ; A13    6
2 4 3 4 3 2
1 2 1 2 1 1
A21    0; A22    2 ; A23    1
2 4 3 4 3 2
1 2 1 2 1 1
A31    1 ; A32    3; A33   2
2 3 0 3 0 2
 A11 A21 A31   2 0 1
 adjA   A12 A22 A32    9 2 3 
 A13 A23 A33   6 1 2 
adjA
X  A 1 B  B
A
 2 0 1  1   22  0  0
1  1 
  9 2 3   1    9  2  6   1  5  5 
   
1 1
 6 1 2   2   6  1  2   3 3 
 x  0; y  5; z  3
 2 2 d2y dy
14. If y  Tan 1 x  , show that  x 2  1 2
 2 x  x 2  1  2 .
dx dx
2
Sol : Let y  Tan 1 x 
Differentiate w.r.t.x
dy 2 tan 1 x

dx 1  x2
dy
dx
1  x 2   2 tan 1 x
Again Differentiate w.r.t.x
dy d2y 2
  2 x   1  x 2  2 
dx dx 1  x2
 dy d2y 
   2 x   1  x 2  2  1  x 2   2
 dx dx 
2
 dy 2 d y
   2 x  1  x 2   1  x 2  2
 dx dx 2 
2
2 d y dy
  x 2  1 2
 2 x  x 2  1  2
dx dx
15. If y  3Cos  log x   4Sin  log x  , show that x y2  xy1  y  0 .
2

Sol: Let y  3Cos  log x   4Sin  log x 

Differentiate w.r.t.x
3sin  log x  4cos  log x 
 y1  
x x
 y1x  3sin  log x   4cos  log x 
Again Differentiate w.r.t.x
3cos  log x  4sin  log x 
 y1.1  xy2  
x x
  y1.1  xy2  x  3cos  log x   4sin  log x 
  y1.x  x 2 y2     3cos  log x   4sin  log x  
  y1.x  x 2 y2     y    y1.x  x 2 y2    y   0
d2y dy
16. If y  Ae mx  Be nx , prove that 2
  m  n   mny  0 .
dx dx
Sol : Let y  Aemx  Benx
Differentiate w.r.t.x
dy
 Ame mx  Bne nx
dx
Again Differentiate w.r.t.x
d2y
2
 Am2e mx  Bn 2e nx
dx
d2y dy
Now consider 2
  m  n   mny
dx dx
 Am e  Bn e   m  n   Ame mx  Bne nx   mn  Ae mx  Be nx 
2 mx 2 nx

 Am 2 emx  Bn 2 enx   mAme mx  mBne nx  nAme mx  nBne nx    mnAe mx  mnBe nx 

  Am2emx  Bn2enx  Am2emx Bmnenx  Anmemx  Bn2enx mnAemx mnBenx =0
d2y dy
17. If y  3e 2 x  2 e 3 x , then prove that 2
5  6y  0 .
dx dx
2x 3x
Sol : Let y  3e  2e
Differentiate w.r.t.x
dy
 6e 2 x  6e 3 x

dx
Again Differentiate w.r.t.x
d2y
 2  12e 2 x  18e3 x
dx
d2y dy
Now consider 2
 5  6y
dx dx
 12e  18e3 x   5  6e 2 x  6e3 x   6  3e 2 x  2e3 x 
2x

 12e 2 x  18e3 x    30e 2 x  30e3 x   18e 2 x  12e3 x 

 
 12e2 x 18e3 x 30e2 x 30e3 x 18e2 x 12e3 x =0
d2y dy
18. If y   sin 1 x  Show that 1  x 2  2
x  0.
dx dx
Sol: Let y   sin 1 x 
Differentiate w.r.t.x
dy 1

dx 1  x2
dy

dx

1  x2  1 
Squaring on both sides
2
 dy 
   1  x 2   1
 dx 
Again Differentiate w.r.t.x
2 2
 dy   d y   dy 
 2    2  1  x 2      2 x   0
 dx   dx   dx 
dy
Taking Common
dx
dy   d 2 y   dy  
  2  2  1  x 2      2 x    0
dx   dx   dx  
  d2y   dy   d2y dy
  2  2  1  x 2      2 x    0  2 1  x 2   x  0
  dx   dx   dx dx
2
2 d y dy
19. If y   sin 1 x  Show that 1  x 2  2  x 2
dx dx
2
Sol: Let y   sin 1 x 
Differentiate w.r.t.x
dy 2sin 1 x

dx 1  x2
 dy

dx
 
1  x 2  2sin 1 x
Squaring on both sides
2
 dy  2
   1  x 2   4  sin 1 x 
 dx 
2
 dy  2
   1  x 2   4 y Since y   sin 1 x 
 dx 
Again Differentiate w.r.t.x
2 2
 dy   d y   dy  dy
 2    2  1  x 2      2 x   4
 dx   dx   dx  dx
dy
Taking Common
dx
dy   d 2 y   dy   dy
  2  2  1  x 2      2 x    4
dx   dx   dx   dx
  d2y   dy  
  2  2  1  x 2      2 x    4
  dx   dx  
2
d y dy
 2 1  x 2   x 2
dx dx
20. The length ‘x’ of a rectangle is decreasing at the rate of 5cm/min and the
width ‘y’ increasing at the rate of 4cm/min. When x = 8cm and y = 6cm,
find the rates of changes of
(i) The perimeter and (ii) The area of the rectangle
Sol: Given Length of a rectangle ‘x’ is decreasing and width ‘y’ is increasing
with respect to time , i.e
dx dy
 5cm / min ,  4cm / min
dt dt
The perimeter: Let Perimeter of a rectangle be P
 P  2 x  y 
Differentiate w.r.t.time
dP  dx dy 
  2  
dt  dt dt 
 2  5  4 
 2  1
 2cm / min
The area: Let Area of a rectangle be A
 A  xy
Differentiate w.r.t.time
dA dy dx
 x y
dt dt dt
 8  4   6  5   x  8& y  6
 32  30
 2cm2 / min
21. The length ‘x’ of a rectangle is decreasing at the rate of 3cm/min and the
width ‘y’ increasing at the rate of 2cm/min. When x = 10cm and y = 6cm,
find the rates of changes of
(i) The perimeter and (ii) The area of the rectangle
Sol: Given Length of a rectangle ‘x’ is decreasing and width ‘y’ is increasing
With respect to time , i.e
dx dy
 3cm / min ,  2cm / min
dt dt
The perimeter: Let Perimeter of a rectangle be P
 P  2 x  y 
Differentiate w.r.t.time
dP  dx dy 
  2  
dt  dt dt 
 2  3  2   2  1  2cm / min
The area: Let Area of a rectangle be A
 A  xy
Differentiate w.r.t.time
dA dy dx
 x y
dt dt dt
 10  2   6  3   x  10& y  6
2
 20  18  2cm / min
22. A particle moves along the curve 6 y  x3  2 . Find the points on the curve at
which the y-coordinate is changing 8 times as fast as the x-coordinate.
dy dx
Sol : Given 6 y  x3  2 and 8
dt dt
3
Let , 6 y  x  2
Differentiate w.r.t.time
dy dx
6  3x 2 0
dt dt
 dx  dx  dy dx 
 6  8   3x 2  8 
 dt  dt  dt dt 
dx dx
 48  3x 2
dt dt
2
 48  3x
 x 2  16  x  4
3 66
When, x  4 then 6 y  x 3  2  6 y   4   2  6 y  64  2  y   11
6
3 62 31
When, x  4 then 6 y  x3  2  6 y   4   2  6 y  64  2  y  
6 3
 31 
 Required points are  4,11 &  4,  
 3
23. A ladder 24ft long leans against a vertical wall. The lower end is moving
away at the rate 3 ft/sec. /sec. find the rate at which the top of the ladder is
moving downwards if its foot is 8 ft from the wall.
Sol : Let AB be the 24ft ladder,
dx
Let OA  x, OB  y , OA  8 ft ,  3 ft / sec
dt
2
 x 2  y 2   24  ..........1
2 2
  8   y 2   24 
 y 2  576  64
 y 2  512  y  16 2 ft

From 1
2
 x 2  y 2   24 
Differentiate w.r.t.time
dx dy
 2x  2 y 0
dt dt
 2  8  3  2 16 2  dydt  0

 2 16 2  dydt  72
dy 72
 
dt 2.16 2
3
 ft / sec
2. 2
3
 The rate at which the top of the ladder is moving downwards  ft / sec
2. 2
24. A ladder 5m long is leaning against a wall. The bottom of the ladder is
pulled along the ground, away from the wall at the rate of 2cm/s. How fast
is its height of the ladder decreasing when the foot of the ladder is 4m away
from the wall?
Sol : Let AB be the 5m ladder,
dx
Let OA  x, OB  y , OA  4m ,  2cm / sec  0.02m / sec
dt
2
 x 2  y 2   5  ..........1
2 2
  4  y 2  5
 y 2  25  16
 y2  9
 y  3m
From 1
2
 x 2  y 2   5
Differentiate w.r.t.time
dx dy
 2x  2 y 0
dt dt
dy
 2  4  0.02   2  3   0
dt
 dy
 2  3  0.16
dt
dy 0.16
 
dt 6
0.08 8
 m / sec  cm / sec
3 3
8
 The rate at which the top of the ladder is moving downwards  cm / sec
3
3
25. Sand is pouring from a pipe at the rate of 12 cm /s. The falling sand forms a
cone on the ground in such a way that the height of the cone is always one- one
sixth of the radius
dius of the base. How fast is the height of the sand cone
increasing when the height is 4 cm?
Sol: Let r,h, and V be the radius, height and volume of the cone at any time t.
dv
Given ,  12cm3 / s
dt
1
h r
6
 r  6h ..........1
dh
Find , , when h  4cm
dt
1
Volume of cone :  r 2 h
3
1
 V   r 2h
3
1 2
   6h  h ...... From 1
3
1
  36h3
3
Differentiate w.r.t.time
dV 1 dh
   36.3h 2
dt 3 dt
dV 1 dh
   36. 3 h 2
dt 3 dt
2 dh
 12   36. 4 
dt
 dV 
  12cm3 / sec & h  4cm 
 dt 
dh 12 1
   cm / sec
dt 36.16 48
26. Equation Of A Line Through A Given Point And Parallel To A Given Vector
Vector Form:
 
Let O be the origin and A be the fixed point with position vector a . Then OA  a

Let r be the position vector of any point P on the
line drawn through A and parallel

to b

Then OP  r

AP is parallel to b , Therefore,

AP  b R
 
OP  OA  b
  
r  a  b
  
r  a  b
Cartesian Form / Symmetrical Form of a line
   
Here r  xi  yj  zk ,
   
a  x1i  y1 j  z1k ,
   
b  ai  bj  ck
  
W K T r  a   b from vector form
  
Substituting r , a & b values
        

xi  yj  zk  x1i  y1 j  z1k   ai  bj  ck 
  
Comparing the coefficients of i , j & k
x  x1  a y  y1  b z  z1   c
x  x1 y  y1 z  z1
  
a b c
Eliminating the parameter  , we get the following Cartesian equation of the line
x  x1 y  y1 z  z1
 
a b c
27. Equation Of A Line Passing Through Two Given Points
Vector Form:
 
Let O be the origin and A and B be the given points with position vectors a and b
respectively.

Let r be the position vector of any point P on the line passing through the points
A and B. Then
 
  
OP  r , OA  a and OB  b
 
Since, AP is collinear with AB
 
 AP   AB for some scalar  .
   
 OP  OA   OB  OA  
       
  
r a  b a r  a  b a  
Since, every point on the line satisfies this
equations for each value of  , this equation
given the position vector of a point P on the
line.
   
Hence, the vector equation of the line is r  a   b  a  
Cartesian Form:
We know that the vector equation of a line passing through two points with
     
position vectors a and b is given by r  a   b  a  
 
Here, a  x1iˆ  y1 ˆj  z1kˆ , b  x2iˆ  y2 ˆj  z2kˆ

Since, r is the position vector of any point P  x, y, z  on the line.

Therefore, r  xiˆ  yjˆ  zkˆ .
  
Putting the values of r , a and b in (1), we get
 
xiˆ  yjˆ  zkˆ  x1iˆ  y1 ˆj  z1kˆ    x2  x1  iˆ   y2  y1  ˆj   z2  z1  kˆ 
  x  x1    x2  x1  , y  y1    y2  y1  and z  z1    z2  z1 
(On equating coefficients of i, j and k)
x  x1 y  y1 z  z1
   
x2  x1 y2  y1 z2  z1
Hence, the Cartesian equations of the line passing through  x1, y1, z1  and
 x2 , y2 , z2  are given by
x  x1 y  y1 z  z1
 
x2  x1 y2  y1 z2  z1
28. Equation Of A Plane, When The Normal To The Plane And The Distance Of
The Plane From The Origin Are Given (Normal Form)
Vector Form:
Let p be the distance of the given plane from the origin and let n̂ be the unit
vector perpendicular to the given plane. Let ON be the normal and P be any point
on the given plane.
 
So, ON  ON nˆ  p nˆ
 
Now, ON  NP
 
 NP.ON  0 ….. 1
 
 OP  r
   
NP  OP  ON  r  p nˆ

  r  p nˆ  . p nˆ  0

  r  p nˆ  . nˆ  0   p  0
 
 r .nˆ  p nˆ.nˆ  0  r .nˆ  p [ nˆ.nˆ  1 ]
This is the standard form of the equation of a plane in vector form.
Vector equation of a plane in scalar product.
Cartesian Form:
Let P(x,y,z) be any point on the given and n̂ is the unit vector normal to the given
plane.

Vector equation of a plane is r .nˆ  p ….. 1
[ p is the length of perpendicular from origin to the plane.]
 
 r  OP  xiˆ  yjˆ  zkˆ ……. 2
If l , m , n be the direction cosines of n̂ , then
n̂  liˆ  mjˆ  nkˆ
n ……. 3
 
On putting the values of r and n ,(1) becomes
  
xiˆ  yjˆ  zkˆ liˆ  mjˆ  nkˆ  p [Using (2) and (3)]
 lx  my  nz  p
29. Derive The Equation Of A Plane Passing Through A Given Point And
Perpendicular To A Given Vector Vector.
Vector Form

Let the given plane pass through the point A, whose position vector a and the

plane is perpendicular to ON .

Let P be any point on the plane, with position vector r ,
    
then AP  OP  OA  r  a .

Since ON is perpendicular to the given plane.
 It is also perpendicular to line AP in this plane.
  
 AP.ON = 0
   
  r  a  N  0 ( N being position vector of N)
Cartesian Form:
Let A  x1 , y1 , z1  be given point and P  x, y, z  be any point on the plane.
 
OA  a  x1iˆ  y1 ˆj  z1kˆ
 
OP  r  xiˆ  yjˆ  zkˆ

Let A, B and C be the direction ratio of N = 0
 
 x  x1  iˆ   y  y1  ˆj   z  z1  kˆ
 Aiˆ  Bjˆ  Ckˆ  0  A  x  x   B  y  y   C  z  z   0
1 1 1

30. Derive The Equation Of Plane Passing Through Three Non Collinear Points.
Vector Form:
Let A  x1 , y1 , z1  , B  x2 , y2 , z2  and C  x3 , y3 , z3  be three non collinear points on the plane
  
with position vectors are a , b and c respectively
Let P  x, y, z  be any point on the plane with position

vector r .
Now we have to find the equation of a plane passing
through these three points.
 
Clearly AP, AB, AC are coplanar.
 Their scalar tripe product is zero.
 
  AP, AB, AC   0
      
AP  r  a, AB  b  a and AC  c  a
         
 
 r  a b  a c  a    r  a  . b  a   c  a   0 
This is required vector equation of the plane passing through three non non-collinear
points.
Cartesian Form:
     
Given a  OA  x1iˆ  y1 ˆj  z1kˆ , b  OB  x2iˆ  y2 ˆj  z2kˆ , c  OC  x3iˆ  y3 ˆj  z3kˆ
 
r  OP  xiˆ  yjˆ  zkˆ
   
r  a   x  x1  iˆ   y  y1  ˆj   z  z1  kˆ b  a   x2  x1  iˆ   y2  y1  ˆj   z2  z1  kˆ
,
 
c  a   x3  x1  iˆ   y3  y1  ˆj   z3  z1  kˆ
x  x1 y  y1 z  z1
     
Since  r  a b  a c  a   0  x2  x1 y2  y1 z2  z1  0
x3  x1 y3  y1 z3  z1
Is the required equation of the plane in Cartesian form.

31. Probability of solving a specific problem independently by A and B are and

respectively. If both try to solve the problem then find the probability that
a) the problem is solved b) exactly one of them solves the problem
1
Sol: a) Probability of solving the problem by A , P  A  
2
1
Probability of solving the problem by B , P  B  
3
Since the problem is solved independently by A and B
1
P  A  B   P  A P  B  
6
Probability that the problem is solved P  A  B 
1 1 1 2
 P  A  P  B   P  A  B  
  
2 3 6 3
b) Exactly one of them solves the problem
   
 P  A  .P B  P A .P  B 
1 2 1 1 3 1
 .  .  
2 3 2 3 6 2

32. Two balls are drawn at random with replacement from a box containing 10

black and 8 red balls. Find the probability that

(i) both balls are red. (ii) First ball is black and second is red.

(iii) One of them is black and other is red

Sol:
Given A box containing 10 black and 8 red balls.
Total number of balls in box = 18
(i) Both balls are red.
Probability of getting a red ball in first draw = 8/18 = 4/9
As the ball is replaced after first throw,
Hence, Probability of getting a red ball in second draw = 8/18 = 4/9
Now, Probability of getting both balls red = 4/9 × 4/9 = 16/81
(ii) First ball is black and second is red.
Probability of getting a black ball in first draw = 10/18 = 5/9
As the ball is replaced after first throw,
Hence, Probability of getting a red ball in second draw = 8/18 = 4/9
Now, Probability of getting first ball is black and second is red = 5/9 × 5/9
= 20/81
(iii) One of them is black and other is red.
Probability of getting a black ball in first draw = 10/18 = 5/9
 As the ball is replaced after first throw,
Hence, Probability of getting a red ball in second draw = 8/18 = 4/9
Now, Probability of getting first ball is black and second is red
= 5/9 × 4/9 = 20/81
Probability of getting a red ball in first draw = 8/18 = 4/9
As the ball is replaced after first throw,
Hence, Probability of getting a black ball in second draw = 10/18 = 5/9
Now, Probability of getting first ball is red and second is black
= 5/9 × 4/9 = 20/81
Therefore, Probability of getting one of them is black and other is red:
= Probability of getting first ball is black and second is red + Probability of
getting first ball is red and second is black
= 20/81 + 20 /81 = 40/81
33. One card is drawn at random from a well shuffled deck of 52 cards.
In which of the following cases , events E and F are independent.
i) E : the card drawn is a spade and F: the card drawn is an ace
ii) E : the card drawn is black and F : the card drawn is a king
iii) E : the card drawn is a king or queen and F : the card drawn is a queen
or jack
Sol: Given: A deck of 52 cards.
(i) In a deck of 52 cards, 13 cards are spade and 4 cards are ace and only one
card is there which is spade and ace both.
Hence, P (E) = the card drawn is a spade = 13/52 = 1/4
P (F) = the card drawn is an ace = 4/52 = 1/13
P (E ∩ F) = the card drawn is a spade and ace both = 1/52….. (1)
And P (E). P (F)
= ¼ × 1/13 = 1/52…. (2)
From (1) and (2)
⇒ P (E ∩ F) = P (E). P (F)
Hence, E and F are independent events.
(ii) In a deck of 52 cards, 26 cards are black and 4 cards are king and only two
card are there which are black and king both.
Hence, P (E) = the card drawn is of black = 26/52 = ½
P (F) = the card drawn is a king = 4/52 = 1/13
P (E ∩ F) = the card drawn is a black and king both = 2/52 = 1/26…. (1)
And P (E). P (F)
 = ½ × 1/13 = 1/26…. (2)
From (1) and (2)
⇒ P (E ∩ F) = P (E). P (F)
Hence, E and F are independent events.
(iii) In a deck of 52 cards, 4 cards are queen, 4 cards are king and 4 cards are
jack.
Hence, P (E) = the card drawn is either king or queen = 8/52 = 2/13
P (F) = the card drawn is either queen or jack = 8/52 = 2/13
There are 4 cards which are either king or queen and either queen or jack.
P (E ∩ F) = the card drawn is either king or queen and either queen or jack
= 4/52 = 1/13 … (1)
And P (E). P (F)
= 2/13 × 2/13 = 4/169…. (2)
From (1) and (2)
⇒ P (E ∩ F) ≠ P (E). P (F)
Hence, E and F are not independent events
34. If a fair coin is tossed 10 times, find the probability of
i) exactly six heads ii) at least six heads iii) at most six head
Sol: Let X denote the number of heads in an experiment of 10 trials.
Clearly, X has the binomial distribution with
1 1 1
n  10, p  and q  1  p  1  
2 2 2
10  x x 10
1  1  10 1
 P  X  x  10 C x      Cx  
2 2 2
10
1 10! 1 105
i)  P  X  6  10 C6    
2 6! 4! 210 512
ii) P(at least six heads)
 P  X  6  P  X  6  P  X  7  P  X  8  P  X  9  P  X  10
10 10 10 10 10
1 1 1 1 1
10 C6   10 C7   10 C8   10 C9   10 C10  
2 2 2 2 2
 10! 10! 10! 10! 10!  1 193
     
 6! 4! 7! 3! 8! 2! 9!1! 10! 0! 2
10
512

iii) P(at most six heads) =  P  X  6

 P  X  0  P  X  1  P  X  2  P  X  3  P  X  4  P  X  5  P  X  6
10 10 10 10 10 10 10
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
 C0   10 C1   10 C2   10 C3   10 C4   10 C5   10 C6  
10

2 2 2 2 2 2 2

 10  9 10  9  8 10  9  8  7 10  9  8  7  6 10  9  8  7  6  5  1
 1  10     
 2 1 3  2 1 4  3  2 1 5  4  3  2 1 6  5  4  3  2 1  210
 848 53
 
1024 64
35. A die is thrown 6 times. If ‘getting an odd number’ is success, what is the
probability of
i) 5 successes? ii) atleast 5 successes? iii) atmost 5 successes?
Sol: The trials are Bernoullian trials with n  6
Here success is ‘getting an odd number’.
 p  P  success   P (getting an odd number)
3 1 1 1
   S  1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and q  P  failure   1  p  1  
6 2 2 2
Let X be the number of successes (getting an odd number) in 6 trials.
1
X is a binomial random variable with n  6, p  q
2
6 x x 6
n n x x 1
6 1 6 1
Now: P  x  x   C x .q . p  Cx      Cx  
2 2 2
6
1 1 3
i) P  X  5   6 C5    6  
2
  64 32
6 6
1 1
ii) P  X  5   P  X  5  P  X  6   C5    6 C6  
6 1 1 7
 6  1 
2 2 64 64 64
iii) P  x  5   P  X  0   P  X  1  P  X  2   P  X  3  P  X  4   P  X  5 
1 63
 1  P  X  6  1  
64 64
36. Five cars are drawn successively with replacement from a well-shuffled deck
of 52 cards. What is the probability that
i) all the five cards are spade? ii) only three cards are spade?
iii) none is spade?
Sol: Here n  5
13 1 3
p  P  spade cards    ;q  1 p 
52 4 4
5 x x 5 x
n n x x 3  1  5  3
Where P  X  x   Cxq
5
p  Cx      Cx 5
4 4  4
0
5  3  1  1
i) P  X  5  C5 5 5
 4  4 1024
5 2
5  3  3 90
ii) P  X  3  C3 5
 10  5 
 4  4  1024
5 5
5  3   3  243
iii) 
P X  0  0 5
 C 5
 4  4 1024

37. The probability that a bulb produced by a factory will fuse after 150 days of
use is 0.05. Find the probability that out of 5 such bulbs.
i) none ii) not more than one iii) more than one
 iv) atleast one, will fuse after 150 days of use
Sol: Here n  5, p  0.05, q  1  p  0.95
5 x x
 P  x   n C x q n  x . p x 5 C4  0.95   0.05 
5 x 5
i) P(none) = P  0   5 C0  0.95  .  0.05    0.95 
ii) P(not more than one) P  x  1  P  0  P 1
5 4 4 4
  0.95   5 C1  0.95   0.05    0.95    0.95  5  0.05     0.95  1.20 
iii) P(more than one )  P  x  1
 1 P  x  1  1   0.95  4 1.20 
5
iv) P(atleast one)  P  x  1  1  P  x  0  1   0.95 
38. A person buys a lottery ticket in 50 lotteries, in each of which his chance of
1
winning a prize is . What is the probability that he will win a prize
100
a) atleast once b) exactly once c) atleast twice?
1 99
Sol: Here n  50, p  ,q 
100 100
50  x x
n x x  99   1 
P  X  x  n Cx  q   p 50 C x   . 
 100   100 
50
99 
a) P  X  1  1  P  0   1   
 100 
49
1 99 
b) P  X  1   
2  100 
49 49
99   99 1   149   99 
c) P  X  2   1   P  0   P 1   1      50    1   
 100  100 100   100   100 
1
39. The probability that a student is not swimmer is .Then find the probability
5
that out of five students, (i) at least four are siwmmers (ii) at most three are
swimmers (iii) four are swimmers.
4 1
Sol: Here n  5, p  ,q 
5 5
5 x x
P  X  x n Cx .qnx . px 1 4
5 Cx    
5 5
i) At least four are swimmers:
Required probability  P  X  4  P  X  5
4 5
 1  4  4
 5 C 4      5 C5  
 5  5  5
4 5 4 5
 1  4   4  4 4
 5           
 5  5   5  5 5
ii) At most three are swimmer:
Required probability
 P  X  0  P  X  1  P  X  2  P  X  3
4 5

 1 P  X  4  P  X  5 4 4
 1     
5 5
(iii) four are swimmers
 Required probability  P  X  4
4 4
 1  4   1  4 
5 C4     5    
 5  5   5  5 
4
4
 
5
40. Verify whether the function, f : N Y , defined by f  x   4 x  3 , where
Y   y : y  4 x  3, x  N  is invertible or not. Write the inverse of f  x  if exists.
Sol : f  x   4 x  3 , x  N
f  x  y
 4x  3  y
y 3
 4x  y  3  x 
4
Now , Consider g : Y  N
y 3
g  y  , y  Y
4
Consider gof  x  & fog  y 
gof  x   g  f  x  
 g  4 x  3


 4 x  3  3
4

 4 x  3 3

4x
x
4 4
and fog  y   f  g  y  
 y 3
 f 
 4 
 y 3
 4 3
 4 
 y 3
 4 3
 4 
 y 3  3  y
 gof  I N & fog  IY
x 3
f is invertible and g is the inverse of f. f 1  x  
4
41. Let R be the set of all non-negative real numbers. Show that the function
f : R  [4, ) defined by f  x   x 2  4 is invertible. Also write the inverse of
f  x
Sol : f  x   x 2  4, x  R
Let f  x   y
 x2  4  y
 x2  y  4  x  y  4
Now , Consider g :[4, )  R , g  y   y  4 , y  [4,  )
 Consider gof  x  & fog  y 
 gof  x   g  f  x  

 g  x 2  4   x 2  4  4  x2  4  4  x
and fog  y   f  g  y  
 f  y4 
2
  y4  4  y 4  4  y
 gof  I R  & fog  I4, 
f is invertible and g is the inverse of f. f 1  x   x  4
42. Let f : N  R be defined by f  x   4 x 2  12 x  15 . Show that f : N  S, where S is
the range of the function, is invertible. Also find the inverse of f .
Sol : f  x   4 x 2  12 x  15, x  N
Let f  x   y
 4 x2  12 x  15  y
Let  a2  4 x2  a  2 x
3
 2ab  12 x  2.2. x .b  12 x  b  3
Adding & subtracting b 2
 4 x 2  9  9  12 x  15  y
2
  2 x  3  9  15  y
2
  2 x  3  6  y ....1
2
  2 x  3   y  6   2 x  3  y  6

 
y 6 3
 2x   
y 6 3  x 
2
Now , Consider g : S  N

g  y 
 y 6 3  , y  S
2
Consider gof  x  & fog  y 
 gof  x   g  f  x  


 g  2 x  3  6
2


  2 x  3
2
66 3  Since g  y  
 
y 6 3
2 2


  2 x  3
2
 6  6 3 
2


  2 x  3
2
3
2
 
 2x  3  3   2 x  3   3   2 x   x
2 2 2
and fog  y   f  g  y  

 f
 y 6 3


 2 
 
2
  y 6 3  2
  2   3   6 Since f  x    2 x  3  6
  2
   
2
  y 6 3  2 2
2
  2
  3   6

   
y 6 3 3  6   y6  3  3   6
   
2
  y6  6  y66  y 6  6  y
 gof  I N & fog  I S
x6 3
f is invertible and g is the inverse of f. f 1  x  
2
43. If R is the set of all non-negative real numbers prove that the function
f : R  [5, ) defined by f  x   9 x 2  6 x  5 is invertible. Write also f 1  x  .
Sol : f  x   9 x 2  6 x  5 , x  R
Let f  x   y
 9x2  6 x  5  y
Let  a 2  9 x 2  a  3x
 2ab  6 x  2.3.x.b  6 x  b  1
Adding & subtracting b 2
 9 x2  6 x  1 1  5  y
2 2
  3 x  1  1  5  y   3 x  1  6  y .....1
2 y  6 1
  3 x  1  y  6   3x  1  y  6   3x   y  6  1  x 
3
Now , Consider g :[ 5,  )  R
y  6 1
 g  y  , y  [ 5,  )
3
Consider gof  x  & fog  y 
 gof  x   g  f  x  


 g  3x  1  6  2


3x  1  6  6  1
2

Since g  y  
y  6 1
3 3


3x  1  6   6  1
2


3x  1   12

3
 3x  1  1 3 x
  x
3 3
and fog  y   f  g  y  
 y  6 1 
 f 
 3
 
2
  y  6 1   2
  3   1  6 Since f  x    3 x  1  6
  3
   
2
  y  6 1   2 2
3
 
  3
  1   6 
 
  
y 6 1  1 6   y6  6  y  6 6  y

 gof  I R  & fog  I 5, 

 x  6 1 
f is invertible and g is the inverse of f. f 1  x    
 3
 
44. Prove that the function f : N Y defined by f  x   x , where Y   y : y  x 2 , x  N 
2

is invertible. Also write the inverse of f  x  .

Sol : f  x   x 2 , x  N
Let f  x   y
 x2  y  x  y
Now , Consider g : Y  N
 g  y   y , y  Y

Consider gof  x  & fog  y 

 g  f  x   g  x2   x2  x
2
and fog  y   f  g  y    f  y  y y
 gof  I N & fog  IY
f is invertible and g is the inverse of f. f 1  x   x
45. Check the injective and surjectivity of the function f : N  N given by
f  x  x2
Sol : Given f  x   x 2 , x  N
One-One:
Let x1, x2  N
 f  x1   f  x2 
 x12  x2 2 ( Don’t Cancel Squares on Both sides it is wrong )
2 2
 x  x2  0   x1  x2  x1  x2   0
1

 x1  x2  0 &  x1  x2  0 ( x1, x2  N )  x1  x2
 f is one-one function
Onto: f  x   y , y  N  x2  y  x  y  N  f is not onto function
 5x
(Or) Range = N  Co-domain
 Given function is not bijective
46. Check the injective and surjectivity of the function f : R  R given by
f  x   x2
Sol : Given f  x   x 2 , x  R
One-One: Let x1, x2  R
 f  x1   f  x2 
 x12  x2 2 ( Don’t Cancel Squares on Both sides it is wrong )
2 2
 x  x2  0   x1  x2  x1  x2   0
1

 x1  x2  0 &  x1  x2  0
 x1  x2 &  x1   x2
 f is not one-one function
Onto: f  x   y , y  R  x 2  y  x  y  R  f is not onto function
(Or) Range = Set of all +ve Real numbers  Co-domain
Given function is not bijective
47. Check the injective and surjectivity of the function f : R  R given b
f  x   1  x2
Sol : Given f  x   1  x 2 , x  R
One-One:
Let x1, x2  R
 f  x1   f  x2 
 1  x12  1  x2 2  x12  x2 2 ( Don’t Cancel Squares on Both sides it is wrong )
  x12  x2 2   0
  x1  x2  x1  x2   0
 x1   x2  f is not one-one function
Onto: f  x   y , y  R  1  x2  y  x  y  1 < 1;
 f is not onto function  5  x
(Or)
f(x) = 1 + x2
Here f 1  1  1  2 & f  1  1  1  2
 f 1  f  1  1  1 i.e., f  x1   f  x2   x1  x2
f is not one-one
Range of f  1,   R
( Range of f contains only those real numbers greater than or equal to 1.)
Range of f  codomain of f.  f is not onto.
Thus f is neither one-one nor onto.
Range  Co-domain  f is not a bijective function
43. Check the injective and surjectivity of the function f : R  R given by
f  x   3x
Sol : Given f  x   3 x, x  R
One-One:
Let x1, x2  R  f  x1   f  x2   3x1  3x2  x1  x2
  f is one-one function
y y
Onto: f  x   y , y  R  3x  y  x  ∈  f is onto function  x
3 3
y
 Corresponding to each y  R (codomain), there exists    R (domain) such that.
3
 y
f    y  f is onto.
3
Range of f  co domain of f
Given function is bijective
44. Check the injective and surjectivity of the function f : R  R given by
f  x  3  4x
Sol : Given f  x   3  4 x, x  R
One-One:
Let x1, x2  R  f  x1   f  x2   3  4 x1  3  4 x2  x1  x2
 f is one-one function
y 3
Onto: f  x   y , y  R  3  4x  y  x  ∈ (writing ∈ )
4
y3
 f is onto function  x
4
3 y
 corresponding to every y  R there exists x  R
4
such that f(x) = y. (writing this step while showing onto is necessary)
 f is onto function
 f is a bijective function
(Or) Range of f = co domain of f  f is onto function
45. Show that the function f : N  N given by f  x   2 x is one-one but not onto.
Sol: Given f  x   2 x, x  N
One-One:
Let x1 , x2  N  f  x1   f  x2   2 x1  2 x2  x1  x2
 f is one-one function
y y
Onto: f  x   y , y  N  2x  y x  f is not onto function   N
2 2
(Or) Range of f = {2, 4, 6…..} ≠ N (codomain);
Range of f  co domain of f
 f is not onto.
 f is one-one but not onto.
 f is not a bijective function

3 Marks
1. Show that relation R in the set A  1, 2, 3, 4,5 given by
R   a, b  : a  b is even is an equivalence relation
Sol: Let , R   a, b  : a  b is even
 R is reflexive , as  a, a   R ,  a  A
Example : 1,1 ,  2, 2  .. all satisfy the condition a  b  even
R is symmetric , as  a, b   R   b, a   R , a , b  A
Example :  2, 4   R , satisfy the condition a  b  even , and
 4, 2   R , satisfy the condition a  b  even
R is transitive , as  a , b   R,  b, c   R   a, c   R , a , b, c  A
Example : 1,3   R,  3,5   R  1, 5   R satisfy the condition
a  b  even Hence, R is an Equivalence relation on A
2. Show that the relation ‘R’ in the set A   x : x  Z and 0  x  12 given
by R   a , b  : a  b is multiple of 4 is an equivalence relation.
Sol : Let R   a , b  : a  b is multiple of 4
R is reflexive , as  a, a   R ,  a  A
Example : 1,1 ,  2, 2  .. all satisfy the condition a  b is multiple of 4
R is symmetric , as  a, b   R   b, a   R , a , b  A
Example :  4,8   R , satisfy the condition a  b is multiple of 4 , and
 8, 4   R , satisfy the condition a  b is multiple of 4
R is transitive , as  a, b   R,  b, c   R   a, c   R , a , b, c  A
Example :  4,8   R,  8,12   R   4,12   R satisfy the condition
a  b is multiple of 4
Hence, R is an Equivalence relation on A
3. Prove that the relation R in the set of integers Z defined by
R   x, y  : x  y is an int eger is an equivalence relation.
Sol : Let , R   x, y  : x  y is an int eger
R is reflexive , as  a, a   R ,  a  Z
Example : 1,1 ,  2, 2  .. all satisfy the condition x  y is an int eger
R is symmetric , as  a, b   R   b, a   R , a , b  Z
Example :  4,8   R , satisfy the condition x  y is an int eger , and
 8, 4   R , satisfy the condition x  y is an int eger
R is transitive , as  a, b   R,  b, c   R   a, c   R , a , b, c  Z
Example :  4,8   R,  8,12   R   4,12   R satisfy the condition
x  y is an int eger
Hence, R is an Equivalence relation on Z

4. Show that the relation R in the set Z of integers given by

R   x, y  : 2 divides  x  y  is an equivalence relation.
 x y
Sol : Let , R   x, y  : 2 divides  x  y  , i.e  
 2 
R is reflexive , as  a, a   R ,  a  Z
 Example : 1,1 ,  2, 2  .. all satisfy the condition 2 divides  x  y 
R is symmetric , as  a, b   R   b, a   R , a , b  Z
Example :  4,8   R , satisfy the condition 2 divides  x  y  , and
 8, 4   R , satisfy the condition 2 divides  x  y 
R is transitive , as  a , b   R,  b, c   R   a, c   R , a , b, c  Z
Example :  4,8   R,  8,12   R   4,12   R satisfy the condition
2 divides  x  y 
Hence, R is an Equivalence relation on Z
5. Show that the relation R defined in the set A of all triangles as
R   T1 , T2  : T1 is similar to T2  is an equivalence relation.
Sol: Let R   T1 , T2  : T1 is similar to T2 
R is reflexive , as T1 , T1   R , T1  A
R is symmetric , as T1 , T2   R  T2 , T1   R , T1,T2  A
R is transitive , as T1 , T2   R, T2 , T3   R  T1 , T3   R
Hence, R is an Equivalence relation on R
6. If L be the set of all lines in XY plane and R be the relation in L defined as
R   L1 , L2  : L1 is parallel to L2  . Show that R is an equivalence relation.
Sol: Let R   L1 , L2  : L1 is parallel to L2 
R is reflexive , as  L1 , L1   R , L1  L
R is symmetric , as  L1 , L2   R   L2 , L1   R , L1 , L2  L
R is transitive , as  L1 , L2   R,  L2 , L3   R   L1 , L3   R , L1 , L2 , L3  L
Hence, R is an Equivalence relation on L
7. Show that the relation R in the set of real numbers R defined as
R   a , b  : a  b is reflexive and transitive but not symmetric
Sol : Let, R   a, b  : a  b
R is reflexive , as  a, a   R ,  a  R
Example : 1,1 ,  2, 2  .. all satisfy the condition a  b
R is not symmetric , as  a, b   R   b, a  R
Example :  3, 4   R , satisfy the condition a  b , but

 4,3 R , not satisfy the condition ab

R is transitive , as  a , b   R,  b, c   R   a, c   R
Example :  3, 4   R,  4,5   R   3, 5   R , satisfy the condition ab

8. Check whether the relation R in R of real number defined by R   a, b  : a  b3 

is reflexive , symmetric or transitive.
Sol: Let, R   a, b  : a  b3 
R is not reflexive , a  a 3 is not true a  R
1 1
Example :  ,  is not satisfy the condition a  b 3
2 2
 R is not symmetric , as a  b3  R  b  a 3  R
Example : 1, 2   R , but  2,1  R
R is not transitive , as a  b3  R, b  c3  R  a  c3  R
Example :  2,3   R,  3,1  R   2,1  R
2 7 1
9. Prove that tan 1  tan 1  tan 1
11 24 2
2 7
Sol: Given tan 1  tan 1
11 24
 x y 
tan 1 x  tan 1 y  tan 1   , xy  1
 1  xy 
 2 7 
  
 tan 1  11 24 
2 7
 1 . 
 11 24 
 48  77 
 
 tan 1  11 24
11 24  7  2 
 
 11 24 
 125  1  1 
 tan 1    tan  
 250  2
1 1  31 
10. Show that 2 tan 1    tan 1    tan 1  
2 7  17 
1 1  31 
Sol: Given 2 tan 1    tan 1    tan 1  
2
  7
   17 
 x y 
tan 1 x  tan 1 y  tan 1   , xy  1
 1  xy 
1 1 1
LHS  tan 1    tan 1    tan 1  
2 2 7
 1 1 
   1
 tan 1  2 2   tan 1  
1 1 7
 1 . 
 2 2
 
 1  1
 tan 1    tan 1  
1 7
 1 
 4
 
 1  1
 tan 1    tan 1  
4 1 7
 
 4 
4 1
 tan 1    tan 1  
3 7
  4 1   28  3 
      31 
 tan 1  3 7   tan 1  21   tan 1  
 1 4 . 1  
21  4
  17 
 3 7  21 
= RHS

1 2 4 
11. Show that tan 1  tan 1  tan 1 
2 11 3 2
1 2 4
Sol: LHS tan 1  tan 1  tan 1
2 11 3
 x y 
tan 1 x  tan 1 y  tan 1   , xy  1
 1  xy 
 1 2 
   4
 tan 1  2 11   tan 1  
1 2 3
 1 . 
 2 11 
 15 
  4
 tan 1  22   tan 1  
20 3
 
 22 
3 4
 tan 1    tan 1  
4 3
4 4 
 cot 1    tan 1   =  RHS
3 3 2
4  12   33 
12. Prove that cos 1    cos 1    cos 1  
5  13   65 
4  12   33 
Sol: Given cos 1    cos 1    cos 1  
5  13   65 
4  12 
LHS: cos 1    cos 1  
5  13 
3  5  1 1 1  x  y  
 tan 1    tan 1    tan x  tan y  tan   , xy  1
4  12    1  xy  
 3 5 
  
 tan 1  4 12 
3 5
 1 . 
 4 12 
 36  20 
 
 tan 1  48 
48  15 
 
 48 
 56 
 tan 1  
 33 
 33 
 cos 1  
 65 
 3
 2x  1  3 x  x  1
13. Prove that tan 1 x  tan 1  2 
 tan  2 
,x
 1 x   1  3x  3
 2x 
Sol: LHS: tan 1 x  tan 1  2 
1 x 
 2x 
 x
 tan 1  1  x2 

 1 x 2x 2 
 1 x 
 x 1  x 2   2 x 
 
 tan 1  1  x2 
 1  x2  2 x2 
 1  x2 
 
3
 3x  x 
 2 
 tan 1  1  x 2 
 1  3x 
 
 1  x2 
 3 x  x3 
 tan 1  2 
= RHS
 1  3x 
 x 1  1  x  1  
14. Solve for x tan 1    tan  
 x2  x2 4
 x 1  1  x  1  
Sol: Given tan 1    tan  
 x2  x2 4
 x 1  1  x  1  
 tan 1    tan  
 x2  x2 4
 x 1 x 1 
  
 tan 1  x2 x2  
 1   x  1  x  1   4
  x  2  x  2  
   
  x  1 x  2    x  1 x  2  
 
1 
 tan 
 x  2 x  2   
 4
  x  4    x  1
2 2

  x  2  x  2  
 
  x  1 x  2    x  1 x  2  
 
  x  2 x  2   
   tan
  x  4    x  1
2 2
 4
 
  x  2  x  2  

  x  1 x  2    x  1 x  2  
  1

  x 2
 4    x 2
 1 

  x  1 x  2    x  1 x  2    x 2  4    x 2  1
  x2  2 x  x  2  x2  2 x  x  2  x2  4  x2  1
 x 2 2 x  x  2  x 2 2 x  x  2  x 2  4  x 2  1
 x 2  2  x 2  2  4  1
 2 x 2  4  1  2  2
 2x2  1
1
 x2 
2
1
x
2

15. Solve for x tan 1 2 x  tan 1 3 x 
4

Sol: Given tan 1 2 x  tan 1 3 x 
4
 2 x  3x  
 tan 1   
 1   2 x  3 x   4
 5x  
 tan 1  
 1   6 x2   4
 
 5x  
 2 
 tan
 1 6x  4
 5x 
 2 
1
 1 6x 
 5x  1  6x2
 6 x2  5x 1  0
 6x2  6x  x 1  0
 6 x  x  1  1 x  1  0
  x  1 6 x  1  0
1
 x  1 & x 
6
 x  1 does not satisfy the given equation
1
x
6

 1 x  1
16. Solve for x tan 1  1
  tan x, x  0
 1  x  2
 1 x  1
Sol: Given tan 1  1
  tan x, x  0
 1 x  2
1  x y 
 tan 1 1  tan 1 x  tan 1 x Since tan 1 x  tan 1 y  tan 1  
2  1  xy 
1
 tan 1 1  tan 1 x  tan 1 x
2
     3
 tan 1  tan     tan 1 x
  4  2
3     1
 tan 1 x   tan 1 x   x  tan    x 
2 4 6 6 3
 cos x  sin x 
17. Write the Simplest form of tan 1  ,0  x  
 cos x  sin x 
 cos x  sin x 
Sol: Given tan 1  
 cos x  sin x 
Dividing with cos x
 cos x  sin x 
 cos x 
 tan 1  
 cos x  sin x 
 cos x 
 1  tan x 
 tan 1  
 1  tan x 
  
 tan  tan x   1  x  y 
 tan  1 4 tan x  tan 1 y  tan 1 
   
 1  tan .tan x    1  xy  
 4 
   
 tan 1  tan     tan 1  tan  x  
  4 

 x
4
 3cos x  4sin x  3
18. Write the Simplest form of tan 1   , tan x  1
 4 cos x  3sin x  4
 3cos x  4sin x 
Sol: Given tan 1  
 4 cos x  3sin x 
Dividing with 4 cos x
 3cos x  4sin x 
 4 cos x 
 tan 1  
 4 cos x  3sin x 
 4 cos x 
 3 
1
 4  tan x   1  x  y 
 tan    tan x  tan 1 y  tan 1  
3   1  xy  
 1  tan x 
 4 
3
 tan 1    tan 1  tan  x  
4
3
 tan 1    x
4
19. If A and B are symmetric matries of the same order, then show that AB is
symmetric if and only if A and B commute, that AB = BA
Sol : Since A and B are symmetric matrices then
A1  A & B  B1
 Let AB be symmetric , then
1
 AB   AB ............1
1
But  AB   B1 A1  BA ..........2
From 1 & 2
AB  BA
Conversely ,
If , AB  BA , then we shall show that AB is symmetric .
1
Now ,  AB   AB
Hence AB is symmetric
1
20. If A and B are invertible matrices of the same order, then  AB   B 1 A1
1
Sol : By definition of inverse  AB  AB   I
Pre multiplying by A1 on both sides
1
 A1  AB  AB   A1I
1
  A1 A B  AB   A1I
1
 B  AB   A1I since A1 A  I
Pre multiplying B 1 on both sides
1
  B1  B  AB   B1 A1I
1
  B1B   AB   B1 A1I
1
  AB   B 1 A1I Since B 1B  I
1
  AB   B 1 A1
3 5 
21. Express the matrix A    as the sum of symmetric and skew-symmetric
1 1
matrix
Sol :Let
3 5 
A  , then A=P+Q
1 1
1 1
P   A  A1  and Q   A  A1 
2 2
 3 1 
Here A1   
5 1
3 5   3 1  6 6 
 A  A1    
1 1 5 1  6 2 
1
 P   A  A1 
2
1 6 6  3 3
   , P is symmetric matrix
2 6 2  3 1
3 5  3 1   0 4
 A  A1    
1 1 5 1  4 0
1
 Q   A  A1 
2
 1  0 4   0 2
  , Q is skew symmetric matrix
2  4 0   2 0 
Now , A=P+Q
3 3   0 2  3 5 
   
3 1  2 0  1 1
1 5 
22. For a matrix A    , verify that
6 7 
(i) A  A1 is a symmetric matrix
(ii) A  A1 is a skew- symmetric matrix.
1 5  1 6 
Sol: Let A    & A1   
6 7  5 7 
P   A  A1  and Q   A  A1 
1 5  1 6   2 11
 A  A1       P is symmetric
 6 7  5 7  11 14 
1 5  1 6  0 1
 A  A1      Q is skew-symmetric
 6 7  5 7   1 0 
23. For any square matrix A with real number entries, A + A′ is a symmetric
matrix and A – A′ is a skew symmetric matrix
Sol: Let B = A + A′, then
B′ = (A + A′)′
= A′ + (A′)′ (as (A + B)′ = A′ + B′)
= A′ + A (as (A′)′ = A)
= A + A′ (as A + B = B + A)
=B
Therefore B = A + A′ is a symmetric matrix
Now let C = A – A′
C′ = (A – A′)′
= A′ – A
= – (A – A′)
=–C Therefore C = A – A′ is a skew symmetric matrix.

1 1
24. Using elementary transformation , find inverse  
2 3 
1 1
Sol: Let A   
2 3 
Now, A=IA
1 1 1 0 
  A
 2 3  0 1 
1 1  1 0 
R2  R2  2 R1    A
0 5   2 1 
1 1 0
R2  R2 1 1 
5
   2 1  A
1 0  
 5 5
  3 1  3 1
 1 0  5 5  1
 5 5
R1  R1  R2    A A  
 0 1   2 1  2 1
 5 5  5 5 
1 3
25. Using elementary transformation , find inverse  
2 7 
1 3 
Sol: Let A   
2 7
Now, A=IA
1 3  1 0 
  A
 2 7  0 1 
R2  R2  2R1
1 3  1 0
  A
0 1  2 1
R1  R1  3R2
1 0  7 3  7 3
  A  A1   
0 1   2 1   2 1 
 3 1
26. Using elementary transformation , find inverse  
4 2 
 3 1
Sol: Let A   
 4 2 
Now, A=IA
 3 1 1 0
  A
 4 2  0 1 
R1  R1  R2
 1 1  1 1
  A
 4 2   0 1
R1  (1) R1
 1 1  1 1
  A
 4 2   0 1 
R2  R2  4R1
1 1  1 1
  A
0 2  4 3
 1 1
 1  1 1 
R2    R2   3  A
2
   0 1  2
 2
 1  1
1  1
1 0 
R1  R1  R2   
 
2 A  A 1  2
    
0 1   2 3  2 3 
 2   2 
 1 2
27. Using elementary transformation , find inverse  
2 1 
1 2
Sol: Let A   
2 1 
Now, A=IA
1 2 1 0
  A
 2 1  0 1 
1 2  1 0
R2  R2  2R1    A
0 5   2 1
1 0
1 1 2 
R2    R2     2 1  A
5 0 1  
5 5
1 2 1 2
1 0   5 5  5 5
R1  R1  2R2     A  A1   
 0 1   2 1  2 1
 5 5  5 5 
1 2 
28. By using elementary transformation, find the inverse of A   
2 1
1 2 
Sol: Let A   
 2 1
Now, A=IA
1 2  1 0 
  A
 2 1 0 1 
R2  R2  2 R1
1 2   1 0 
  A
0 5  2 1
R
R2  2
 5
1 0 
1 2  
  2 1 A
0 1    
5 5 

R1  R1  2R2
1 2 
1 0   5 5 
  A
0 1   2  1 
 5 5 
1 2 
5 5 
 A 1   
2  1
 5 5 
29. Differentiate x x  2sin x w.r.to x.
Sol: Let y  u  v , where u  x x and v  2sin x
 Now u  x x
Taking logarithm on both sides
x
 log u  log  x 
 log u  x log x Since log am  m log a
1 du 1
  x.  log x
u dx x
du
 x x 1  log x 
dx
And v  2sin x
Taking logarithm on both sides
sin x
 log v  log  2 
 log v  sin x.log 2 Since log am  m log a
1 dv
  cos x.log 2
v dx
dv
 2sin x.cos x.log 2
dx
dy du dv
y uv   
dx dx dx
dy
  x x 1  log x   2sin x.cos x.log 2
dx
x
30. Differentiate  sin x   sin 1 x w.r.to x
x
Sol: Let y  u  v , where u   sin x  and v  sin 1 x
x
Now u   sin x 
Taking logarithm on both sides
x
 log u  log  sin x 
 log u  x log sin x Since log a m  m log a
1 du cos x
  x.  log sin x
u dx sin x
du x
  sin x   x cot x  log sin x 
dx
And v  sin 1 x
dv 1 d 1 1 1
  x . 
dx 2 dx 1  x 2 x 2 x  x2
 
1 x
dy dy dv
y uv  
dx dx dx
dy x 1
   sin x   x cot x  log sin x  
dx 2 x  x2
dy x log e a  y
31. If x y  a x , prove that 
dx x log e x
Sol: Given x y  a x
Taking logarithm on both sides
 log x y  log a x
  y loge x  x loge a Since log a m  m log a
Differentiating w.r.to x, we get
y dy
  log e x   log e a
x dx
dy x log e a  y dy x log e a  y
  log e x    
dx x dx x log e x
dy
32. Find , if x  2at 2 & y  at 4
dx
Sol: Given that x  2at 2 , y  at 4
dx dy
  4at ,  4at 3
dt dt
dy dy / dt 4at 3
   t2
dx dx / dt 4at
dy
33. Find , if x  sin t & y  cos 2t
dx
Sol: Given that x  sin t , y  cos 2t
dx dy
  cos t ,  2sin 2t
dt dt
dy dy / dt 2sin 2t 2.2sin t cos t
Hence,     4sin t
dx dx / dt cos t cos t
dy 4
34. Find , x  4t & y 
dx t
4
Sol: Given that x  4t , y 
t
dx dy 4
 4,   2
dt dt t
dy dy / dt 4 / t 2 1
Hence,    2
dx dx / dt 4 t
dy
35. Find , if x  a   sin   & y  a 1  cos  
dx
Sol: Given that, x  a   sin   , y  a 1  cos  
dx dy
  a 1  cos   ,  a sin 
d d
 
2sin cos
dy dy / d
  
a sin 
 2 2  tan 
dx dx / d a 1  cos    2
2cos 2
2
dy
36. Find , if x  a   sin   & y  a 1  cos  
dx
Sol: Given that x  a   sin   , y  a 1  cos  
dx dy
 a 1  cos   ,  a sin 
d d
 
2sin cos
dy dy / d
  
 a sin 
 2 2   cot 
dx dx / d a 1  cos    2
2sin 2
2
 dy y
37. Find x  a cos3  & y  a sin 3  , prove that  3
dx x
Sol: Given x  a cos3  ; y  a sin3 
Diff w.r.t. 
dx
 3a cos2  sin 
d
dy
 3a sin 2  cos 
d
dy dy / d 3a sin 2  cos  sin 
  2

dx dx / d 3a cos  sin  cos 
1/3
 y
dy sin    1/3
 a  y y
  1/3
    3
dx cos  x x x
 
a
1 1 dy  y
38. If x  a sin t & y  a cos t show that 
dx x
1 1
Sol: Given x  a sin t , y  a cos t

1 1
 xy  a sin t
a cos t

1
t  cos 1 t
 xy  a sin

 xy  a 2
Differentiate w.r.t. x
y
 xy1  y  0  xy1   y  y1 
x
d2x
39. If y  x.cos x , find
dy 2
Sol: Given y  x cos x
Diff w.r.t.x
dy
 x   sin x   cos x 1
dx
dy
  x  sin x   cos x
dx
Again Diff w.r.t.x
d2 y
   x  cos x   sin x 1     sin x    x cos x  sin x  sin x
dx 2
d2 y
   x cos x  2sin x 
dx 2
2
dy cos  a  y 
40. If cos y  x cos  a  y  with cos a  1 , prove that 
dx sin 
Sol: Given cos y  x cos  a  y 
cos y
 x
cos  a  y 
Diff w.r.t.y
 cos  a  y   sin y    cos y    sin  a  y   dx
 2

cos  a  y  dy
cos  a  y   sin y    cos y   sin  a  y   dx
 2

cos  a  y  dy
sin  a  y  y  dx
 2

cos  a  y  dy
sin  a  dx
 2

cos  a  y  dy
2
dy cos  a  x 
 
dx sin a
41. Differentiate sin x w.r.to ecos x
2

Sol: Let u  sin 2 x and v  ecos x

du
Then, we have to find
dv
2
u  sin x , Differentiate w.r.t.x
du
 2sin x cos x
dx
v  ecos x ,Differentiate w.r.t.x
dv
 ecos x   sin x   ecos x .sin x
dx
du du / dx 2sin x cos x 2 cos x
    cos x
dv dv / dx ecos x .sin x e
42. Verify Mean Value Theorem, if f  x   x in the interval  a, b  , where
2

a  2& b  4
Sol : Given f  x   x 2 , f 1  x  2x
f  x  is continuous  2,4
f  x  is differentiable  2,4 
2
Also , f  2    2   4
2
f  4    4   16
f b  f  a 
16  4
Hence ,  6 
ba 42
MVT states that there is a point c ∈ (2, 4)
f b  f  a 
 f 1 c 
ba
 2c  6
 c  3 ∈ (2, 4)
Mean Value Theorem verified .
43. Verify Mean Value Theorem f  x   x 2  4 x  3 in the interval  a, b  , where
a  1& b  4 .
Sol : Given f  x   x 2  4 x  3 , f 1  x  2x  4
f  x  is continuous 1, 4 ; f  x  is differentiable 1, 4 
 2
Also , f 1  1  4 1  3  1  4  3  6
2
f  4    4   4  4   3  16  16  3  3
f b  f  a  3  6 3 3   6 
Hence ,   1 
ba 4 1 3 3
MVT states that there is a point c ∈ (1, 4 )
f b  f  a 
 f 1 c 
ba
5
 2c  4  1  c  ∈ (1, 4) Mean Value Theorem verified .
2
44. Verify Mean Value Theorem f  x   x3  5 x 2  3x in the interval  a, b  , where
a  1& b  3 . Find all c  1,3 for which f 1  c   0
Sol : Given f  x   x3  5 x 2  3x , f 1  x   3x 2  10 x  3
f  x  is continuous 1,3
f  x  is differentiable 1,3
3 2
Also , f 1  1  5 1  3 1  1  5  3  7
3 2
f  3   3  5  3  3  3  27  45  9  27
f b   f  a  27   7 
27  7 20
Hence ,     10 
ba 3 1 2 2
MVT states that there is a point c ∈ (1, 3 )
f b  f  a 
 f 1 c 
ba
 3c2  10c  3  10
 3c2  10c  7  0  3c2  7c  3c  7  0
 3c  c  1  7  c  1  0
7
  3c  7  c  1  0  c  ,1 Thus at c = 7/3, ∈ (1,3)
3
Mean Value Theorem verified .
Now f  c   0 ,  3c 2  10c  3  0 , clearly there is no root in 1,3
1

Therefore , there does not exit c ∈ (1,3) such that f 1  c   0

45. Verify Rolles theorem for the function f  x   x 2  2 x  8, x   4, 2

Sol : Given function f  x   x 2  2 x  8 , f 1  x   2 x  2
f  x  is continuous  4, 2 ; f  x  is differentiable  4,2 
2
Also , f  4    4   2  4   8  16  8  8  0
2
f  2   2  2  2  8  4  4  8  0
f  4   f  2 
Rolle’s theorem states that there is a point c ∈ (– 4, 2), where f′(c) = 0.
 f 1  c   0  2c  2  0  c  1 ∈ (-4,2)
Rolle’s Theorem verified .
46. Verify Rolles theorem for the function f  x   x 2  2, x   2, 2 .
Sol: Given function f  x   x 2  2, f 1  x   2 x
f  x  is continuous  2, 2 ; f  x  is differentiable  2,2 
2
Also , f  2    2   2  4  2  6
2
f  2   2  2  4  2  6
f  2   f  2 
Rolle’s theorem states that there is a point c ∈ (– 2, 2), where f′(c) = 0.
 f 1 c  0
 2c  0  c  0 , ∈ (-2,2)
Rolle’s Theorem verified .
47. Find the intervals in which the following functions are
(a) strictly increasing (b) strictly decreasing:
2
i) f  x  x  4x  6
Given f  x   x 2  4 x  6  f '  x   2 x  4  f '  x   0  2 x  4  0  x  2
Now, the point x  2 divides the real line into two disjoint intervals namely,
 , 2 and  2,  
Interval Sign of f '  x  Nature of f
 , 2 f ' x  0 f is strictly decreasing
 2,   f ' x  0 f is strictly increasing

ii) f  x   2 x 2  3x ;
f ' x  4x  3
3
 f '  x  0  4x  3  0  x 
4
3
Now, the point x  divides the real line into two disjoint intervals namely,
4
 3 3 
  ,  and  ,  
 4 4 
Interval Sign of f '  x  Nature of f
 3
  ,  f ' x  0 f is strictly decreasing
 4
3 
 , f ' x  0 f is strictly increasing
4 

iii) f  x   2 x3  9 x 2  12 x  1
 f 1  x   6 x 2  18 x  12
 f 1  x  0
 6 x 2  18 x  12  0
 6  x 2  3 x  2   0  6  x 2  x  2 x  2   0  6  x  1 x  2   0
 x  1& 2
Interval Sign of f '  x  Nature of f
  , 2 f ' x  0 f is strictly decreasing
 2, 1 f ' x  0 f is strictly increasing
 1,   f ' x  0 f is strictly decreasing

iv) f  x   4 x3  6 x 2  72 x  30
 f 1  x   12 x 2  12 x  72
 f 1  x  0
 12 x 2  12 x  72  0
 12  x 2  x  6   0
 12  x 2  3 x  2 x  6   0
 12  x  3 x  2   0
 x 3 & 2
Interval Sign of f '  x  Nature of f
 , 2 f ' x  0 f is strictly increasing
 2,3 f ' x  0 f is strictly decreasing
 3,   f ' x  0 f is strictly increasing

v) f  x   2 x3  3x 2  36 x  7
 f 1  x   6 x 2  6 x  36
 f 1  x  0
 6 x 2  6 x  36  0
 6  x2  x  6  0
 6  x 2  3x  2 x  6   0
 6  x  3 x  2   0  x  3 &  2
Interval Sign of f '  x  Nature of f
 , 2 f ' x  0 f is strictly increasing
 2,3 f ' x  0 f is strictly decreasing
 3,   f ' x  0 f is strictly increasing
48. Find two number whose sum is 24 and whose product is as large as possible.
Sol: Let two positive numbers be x and y
Given x  y  24  y  24  x (1)
Let P be the product of two numbers x and y then
P  xy (2)
Using (1) in (2), we get
P  x  24  x   24 x  x 2 (3)
From (3), we have
dp d2p
 24  2 x and  2
dx dx 2
 dp
Now  0 gives 2 x  24  x  12
dx
 d2p 
Also,  2   2  0
 dx  x 12
 By second derivative test, x  12 is the point of local maxima of P.
Now, from (1) , we get y  24  12  12
Hence the product is as large as possible when the number are 12 and 12.
 Required numbers are x  12, y  12
49. Find two positive numbers whose sum is 15 and the sum of whose squares is
minimum.
Sol: Let x and y be two positive numbers.
Given : x  y  15  y  15  x (1)
Let S be the sum of the squares of these numbers. Then
2
S  x 2  y 2  x 2  15  x  (using (1))
 S  2 x 2  30 x  225
ds d 2s
We have  4 x  30 and 4
dx dx 2
ds 15
Now  0  4 x  30  x 
dx 2
 d 2s 
Also  2  40
 dx  x 15
2

 By second derivative test.

15 15 15
x  is the point of local minima of S. Now, from (1) we get y  15  
2 2 2
15
Hence the sum of the squares of numbers is minimum when the numbers are and
2
15
2
50. Find two numbers whose product is 100 and whose sum is minimum .
Sol: Given xy  100
100
y
x
Let S  x y
100
S  x
x
Diff w.r.t.x
dS 100
1 2
dx x
dS 100
Now , for minimum ,  0  1 2  0
dx x
 x 2  100  x  10
d 2 S 200
And,  3
dx 2 x
2
d S
Also ,  2  0
 dx  x 10
  d 2S 
Here  2   0 , so x cannot be negative for sum is minimum
 dx  x 10
 Required number are x  10 & y  10
51. Find two positive number x and y such that x  y  60 and xy 3 is maximum.
Sol: Given x  y  60 and x  0, y  0
 y  60  x
3
Let P  xy 3  x  60  x 
dp 3 2
We have,  1 60  x   3  60  x  x
dx
dp
Now, for maxima, 0
dx
3 2
  60  x   3  60  x  x  0
2
  60  x   60  x   3x   0
2
  60  x   60  4 x   0
 x  60 or x  15
2
d p 2
and 2
 2  60  x  60  4 x   4  60  x 
dx
 d2 p 
Also  2  0
 dx  x 60
 d2 p  2
 2  2  60  15 60  60   4  60  15  8100  0
 dx  x 15
 By second derivative test, x=15 is a point of local maxima of P.
Now from (1), y  60  x  60  15  45
Hence P is maximum when the numbers are 15 and 45.
 Required numbers are x  15 and y  45
x
52.  dx
 x + 1 x + 2 
x A B
Sol: Let  
 x  1 x  2 x 1 x  2
 x  A  x  2   B  x  1 ......1
Put x  1, in equation (1), we get  1  A  1  2   A  1
Put x  2 , in equation (1), we get  2  B  2  1  B  2
x  1 2 
I   dx      dx
 x  1 x  2   x 1 x  2 
2
 x  2
  log x  1  2 log x  2  c  log c
x 1
x
53.   x -1 x - 2  dx
x A B
Sol: Let  
 x  1 x  2 x 1 x  2
 x  A  x  2   B  x  1 ---(1)
 Put x  1 in equation (1), 1  A 1  2   A  1
Put x  2, in equation (1) , 2  B  2  1 B  2
x  1 2 
I   dx      dx
 x  1 x  2   x 1 x  2 
2
x2
  log x  1  2 log x  2  c  log c
x 1
2x
54. x 2
dx
+ 3x + 2
2x 2x A B
Sol: Let 2   
x  3x  2  x  2  x  1 x  2 x  1
 2 x  A  x  1  B  x  2  ---(1)
Put x  2 in (1) we get, A  4
Put x  1 in (1) we get, B  2
 4 2 
I     dx  4 log | x  2 | 2 log | x  1|  c
 x  2 x 1
dx
55. Evaluate 
 x + 1 x + 2 
1 A B
Sol: Let  
 x  1 x  2  x 1 x  2
 1  A  x  2   B  x  1 ......1
Put x  1, in equation (1), we get  1  A  1  2   A  1
Put x  2 , in equation (1), we get  1  B  2  1  B  1
1  1 1 
I   dx      dx   log x  1  log x  2  c
 x  1 x  2   x 1 x  2 
2x
56.  (x 2
dx
+ 1)(x 2 + 2)
Sol: Put x 2  t  2 xdx  dt
1
I   dt
 t  1 t  2
1 A B
  
 t  1 t  2  t  1  t  2
 1  A  t  2   B  t  1 ....1
Put t  1;  A  1
Put t  2;  B  1
 1 1   x2  1 
    dt  log | t  1|  log | t  2 |  C  log  2 C
 t 1 t  2   x 2
dx
57.  x x 2
+ 1
dx
Sol:
x  x 2  1
 1 A Bx 2  C
Let   2
x  x 2  1 x x 1
1  A  x 2  1   Bx  C  x ...........1
Equating the coefficients of x 2 , x, and constant terms , we obtain
A B  0 ; C  0 ; A 1
On solving these equations , we obtain A  1; B  1 & C  0
1 x 
I    2  dx
 x x 1
1
I  log x  log x 2  1  C
2
x
58.  e sec x(1 + tanx)dx
Sol: I   e x sec x 1  tan x  dx
  e x (sec x  sec x tan x) dx

 e  f  x   f  x   dx  e f  x   c
x 1 x

Here f  x   sec x ; f 1  x   sec x.tan x

 e x sec x  C

1 1 
59.  ex  - 2  dx
x x 
1 1 
Sol:  e x   2  dx
x x 
 e  f  x   f  x   dx  e f  x   c
x 1 x

1 1 1
Here f  x   ; f  x   2
x x
1
 ex    c
x
 1 
60.  e x  tan -1x +  dx
 1 + x2 
x 1 1 
 e  tan x  1  x 2 
1
 e  f  x   f  x   dx  e f  x   c
1 1
x 1 x
Here f  x   tan x ; f  x  
1  x2
 ex tan1 x  C
61.  e x  sinx + cosx  dx
x
Sol:  e  sin x  cos x  dx
 e  f  x   f  x   dx  e f  x   c
x 1 x

Here f  x   sin x ; f 1  x   cos x

 ex sin x  c
xex
62.  1 + x  2
dx
 x
Sol: I   2
e x dx
1  x 
Adding & subtracting 1
 x  1  1  x 1 1   1 1 
  ex  2 
dx   e x  2
 2 
dx   e x   2
dx
 1  x    1  x  1  x    1  x  1  x  
 e  f  x   f  x   dx  e f  x   c
x 1 x

1 1
Here f  x   ; f 1  x   2
1  x  1  x 
 1 
 ex  C
 x 1
x-3
63.   x - 1 3
e x dx

 x 1 2 
Sol: I   e x   dx
  x  13 
 
x
 1 2 
   x  12  x  13  dx
e  
 
     x   dx  e f  x   c
x 1 x
e f x  f
1 2
Here f  x   2
; f 1  x   3
 x  1  x  1
1
 ex 2
C
 x  1
x2 + 1
64.   x + 1 2
exdx

x2 1  2
Sol: I   2
e x dx
 x  1
 x 1 2 
  ex   2
dx
 x  1  x  1 

 e  f  x   f  x   dx  e f  x   c
x 1 x

x 1 2
Here f  x   ; f 1  x  2
 x  1  x  1
 x 1
 ex  C
 x 1
 1 + sinx 
65.  e x   dx
 1 + cosx 
 x x
 1  2sin cos 
Sol: I   e x  2 2 dx

2 x
 2 cos 
 2 
 1 x x
  e x  sec 2  tan  dx
2 2 2
 e  f  x   f  x   dx  e f  x   c
x 1 x

x 1 1 2x
Here f  x   tan ; f  x   sec
2 2 2
x
 e x tan c
2
2
66. (i) x logx dx (ii)  xlogxdx
2 2
Sol: (i) I   x log x dx    log x  x dx
d 
 UVdx  U  Vdx    dx U  Vdx  dx
Here U  log x;V  x 2
x3 1 x3 x3 1  x3 
  log x    . dx   log x      C
3 x 3 3 3 3 
(ii) I   x log x dx    log x  xdx
d 
 UVdx  U  Vdx    dx U  Vdx  dx
Here U  log x;V  x
x2 1 x2 x2 1  x2 
  log x    . dx   log x      C
2 x 2 2 2 2 
67.  xtan -1 x dx
Sol: I   x tan 1 x dx    tan 1 x  x dx
d 
 UVdx  U  Vdx    dx U  Vdx  dx
Here U  tan 1 x;V  x
x2 1 x2
  tan 1 x    dx
2 1  x2 2
Adding & subtracting 1
x2 1 1  x2  1
 tan 1 x   dx
2 2 1  x2
x2 1  1  x2 1
 tan 1 x   1   dx  tan 1 x   x  tan 1 x   C
2 2  1  x2  2 2

-1 2
68. (i)  tan x dx (ii)  xsec xdx
Sol: (i) I   tan 1 x dx   tan 1 x.1dx
d 
 UVdx  U  Vdx    dx U  Vdx  dx
Here U  tan 1 x;V  1
x
  tan 1 x  x   dx
1  x2
 1 2x
1
Multiply and divided by 2:  tan x x    2  1  x2
dx

1 f 1  x
 x tan 1 x  log |1  x2 | C  dx  log f  x   c
2 f  x
(ii) I   x sec 2 dx
d 
 UVdx  U  Vdx    dx U  Vdx  dx
Here U  x;V  sec 2 x
 x.tan x   tan xdx  x tan x  log cos x  C
69.  e x sinx dx
Sol: I   e x sin x dx
d 
 UVdx  U  Vdx    dx U  Vdx  dx
Here U  sin x;V  e x
d 
I  sin x  e x dx    sin x  e x dx  dx
 dx 
x x
I  sin x.e    cos x.e  dx
 d  
I  sin x.e x   cos x  e x dx    cos x  e x dx  dx 
  dx  
I  sin x.e  cos x.e    sin x.e  dx 
x x x

I  sin x.e x  cos x.e x   sin x.e x  dx

I  sin x.ex  cos x.ex  I  c
1
 sin x.e x  cos x.e x   c
2 I  sin x.e x  cos x.e x  c  I 
2
70. Find the differential equation representing the given family of curves
x y
  1 by eliminating arbitrary constants a and b
a b
x y
Sol: Given Equation of the family of curves   1 ……….(i)
a b
Here there are two arbitrary constants a and b therefore differentiate both sides
two times w.r.t. x
1 1 dy
 .1  0
a b dx
dy b
  ……….(ii)
dx a
d2y
Again differentiating w.r.t. x ,  2  0
dx
71. Find the differential equation representing the given family of curves y  mx
by eliminating arbitrary constants m.
Sol: We have y = mx ... (1)
Differentiating both sides of equation (1) with respect to x, we get
dy
 m
dx
  dy 
Substituting the value of m in equation (1) we get  y    x
 dx 
 dy 
 y  x  0
 dx 
72. Find the differential equation representing the given family of curves
y  a sin  x  b  by eliminating arbitrary constants a and b .
Sol: We have y = a sin (x + b)) ... (1)
Differentiating both sides of equation (1) with respect to x
dy
  a cos  x  b  ............2
dx
Again Differentiating both sides of equation 2 with respect to x
d2y
 2  a sin  x  b 
dx
Eliminating a and b from equations (1), (2) and (3), we get
d2y d2y
 2  y  2  y  0
dx dx
73. Find the differential equation representing the given family of curves
y  ae3 x  be 2 x by eliminating arbitrary constants a and b .
Sol: Given Equation of the family of curves y  ae3 x  be2 x ……….(i)
Here there are two arbitrary constants a and b , therefore differentiate both
sides two times w.r.t x
 y1  3ae3 x  2be 2 x ……….(ii)
Again differentiating w.r.t x
 y2  9ae3 x  4be 2 x ……….(iii)
 y2  6ae3 x  3ae3 x  6be 2 x  2be 2 x
 y2  6ae3 x  6be 2 x  3ae3 x  2be 2 x
 y2  6  ae3 x  be 2 x   3ae3 x  2be 2 x
 y2  6  y   y1
 y2  y1  6  y   0
74. Form the differential equation of the family of circles touching the x-axis at
origin.
Sol: It is clear that if a circle touches x-axis
axis at the origin must have its centre on y
y-
axis
Therefore, the centre of the circle is  0, r  where r is the
radius of the circle
2 2
Equation of the required circle is  x  0    y  r   r 2
2
 x 2  y 2  r  2ry
2  r2
 x 2  y 2  2ry ……….(i)
Here r is the only arbitrary constant.
Differentiating w.r.t. x , we get
 2 x  2 yy1  2ry1
 x  yy1  ry1
x  yy1
 r
y1
 Substitute r in eq (i)
 x  yy1 
 x2  y2  2  y
 y1 
 x 2 y1  y 2 y1  2  xy  y1 y 2 
 x 2 y1  y 2 y1  2 xy  2 y1 y 2
 x 2 y1  y 2 y1  2 y1 y 2  2 xy
 x 2 y1  y 2 y1  2 xy
  x 2  y 2  y1  2 xy  x 2 y1  y 2 y1  2 xy
75. Form the differential equation of the family of circles having centres on y-
axis and radius 3 units.
Sol: We know that on y-axis, x=0
axis is  0,k  .
Centre of the circle on y-axis
Equation of the circle having centre on y-axis of radius ‘k’ unit is
2 2 2
  x  0    y  k    3
2 2 2
  x    y  k    3 ……….(i)
Here ‘k’ is the only arbitrary constant, therefore differentiate only once.
 2 x  2  y  k  y1  0
 2 x  2  y  k  y1
x
  y  k
y1
Substitute  y  k  in eq (i)
2
2  x  2
  x       3
 y1 
2 2
  x  y 21  x 2   3 y 21
 y 21  x 2  9   x 2  0

 dy 
76. Find a particular solution of the differential equation cos    a;  a  R  , y  2
 dx 
When x  0
 dy 
Sol: Given cos    a;  a  R 
 dx 
 dy 
    cos 1 a
 dx 
 dy  cos 1 adx
  dy   cos 1 adx
 y  cos 1 a.x  c (1)
y  2 when x  0
 2  cos 1 a.0  c
2c
 From 1
 y  x cos 1 a  2
dy 1  y 2
77. Find the general solution of the differential equation 
dx 1  x 2
dy dx
Sol: Given differential equation can be written as 2

1 y 1  x2
dy dx
Integrating both sides of equation  2

1 y 1  x2
tan 1 y  tan 1 x  c
dy 1  cos x
78. Find the general solution of the differential equation 
dx 1  cos x
1  cos x
Sol: Given differential equation can be written as dy  dx
1  cos x
x
2sin 2
 dy  2 dx
x
2cos 2
2
x
 dy  tan 2 dx
2
x
Integrating both sides of equation   dy   tan 2 dx
2
 2x 
 y    sec  1 dx
 2 
x
 y   sec 2 dx  1dx
2
x
tan
y 2 xc
1
2
x
 y  2 tan  x  c
2

79. Find the general solution of the differential

equation sec 2 x tan ydx  sec 2 y tan xdy  0
Sol: Given differential equation can be written as sec 2 x tan ydx   sec 2 y tan xdy
sec2 x sec 2 y
 dx   dy
tan x tan y
sec 2 x sec 2 y
Integrating both sides of equation  tan x dx    tan y dy
f 1  x
 log tan x   log tan y  c Since  f  x  dx  log f  x   c
 log tan x  log tan y  c
 log tan x.tan y  c Since log a  log b  log ab
80. Find the general solution of the differential
equation  e x  e  x  dy   e x  e  x  dx  0
Sol: Given differential equation can be written as  e x  e  x  dy   e x  e  x  dx

 dy 
e x
 e x 
dx
e x
 e x 
e x
 e x 
 dy   e x
 e x 
dx
Integrating both sides of equation
 y  log  e x  e  x   c f 1  x
Since  f  x  dx  log f  x   c
81. Find the general solution of the differential
equation e x tan ydx  1  e x  sec 2 ydy  0 .
Sol: Given differential equation can be written as e x tan ydx   1  e x  sec 2 ydy
ex sec 2 y
 dx   dy
1  e x  tan y
e x sec2 y
 dx  dy
1  e x  tan y
ex sec 2 y
Integrating both sides of equation    dx  dy
1  e x   tan y
f 1  x
  f  x  dx  log f  x   c
 log 1  e x   log  tan y   c
 log 1  e x   log  tan y   c
 1  ex 
 log  c
 tan y 

82. Find the equation of a curve passing through the point (–2, 3), given that
2x
the slope of the tangent to the curve at any point (x, y) is 2 .
y
dy
Sol: We know that the slope of the tangent to a curve is given by
dx
dy 2 x
 
dx y 2
 y 2 dy  2 xdx
2
Integrating both sides of equation  y dy   2 xdx
y3 x2
 2 c
3 2
y3
  x2  c
3
 y3
Substituting x = –2, y = 3 in above equation , we get C = 5.   x2  5
3

83. Find the equation of the curve passing through the point  0, 2  given that
at any point  x, y  on the curve the product of the slope of its tangent and y-
coordinate of the point is equal to the x-coordinate of the point.
Sol: Let P  x, y  be any point on the required curve.
dy
According to the question, Slope of the tangent to the curve at yx
dx
 ydy  xdx
Integrating both sides,  ydy   xdx
y2 x2
   c  y 2  x 2  2c
2 2
Now it is given that curve y  x  C passes through the point  0, 2  .
2 2

Therefore, putting x  0 and y  2 in this equation, we get C = 4

Putting the value of C in the equation y 2  x 2  C ,
y2  x2  4
84. Find the equation of the curve passing through the point (1,1) given that
x
the slope of the tnagent to the curve at any point is .
y
dy
Sol: Given that slope of the tangent tothe curve at any point  x, y  is
dx
dy x
 
dx y
 ydy  xdx
  ydy   xdx
y2 x2
  c
2 2
It passes through (1,1)
c0 Required equation of curves is y 2  x 2
Section formula ( Internally )
Let us consider two points P and Q denoted by position vectors OQ and OP with
respect to origin O
Let us consider the line segment connecting P and Q is divided by a point R lying
on PQ.
The point R can divide the line segment PQ in two ways: internally and externally.
Let us consider both these cases individually.
Line segment PQ is divided by R internally
Let us consider the point R divides the line segment PQ in the ratio m: n, given
that m and n are positive scalar quantities we can say that,
  
OR  r ; OP  a ; OQ  b
 m PR Q
 
n RQ
m OR  OP 
  n
n OQ  OR b
 
m r a
   
n b r 
r R
  O
 
 
 m b  r  nr  a  m
 a
  
 mb  mr  nr  na
    P
 mb  na  nr  mr
 
 mb  na
r 
mn
Therefore the position vector of point R dividing P and Q internally in the ratio m:n is
 
mb  na
given by:  OR 
mn
85. Find the position vector of a point R which divides the line joining two
points P and Q whose position vectors are iˆ  2 ˆj  kˆ and  iˆ  ˆj  kˆ respectively,
in the ratio 2 : 1, Internally & Externally.
     
Sol : Let , OP  i  2 j  k & OQ   i  j  k
2OQ  OP
Internally : OR 
2 1
       
 OR 
  
2 i  j  k  i  2 j  k


i  4 j  k
2 1 3
2OQ  OP
Externally : OR 
2 1
      
 OR 
  
2 i  j  k  i  2 j  k


3i  3k
2 1 1
            
86. If a  2 i  2 j  3k , b   i  2 j  k & c  3i  j are such that a   b is

perpendicular to c , then find the value of  .
          
Sol: Given vectors a  2i  2 j  3k , b  i  2 j  k & c  3i  j
     
such that a  b is perpendicular to c ( i.e)  a  b .c  0  
       
 
 2i  2 j  3k   i  2 j  k . 3i  j   0 
       
 
 2i  2 j  3k   i  2 j   k .  3i  j   0
    
 
  2    i   2  2  j   3    k . 3i  j   0
   2    .3   2  2  .1   3    .0  0
  6  3  2  2   0
 8
      
87. If a , b, c are three unit vectors such that a  b  c  0 . Find the value of
  
a.b  b .c  c .a
      
Sol: Given a , b , c are three unit vectors ( i.e ) a  b  c  1
Also given
   
 ab c 0
Squaring on both sides
   2 

 a b c 0 
2 2 2     
 a  b  c  2 a.b  bc  ca  0  
    

 1  1  1  2 a.b  bc  ca  0 
         3
 
 2 a.b  bc  ca  3  a.b  bc  ca 
2
 
      
88. If a , b , c satisfy the condition a  b  c  0 , Evaluate the quantity
     
  a.b  b .c  c .a , if a  1, b  4 & c  2 .
Sol : Given
  
a  1; b  4; c  2
   
Also given,  a  b  c  0
Squaring on both sides
   2 

 a b c 0
2 2 2     

 a  b  c  2 a.b  bc  ca  0 
    

 1  16  4  2 a.b  bc  ca  0 
     

 21  2 a.b  bc  ca  0 
        21
 
 2 a.b  bc  ca  21  a.b  bc  ca 
2
 
     
89. Let a , b , c are three vectors such that a  3 , b  4 and c  5 and each one of
  
them being perpendicular to the sum of the other two , find a  b  c
   
Sol : Given a , b , c are three vectors such that a  3 , b  4 and c  5 and also
given that
Each one of them being perpendicular to the sum of the other two
       
a is perpendicular to sum of b & c , then  a. b  c  0  a.b  a.c  0 …1  
        
b is perpendicular to sum of c & a , then  b . c  a   0  bc  ba  0 …2
        
c is perpendicular to sum of a & b , then  c . a  b  0  ca  cb  0 …3  
Adding 1 , 2 & 3
               

 a.b  a.c  bc  ba  a.b  a.c  0  2 a.b  bc  a.c  0 ……4 
   2

Let ,  a  b  c 
2 2 2    
 a  b  c  2 a.b  bc  ca  
    
 9  16  25  2  0 From 4, 2 a.b  bc  a.c  0   
 50
    2

 a b c   50
  

 a b c   50
   
90. Find the unit vector perpendicular to each of the vectors a  b & a  b ,    
      
where a  i  j  k & b  i  2 j  3k .
       
Sol: Given , a  i  j  k & b  i  2 j  3k
            
 a  b  i  j  k  i  2 j  3k  a  b  2i  3 j  4k
           
 a  b  i  j  k  i  2 j  3k  a  b   j  2k
       
    
vector perpendicular to both a  b & a  b is = a  b X a  b   
    
  
Let  a  b X a  b  c 
  
i j k

c  2 3 4
0 1 2
 3 4 2 4 2 3
i j k
1 2 0 2 0 1
  
 i  6  4   j  4  0   k  2  0 
  
 2i  4 j  2k
Required unit vector is

 c
c  
c
     
2i  4 j  2k 2i  4 j  2k
 
2 2 2
     
2  4  2 2 6
   
91. Find the unit vector perpendicular to each of the vectors a  b & a  b ,

   
      
where a  3i  2 j  2k & b  i  2 j  2k .
       
Sol: Given a  3i  2 j  2k & b  i  2 j  2k
           
 a  b  3i  2 j  2k  i  2 j  2k  a  b  4i  4 j
           
 a  b  3i  2 j  2k  i  2 j  2 k  a  b  2i  4k
       
    
vector perpendicular to both a  b & a  b is = a  b X a  b   
    
  
Let  a  b X a  b  c 
  
i j k
 4 0 4 0 4 4
c  4 4 0 i j k
0 4 2 4 2 0
2 0 4
  
 i 16   j 16   k  8 
  
 16i  16 j  8k
Required unit vector is
   
 c 16i  16 j  8k
c   
c 2 2
16    16    8 
2
      
16i  16 j  8k 16i  16 j  8k 2 2  1 
   i  j k
576 24 3 3 3
        
92. Prove that  a  b , b  c , c  a   2  a b c 
Sol: Method – 1:
We know that
    

  a b c   a. bXc 
           
 
  a  b , b  c , c  a   a  b . b  c X c  a 
         
 
 a  b . bXc  bXa  cXc  cXa 
       
 
 a  b . bXc  bXa  cXa  ( cXc  0 )

               
 a.bXc  a.bXa  a.cXa  b .bXc  b .bXa  b .cXa
           
 a.bXc  a.bXa  a.cXa  b .bXc  b .bXa  b .cXa
   
 a.bXc  b .cXa
  
 2  a b c 
Method – 2:
1 1 0
           
a  b , b  c , c  a   0 1 1 a b c   2 a b c 
     
1 0 1
     
93. Prove that  a  b , b  c , c  a   0
Sol: We know that
    

  a b c   a. bXc 
           
 
  a  b , b  c , c  a   a  b . b  c X c  a 
         
 
 a  b . bXc  bXa  cXc  cXa 
       
 
 a  b . bXc  bXa  cXa  ( cXc  0 )
           
 a.bXc  a.bXa  a.cXa  b .bXc  b .bXa  b .cXa
           
 a.bXc  a.bXa  a.cXa  b .bXc  b .bXa  b .cXa
   
 a.bXc  b .cXa  0
1 1 0
           
Method – 2:  a  b , b  c , c  a   0 1 1  a b c   0  a b c   0
 
1 0 1
94. Show that the four points with position vector
           
4i  8 j  12 k , 2i  4 j  6k , 3i  5 j  4k & 5i  8 j  5k are coplanar
Sol: Given position vectors
           
OA  4i  8 j  12k ; OB  2i  4 j  6k ; OC  3i  5 j  4k ; OD  5i  8 j  5k
           
 
AB  OB  OA  2i  4 j  6k  4i  8 j  12k  2i  4 j  6k  4i  8 j  12k
           
 
AC  OC  OA  3i  5 j  4k  4i  8 j  12k  3i  5 j  4k  4i  8 j  12k
           
 
AD  OD  OA  5i  8 j  5k  4i  8 j  12k  5i  8 j  5k  4i  8 j  12k
        
AB  2i  4 j  6k ; AC  i  3 j  8k ; AD  i  0 j  7 k
 2 4 6
  AB AC AD   1 3 8
1 0 7
 2  21  0  4  7  8  6  0  3
 42  60  18  0
AB , AC & AD are coplanar , hence given position vectors also coplanar
95. Find x such that the four points A  3, 2,1 , B  4, x,5 , C  4, 2, 2 & D  6,5, 1 are
coplanar.
Sol: Given points A  3, 2,1 , B  4, x,5  , C  4, 2, 2  & D  6,5, 1
           
OA  3i  2 j  1k ; OB  4i  xj  5k ; OC  4i  2 j  2k ; OD  6i  5 j  k
           
 
AB  OB  OA  4i  xj  5k  3i  2 j  1k  4i  xj  5k  3i  2 j  1k
           
 
AC  OC  OA  4i  2 j  2k  3i  2 j  1k  4i  2 j  2k  3i  2 j  1k
           
 
AD  OD  OA  6i  5 j  k  3i  2 j  1k  6i  5 j  k  3i  2 j  1k
        
AB  i   x  2  j  4k ; AC  1i  0 j  3k ; AD  3i  3 j  2k
  AB AC AD  =0 Since Points are coplanar
1 x2 4
1 0 3  0
3 3 2
 1 0  9   x  2 2  9  4  3  0  0
 9  7 x  14  12  0
 35  7x
 x5
96. Find the shortest distance between the lines
            
  
r  i  j   2i  j  k & r  2i  j  k   3i  5 j  2k 
      
a1  i  j ; b1  2i  j  k
Sol: Here        
a2  2i  j  k ; b2  3i  5 j  2k
The shortest distance between two lines
   
d

 a2  a1  . b1 Xb2
 

b1 Xb2
      
 a2  a1  2i  j  k   i  j 
      
 a2  a1  2i  j  k  i  j
 
i k
  
i j k
 
 b1 Xb2  2 1 1
3 5 2
 1 1  2 1  2 1
i j k
5 2 3 2 3 5
  
 i  2  5  j  4  3  k  10  3
   
 3i  j  7 k
 
 b1 Xb2  9  1  49  59
        
   
  a2  a1  . b1 Xb2  i  k . 3i  j  7 k  3  7  10 
10
Substitute the values in the formula  d 
59
97. Find the distance between the lines
             
 
r  i  2 j  k   i  j  k & r  2i  j  k   2i  j  2k 
       
a1  i  2 j  k ; b1  i  j  k
Sol: Here        
a2  2i  j  k ; b2  2i  j  2k
The shortest distance between two lines
   
d

 a2  a1  . b1 Xb2
 

b1 Xb2
          
 a2  a1  2i  j  k  i  2 j  k  i  3 j  2 k
  
i j k
   
 b1 Xb2  1 1 1  3i  3k
2 1 2
 
 b1 Xb2  9  9  18
        
   
  a2  a1  . b1 Xb2  i  3 j  2k . 3i  3k  3  6  9 
9  9 
Substitute the values in the formula  d   
18  18 
16. Find the distance between the lines
            
 
r  i  2 j  4k   2i  3 j  6k & r  3i  3 j  5k   2i  3 j  6k  
       
a1  i  2 j  4k ; b1  2i  3 j  6k
Sol: Here        
a2  3i  3 j  5k ; b2  2i  3 j  6k
 
Here b1  b2
The shortest distance between two lines
  
bX  a2  a1 
d 
b

 b  4  9  36  49  7
    
 a2  a1  2i  j  k
  
i j k
  
 b1 X  a2  a1   2 3 6
2 1 1
  
 9i  14 j  4k
  
 bX  a2  a1   81  196  16  293
 293
Substitute the values in the formula  d 
7
16. Find the equation of the plane through the intersection of the planes
3x  y  2 z  4  0; x  y  z  2  0 and the point  2,2,1
Sol: Given planes 3x  y  2 z  4  0; x  y  z  2  0
Equation of the plane through the intersection of the planes
  3x  y  2 z  4     x  y  z  2   0 ..(1)
Above plane passes through the point  2,2,1
  3.2  1.2  2.1  4     2  2  1  2   0
2
 
3
Substitute the value of  in eq (1)
2
  3x  y  2 z  4    x  y  z  2   0
3
 7 x  5 y  4z  8  0
x 1 y z  3
98. Find the angle between the line   and the plane 10 x  2 y  11z  3
2 3 6
Sol: Let  be the angle between the line and the normal to the plane
x 1 y z  3
Given Cartesian form  
2 3 6
    
  
Vector form of given line i  3k   2i  3 j  6k 
and plane in vector form 10 x  2 y  11z  3

b .n
 sin    
b n
       
 b  2i  3 j  6k and  n  10i  2 j  11k
 
 b  4  9  36 and  n  100  4  121

 b .n  20  6  66
20  6  66
 sin  
4  9  36 100  4  121
40
 sin  
7 15 
8
 sin  
21
 8
   sin 1  
 21 
4
99. Probability that ‘A’ speaks truth is. A coin is tossed. ‘A’ reports that a
5
head appears. What is the probability that actually there was head?
Sol: Let E1 : ‘coin shows a head’;
E2 : ‘coin shows a tail’.
 1 1
 P  E1   ; P  E2  
2 2
 S   H , T  , E1   H  , E 2  T 
Let E : ‘A’ reports that a head appears.
4 4 1
 P  E | E1   , P  E | E2   1  
5 5 5
4 1 4
.
E
 
P 1  
P  E | E1  . P  E1   5 2  5 
4
 E  P  E | E1  P  E1   P  E | E2  .P  E2  4 . 1  1 . 1 4  1 5
5 2 5 2 5 5
100. A man is known to speak truth 3 out of 4 times. He throws a die and reports
that it is a six. Find the probability that it is actually a six.
Sol: Let S1 : man speaks the truth
S2 : man lies
E : six on the die
We need to find the probability that it is actually a six, if the man reports that it a
six
P  S1  .P  E / S1 
( i.e) P  S1 / E  
P  S1  .P  E / S1   P  S 2  .P  E / S 2 
3
P  S1   Probability that man speaks truth 
4
P  E / S1   Probability that six appears on the die , if the man speaks the
1
truth 
6
3 1
P  S2   Probability man lie  1  P  E   1 

4 4
P  E / S2   Probability that six appears on the die , if the man lie
1 5
 1 
6 6
3 1

P  S1  .P  E / S1  4 6 3
P  S1 / E    
3 1 1 5 8
P  S1  .P  E / S1   P  S 2  .P  E / S 2 
  
4 6 4 6
101. A bag contains 4 red and 4 black balls, another bag contains 2 red and 6
black balls. One of the two bags is selected at random and a ball is drawn
from the bag which is found to be red. Find the probability that the ball is
drawn from the first bag.
1 1
Sol: Let A : Bag I ; Bag II  P  A  , P  B  
2 2
4 1 2 1
Let E:‘drawn ball is red’  P  E | A   , P  E | B   
8 2 8 4
1 1
.
P  A  .P  E | A  2 2 1 2
Required probability = P  A | E     
P  A .P  E | A  P  B  P  E | B  1 1 1 1 1 3
.  . 1
2 2 2 4 2
102. Bag-I contains 3 red and 4 black balls. While another Bag II contains 5 red
and 6 black balls. One ball is drawn at random from one of these bags and it is
found to the red. Find the probability that it was drawn from the Bag-II.
Sol: Let A : Bag I ; B : Bag II
1 1
 P  A  , P  B  
2 2
Let E : ‘drawn ball is red’
3 5
 P  E | A  , P  E | B  
7 11
P  B  .P  B | E 
Required probability  P  B | E  
P  B  .P  E | B   P  A P  E | A
1 5
.
2 11 5 7 35
  
1 5 1 3 5  7  3 11 68
.  .
2 11 2 7
103. An insurance company insured 2000 scooter drivers, 4000 car drivers and
6000 truck drivers. The probabilities of accidents are 0.01, 0.03 and 0.15
respectively. One of the insured meets with an accident. What is the
probability that he is a scooter driver?
Sol: Let E1 : Insured person is a scooter driver’.
E2 : Insured person is a car driver
E3 : Insured person is a truck driver
2000 2 1
 P  E1    
2000  4000  6000 12 6
4 1 6 1
P  E2    and P  E3   
12 3 12 2

Let E : ‘ a person meets with an accident’

 P  E | E1   0.01; P  E | E 2   0.03 and P  E | E3   0.15
Required probability = P  E1 | E 
P  E1  .P  E | E1 

P  E1  P  E | E1   P  E2  P  E | E2   P  E3  P  E | E3 
1
 0.01
6 0.01 0.01 1
   
1 1 1
 0.01   0.03   0.15 0.01  0.06  0.45 0.52 52
6 3 2
104. Box I contains 2 gold coins, while another Box II contains 1 gold and 1
silver coin. A person chooses a box at random and takes out a coin. If the
coin is of gold, what is the probability that the other coin in the box is also
of gold?
Sol: Let A and B be the events of selecting I and II boxes respectively.
1
 P  A  P  B  
2
Let E: ‘selected. Coin is gold coin’
2 1
C 2 C 1
 P  E | A   2 1   1; P  E | B   2 1 
C1 2 C1 2
 Required Probability
P  A  .P  E | A  1 2 1
P A| E     P  A  P  B  
P  A  .P  E | A   P  B  P  E | B  1 3 2
1
2
2 & 1 Marks
 Define Bijective Function :
A bijection is a function which is both "one-to-one" and "onto".
 Define Binary operation :
A binary operation * on a set A is a function * : AXA  A
 A relation R in a set A is called Empty Relation, if no element of A is
 A relation R in a set A is called Universal Relation, if each element of A
is related to every element of A, i.e., R = A× A
1. Give an example of a relation on set A  1, 2,3 which is
Symmetric but neither reflexive nor transitive
R  1,2  2,1
Transitive but neither reflexive nor symmetric
R  1, 2  2,3 1,3 
Reflexive and symmetric but not transitive
R  1,1 2, 2  3,3 1, 2  2,1 2,3  3, 2 
Reflexive and transitive but not symmetric
R  1,1 2, 2  3,3 1, 2 
Symmetric and transitive but not reflexive
R  1,11, 2  2,1 2, 2 
2. Find gof and fog, if f : R  R and Q : R  R are given by f  x   cos x and
g  x   3 x 2 . Show that gof  fog
Sol : Given f  x   cos x & g  x   3 x 2
Let gof  x  ,
 g  f  x    g  cos x 
 g k  Let k  cos x
2
 3k Since g  x   3 x 2
2
 3  cos x   3cos 2 x ..........1 Since k  cos x
Now, fog  x  ,
 f  g  x    f  3x 2 
 f k  Let k  3 x 2
 cos k Since f  x   cos x
 cos  3x  ......2
2
Since k  3 x 2
From 1 & 2, gof  fog
3. Find the gof and fog if f  x   8 x3 & g  x   x1/ 3
Sol: Given f  x   8 x 3 & g  x   x1/3
fog  x   f  g  x    f  x1/3   f  k 
Let k  x1/3
 3
 8k 3  8  x1/3   8 x
Now , gof  x   g  f  x    g  8 x3   g  k 
Let k  8 x 3
1/3 3 1/3
 8 x3    2x    2x
1
4. If f : R  R , f  x    3  x3  3 find fof  x  .
1
Sol : Given f  x    3  x 3  3
Let fof  x  ,
 f  f  x 
1
 
 f   3  x3  3 
 
1
 f k  Let k   3  x 3  3
1 1
 3  k 3 3 Since f  x    3  x 3  3
1 1
 1 3 3   1 3 3 1
 3 3 3 3 
  3   3  x      3   3  x    ( Replace k   3  x 3  3 )
       

1 1 1


  3  3  x 3  3  3 3  x3  3
  x3  3  x
ab
5. Let * be a operation on the set of Q by a * b  , find the identity elements
4
Sol : Let e be the identity element then a * e  e * a  a, a  Q
ae ea
  a
4 4
 e  4, a  Q  4 is identity element
 e2  1 1
e  Identity element does not exist
a

6. Let * be a binary operation on N given by a * b  LCM of a and b, Find

5*7 & 20*16
Sol: Given a * b  LCM of a and b
5* 7  LCM of 5 & 7 = 35 & 20*16  LCM of 20&16 =80

7. Check whether * is binary are not On Z , define * by a * b  a  b
Sol : Given a * b  a  b, a, b  Z 
* is not binary  a  b  Z  , a, b  Z 
Example : Let a  3, b  4 ,  a  b  3  4   1  Z 
ab
8. Verify whether the operation * defined on Q by a * b  is commutative
2
or associative.
ab
Sol : Given a * b  , a, b  Q
2
ab 3.4
* is binary   Q, a, b  Q Example : Let a  3, b  4 ,   6Q
2 2
 * is commutative:
For all a , b  Q , a * b  b * a
ab ba
 a *b  ....1 &  b*a  ....2
2 2
From 1 & 2 , a * b  b * a * is commutative
* is associative:
For all a, b, c  Q ,  a * b  * c  a *  b * c 
 ab  ab
  a * b * c    * c   k  * c , Where k 
 2  2
 ab 
c
kc  2  abc
  = .....1
2 2 4
 bc  bc
 a * b * c   a *    a *  k  , Where k 
 2 2
 bc 
a 
ak 2 abc
     .......2
2 2 4
From 1&2 ,  a * b  * c  a *  b * c  * is associative

ab
9. Verify whether the operation * defined on Q by a * b  is commutative
4
or associative.
ab
Sol : Given a * b  , a, b  Q
4
ab 3.4
* is binary   Q, a, b  Q Example : Let a  3, b  4 ,   3Q
4 4
* is commutative:
For all a , b  Q , a * b  b * a
ab ba
 a *b  ....1 &  b*a  ....2
4 4
From 1 & 2 , a * b  b * a * is commutative
* is associative:
For all a, b, c  Q ,  a * b  * c  a *  b * c 
 ab  ab
  a * b * c    * c   k  * c , Where k 
 4  4
 ab 
kc   c abc
4
   = .....1
2 4 16
 bc  bc
 a * b * c   a *    a *  k  , Where k 
 4 4
 bc 
a 
ak 4 abc
     .......2
2 4 16
10. From 1&2 ,  a * b  * c  a *  b * c  * is associative Verify whether the
operation * defined on Q by a * b  ab  1 is commutative or associative.
Sol : Given a * b  ab  1, a, b  Q
* is binary  ab  1  Q , a, b  Q Example : Let a  3, b  4 , 3.4  1  13  Q
* is commutative:
For all a , b  Q , a * b  b * a
 a * b  ab  1 ....1 &  b * a  ba  1 ....2
From 1 & 2 , a * b  b * a * is commutative
* is associative:
For all a, b, c  Q ,  a * b  * c  a *  b * c 
  a * b  * c   ab  1 * c
  k  * c , k  ab  1
 kc  1
  ab  1 c  1  abc  c  1 .....1
 a *  b * c   a *  bc  1
 a *  k  , k  bc  1
 ak  1
 a  bc  1  1  abc  a  1 ....2
From 1&2 ,  a * b  * c  a *  b * c  * is not associative
11. Write the domain and range (principal value branches) of the following
inverse trigonometric functions

Sol: Functions Domain Range ( PVB )

  
y  sin 1 x  1,1   2 , 2 
y  cos 1 x  1,1  0,  
  
y  cos ec 1 x R – (-1, 1)   2 , 2   0

y  sec 1 x R –(-1, 1)  0,     
2
  
y  tan 1 x R  , 
 2 2
y  cot 1 x R  0,  
 1
12. Find the principal value of cos 1   
 2
 1 1    2
Sol: cos 1       cos 1   =   cos 1  cos  =   
 2 2  3 3 3
 1 
13. Find the principal value of cot 1   
 3
 1  1  1  1    2
Sol: cot 1       cot   =   cot  cot 3    
 3  3   3 3
14. Find the principal value of cos ec 1  2  
  
 
Sol: cos ec 1  2   cos ec 1  2  = cos ec 1
 cos ec   
 4 4
  1 
15. Find the principal value of cos1   
 2
 1  1  1  1    3
Sol: cos1       cos   =   cos  cos 4  =   4  4
 2  2  
1  x2
16. values of x for which 2 tan 1 x  cos 1 , holds
1  x2
Sol: x  0
1 1
17. Write the values of x for which tan  cot 1 x , holds
x
Sol: x  0
 1 
18. If sin  sin 1  cos 1 x   1 , then find the value of x
 5 
 1 
Sol: Given sin  sin 1  cos 1 x   1
 5 
 1 
  sin 1  cos 1 x   sin 1 1
 5 
 1   
  sin 1  cos 1 x   sin 1  sin 
 5   2
 1  
  sin 1  cos 1 x  
 5  2
1  
 sin 1  sin 1 x Since  sin 1 x  cos 1 x  
5  2
1
x
5

19. Find the value of x, cos  cos ec 1 x  sec1 x  , x  1

Sol: Given cos  cos ec 1 x  sec 1 x 

   
 cos    1 Since  cos ec 1 x  sec 1 x  
2  2
20. Find the value of a, cot  tan 1 a  cot 1 a 
Sol: Given cot  tan 1 a  cot 1 a 
   
 cot    0 Since  tan 1 a  cot 1 a  
2  2
21. Diagonal matrix:
A square matrix B = [bij] m × m is said to be a diagonal matrix if all its non
diagonal elements are zero
(OR)
B = [bij] m × m is said to be a diagonal matrix if bij = 0, when i  j.
 1 0 0 
Eg: B  0 2 0
0 0 3
22. Identity matrix:
A square matrix in which elements in the diagonal are all 1 and rest are all zero
is called an identity matrix. We denote the identity matrix of order n by In
(OR)
A   aij  is an identity matrix , if aij  1 .When i  j ,when aij  0 , when i  j
mm

1 0 0 
Eg : A  0 1 0
0 0 1
23. Scalar matrix:
A diagonal matrix is said to be a scalar matrix if its diagonal elements are equal
(OR)
A square matrix B = [bij] n × n is said to be a scalar matrix if
bij = 0, when i  j
bij = k, when i = j, for some constant k.
5 0 0
Eg: B  0 5 0
0 0 5
3 x 3 2
24. Find the values of x for which 
x 1 4 1
a b
Sol: We know that   ad  bc 
c d
3 x 3 2
Given 
x 1 4 1
 3  x 2   3  8
 3  x2  3  8
 x 2  8  x   8  x  2 2
x 2 6 2
25. If  , then x is equal to
18 x 18 6
a b
Sol: We know that   ad  bc 
c d
x 2 6 2
Given 
18 x 18 6
 x  36  36  36  x 2  36  0  x2  36  x  6
2

2 3 x 3
26. If  , then x is equal to
4 5 2x 5
a b
Sol: We know that   ad  bc 
c d
2 3 x 3
Given   10  12  5 x  6 x  2   x  x  2
4 5 2x 5
27. Define Adjoint of a matrix
Sol: The adjoint of a square matrix A   aij  is defined as the transpose of the
n n

matrix
 Aij  , where Aij is the cofactor of the element aij . Adjoint of the matrix A is
nn

denoted by adjA
28. Let A be a square matrix of order n × n, then | kA| is equal to
Sol: k n A
29. Let A be a square matrix of order 3 ×3, then | kA| is equal to
Sol: k 3 A
30. Let A be a square matrix of order n × n, then | adjA| is equal to
n 1
Sol: A
31. Let A be a square matrix of order 3 × 3, then | adjA| is equal to
2
Sol: A
32. Let A be a non-singular matrix of order 3X3 and A  25 find adjA
2
Sol:  25   625
33. If A is an invertible matrix of order 2, then det  A 1  or A 1 is equal to
1 1
Sol: or
det  A A
34. A is an invertible matrix of order 2 and A  15 , find det  A1 
1
Sol:
15
35. If A is a square matrix with (i) A  4 (ii) A  8 , then find AA1
Sol: (i) AA1  A A1 = 4x4 = 16 (ii) AA1  A A1 = 8x8 = 64
36. Find the area of the triangle whose vertices are (3,8), (-4, 2) and (5, 1).
Sol : Given (3,8), (-4, 2) and (5, 1).
x1 y1 1 3 8 1
1 1
Area of triangle  x2 y2 1  4 2 1
2 2
x3 y3 1 5 1 1
1 2 1 4 1 4 2 
 3 8 1 
2 1 1 5 1 5 1
1
  3  2  1  8  4  5   1 4  10  
2
1 1
  3  72  14    61 squareunits
2 2
37. Find the area of the triangle whose vertices are (-2,-3), (3, 2) and (-1, -8).
Sol : Given (-2,-3), (3, 2) and (-1, -8)
x1 y1 1 2 3 1
1 1
Area of triangle  x2 y2 1  3 2 1
2 2
x3 y3 1 1 8 1
1

2
 2  2  8   3  3  1  1 24  2  
 1
  20  12  22 
2
1
  30   15 square units ( area must be always +ve )
2
38. Find the area of the triangle whose vertices are (2,7), (1,1) and (10, 8).
Sol : Given (2,7), (1,1) and (10, 8).
x1 y1 1 2 7 1
1 1
Area of triangle  x2 y2 1  1 1 1
2 2
x3 y3 1 10 8 1
1

2
 2 1  8   7 1  10   18  10  
1 1
  14  63  2    47  squareunits
2 2
39. Find the area of the triangle whose vertices are (1,0), (6,0) and (4,3).
Sol : Given (1,0), (6,0) and (4,3).
x1 y1 1 1 0 1
1 1
Area of triangle  x2 y2 1  6 0 1
2 2
x3 y3 1 4 3 1
1
2
1 0  3  0  6  4   118  0  

1 1
  3  18   15  squareunits
2 2
40. Using Determinants show that the points A  a , b  c  , B  b, c  a  & C  c, a  b  are
collinear
Sol : Given points are collinear then area of the triangle will be Zero
x1 y1 1 a bc 1
1 1
Area of triangle  x2 y2 1  0  b c  a 1  0
2 2
x3 y3 1 c ab 1
c1  c1  c2
abc bc 1
1
 bca ca 1 0
2
cab ab 1
Taking common a+b+c from 1st column
1 bc 1
1
 a  b  c 1 c  a 1  0
2
1 ab 1
1
  a  b  c  (0)  0
2
 any two rows or columns are same then det is zero
Hence Given points are collinear
41. Find the values of k if area of triangle is 4 sq. units and vertices are
(k, 0), (4, 0), (0, 2).
Sol : Given (k, 0), (4, 0), (0, 2) and area of triangle is 4 sq
 x1 y1 1 k 0 1
1 1
Area of triangle  x2 y2 1  4 0 1  4
2 2
x3 y3 1 0 2 1
1

2
 k  0  2   0  4  0   1 8  0    4
  2k  8  8
  2k  8  8 and   2k  8  8
k 0 and  k  8
42. Find the values of k if area of triangle is 4 sq. units and vertices are
(-2, 0), (0,4), (0, k).
Sol : Given (-2, 0), (0,4), (0, k) and area of triangle is 4 sq
x1 y1 1
1
Area of triangle  x2 y2 1
2
x3 y3 1
2 0 1
1
 0 4 1  4
2
0 k 1
1

2
  2  4  k   0  0  0   1 0  0     4
  8  2k   8
  2k  8  8 and   2k  8  8
 k 8 and  k  0
43. Find the values of k if area of triangle is 35 sq. units and vertices are
(2,-6), (5,4), (k,4).
Sol : Given (2,-6), (5,4), (k,4) and area of triangle is 35 sq
x1 y1 1
1
Area of triangle  x2 y2 1
2
x3 y3 1
2 6 1
1
 5 4 1  35
2
k 4 1
1

2
 2  4  4   6  5  k   1 20  4k    35
  50  10k   70
  50  10k   70 and   50  10k   70
 k  2 and  k  12
44. Find the equation of the line passing from the points  3,1 and  9,3 using
determinants.
Sol: Let P  x, y  be the point on the line joining the points  3,1 and  9,3
points are collinear , then area of triangle must be zero
 x y 1
1
 3 1 1 0
2
9 3 1
x y 1
 3 1 1 0
9 3 1
 x 1  3  y  3  9  1 9  9  0
 x  3y  0
45. Find the equation of the line passing from the points 1, 2  and  3,6  using
determinants.
Sol: Let P  x, y  be the point on the line joining the points 1, 2  and  3,6 
points are collinear , then area of triangle must be zero
x y 1
1
 1 2 1 0
2
3 6 1
x y 1
 1 2 1 0
3 6 1
 x  2  6  y 1  3  1 6  6  0
 2x  y  0
46. Differentiate y  ecos x & z  elog x w.r.to x
dy  d  dz
Sol:  ecos x   cos x    ecos x   sin x  & 1 Since elog x  x
dx  dx  dx
 d 5x 
47. Evaluate   dx e  dx

Sol: e5 x .5

dy 1
48. Find , if y  esin x
dx
dy 1 1
Sol:  esin x .
dx 1  x2
dy 3
49. Find , if y  e x
dx
dy 3
Sol:  e x .3x 2
dx
dy
50. Find , if y  e x
dx
dy 1 1
Sol:  .e x .
dx 2 e x 2 x
51. Differentiate y  elogsin x w.r.to x
 dy d
Sol:   sin x   cos x Since elogsin x  sin x ( i.e elog M  M )
dx dx
52. Differentiate y  elog x w.r.to x
dy
Sol: 1 Since elog x  x ( i.e elog M  M )
dx
1
log acos x
53. Differentiate y  a 2 w.r.to x
 cos x 1/2

Sol: y  a log a ( i.e elog M  M )
1/ 2
y   cos x   cos x
dy 1
   sin x 
dx 2 cos x
54. Differentiate y  cos 1  e x  & z  cos 1  e x  w.r.to x
dy 1 dz 1
Sol:
dx

x 2
 e x   1 &
dx

x 2
ex 
1 e  1 e 
dy
55. Find , if 2 x  3 y  sin y
dx
Sol: Given 2 x  3 y  sin y
Differentiating w.r.to x
dy dy dy 2
2  3  cos y  
dx dx dx cos y  3
dy
56. Find , if ax  by 2  cos y
dx
Sol: Given ax  by 2  cos y
Differentiating w.r.to x
dy dy dy a
a  2b. y   sin y  
dx dx dx 2by  sin y
dy
57. Find , if x 2  xy  y 2  100
dx
Sol: Given x 2  xy  y 2  100
Differentiating w.r.to x
dy dy
2x  x  y  2y 0
dx dx
dy dy 2x  y
 x  2y    2x  y   
dx dx x  2y
dy
 x  , find
58. If y  tan
dx
1
Sol: sec  x  .
2

2 x
dy
59. Find , if y  cos  log x  e x  , x  0
dx
dy 1 
Sol:   sin  log x  e x    e x 
dx x 
dy
60. Find if sin 2 x  cos 2 y  1
dx
Sol: Given sin 2 x  cos2 y  1
Differentiating w.r.to x
dy dy 2sin x cos x
 2sin x  cos x   2cos y   sin y  0  
dx dx 2 cos y sin y
sin 2 x

sin 2 y
dy
61. Find , if y  sin y  cos x
dx
Sol: Given y  sin y  cos x
Differentiating w.r.to x
dy dy
 cos y   sin x
dx dx
dy dy  sin x
1  cos y    sin x  
dx dx 1  cos y
dy  1  1
62. Find , if y  sec 1  2  , 0  x 
dx  2x 1  2
 1 
Sol: Given y  sec1  2  Let x  cos ;   cos1 x
 2 x  1 
 1 
y  sec 1  2 
 2cos   1 
 1  1 1
y  sec1    sec  sec 2   2  2cos x
 cos 2 
dy 2
Differentiating w.r.to x, we get: 
dx 1  x2
dy  1  x2 
63. Find , if y  cos1  2 
,0  x  1
dx  1 x 
 1  x2 
Sol: Given y  cos  1
2 
Let x  tan  ;   tan 1 x
1 x 
 1  tan 2   1 1
y  cos1  2   cos  cos 2   2  2 tan x
 1  tan  
Differentiating w.r.to x, we get
dy 2

dx 1  x 2
dy
64. Find , if y = log 7  logx 
dx
Sol: Given y  log 7  log x 
log  log x  log a
y  log b a 
log 7 log b
dy 1 1 1

dx log 7 log x x
sin x
65. Differentiate x , x  0 with respect to x.
Sol: Let y  x sin x
Taking logarithm on both sides
 log y  log xsin x
log y  sin x log x Since log am  m log a
Differentiate w.r.to x
1 dy 1
  sin x   log x.cos x
y dx x
dy  sin x 
  y  log x.cos x 
dx  x 
dy  sin x 
  x sin x   log x.cos x 
dx  x 
cos x
66. Differentiate  log x  w.r.to x
cos x
Sol: Let y   log x 
Taking logarithm on both sides
cos x
log y  log  log x 
log y  cos x.log  log x  Since log am  m log a
Differentiate w.r.to x,
1 dy 1 1
  cos x   log  log x   sin x 
y dx log x x
dy  1 1 
 y  cos x   log  log x   sin x  
dx  log x x 
dy cos x  1 1 
  log x   cos x   log  log x  sin x  
dx  log x x 
Determine order and degree (if defined) of the following differential equations
dy
 cos x  0 Order - 1 ; Degree – 1
dx
2
d2y  dy   dy 
xy 2  x    y    0 Order - 2 ; Degree – 1
dx  dx   dx 
1
y111  y 2  e y  0 Order - 3 ; Degree – Not Defined
d4y  d3y 
 sin  3 0 Order - 4 ; Degree - Not Defined
dx 4  dx 
2
 d2y   dy 
 2   cos    0 Order - 2 ; Degree – Not Defined
 dx   dx 
3 2
 d 2 y   dy   dy 
 2      sin    1  0 Order - 2 ; Degree – Not Defined
 dx   dx   dx 
d4y  d3y 
 sin  3 0 Order - 4 ; Degree – Not Defined
dx 4  dx 
y1  5 y  0 Order - 1 ; Degree - 1
4 2
 ds  d s
   3s  2   0 Order - 2 ; Degree - 1
 dt   dt 
d2y
 cos 3 x  sin 3 x Order - 2 ; Degree - 1
dx 2
 111 2 11 3 1 4
y  y  y   y5  0 Order - 3 ; Degree – 2
y111  2 y11  y1  0 Order - 3 ; Degree – 1
1 x
y  ye Order - 1 ; Degree - 1
2
y11   y1   2 y  0 Order - 2 ; Degree - 1
y11  2 y1  sin y  0 Order - 2 ; Degree - 1
2
d y dy
2 x2 2
3  y  0 Order - 2 ; Degree - 1
dx dx
2 2
d y  dy 
 5 x    6 y  log x Order - 2 ; Degree – 1
dx 2  dx 
3 2
 dy   dy 
   4    7 y  sin x Order - 1 ; Degree – 3
 dx   dx 
2 3
 d 3 y   d 2 y  dy
 3   2    y0 Order - 3 ; Degree – 2
 dx   dx  dx
2
 dy  dy 2
    sin y  0 Order - 1 ; Degree – 2
dx
  dx
Unit Vector

   a
A vector a is called unit vector if a  1 and it is denoted by a  
a
Negative Vector
A negative vector is a vector that has the opposite direction to the reference
positive direction
(Or)

A vector having the same magnitude as that of a given vector a and the
  
direction opposite to that of a is called the negative of a and denoted by - a
   
67. Find the Unit Vector in the direction of the vector a  i  j  2k
   
Sol : Let , a  i  j  2 k
 2 2 2
 a  1  1   2 

 a  6

a
Unit vector a  
a
  
i  j  2k

6
   
68. Find the Unit Vector in the direction of the vector a  2i  3 j  k
   
Sol : Let , a  2i  3 j  k
 2 2 2
 a   2    3  1

 a  4  9 1
   
a 2 i  3 j k
Unit vector a   
a 14
     
69. If two vectors are parallel then find m. A  2 i  mj  4 k & B  4 i  6 j  8 k
Sol: Given vectors are parallel , then their corresponding ratios are proportional
 2 m 4
 
4 6 8
1 m
 m3
2 6
    
70. Find the angle between two vectors a & b such that a  1, b  1& a.b  1

a.b
Sol: cos      cos   1    cos 1 1    00
a b
     
71. Show that the vectors 2i  3 j  4k and 4i  6 j  8k are collinear.
       
Sol: Given a  2i  3 j  4k and b  4i  6 j  8k
 
If two vectors are collinear then a  b
     

 2i  3 j  4k  2 2i  3 j  4k 
(or) , then their corresponding ratios are proportional
2 3 4
 
4 6 8
       
72. Find the angle between two vectors a  i  j  k & b  i  j  k
     
 i 
 j k . i  j k 
a.b 111 1 1
Sol: cos      cos      cos 1  
a b 3 3 3 3 3
73. Find the area of the parallelogram whose adjacent sides determine by the
      
vectors a  i  j  k & b  i  j  k .
       
Sol: Given a  i  j  k & b  i  j  k
 
Area of parallelogram aXb
  
i j k
   1 1  1 1  1 1
 aXb  1 1 1  i j k
1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1
    
 i 1  1  j 1  1  k  1  1  2 j  2k
  2 2
 aXb   2   2  8 square units
74. Find the area of the parallelogram whose adjacent sides determine by the
      
vectors a  3i  j  4 k & b  i  j  k
       
Sol: Given , a  3i  j  4k & b  i  j  k
 
Area of parallelogram aXb
  
i j k
 
 aXb  3 1 4
1 1 1
 1 4 3 4 3 1
i j k
1 1 1 1 1 1
  
 i 1  4   j  3  4   k  3  1
  
 5i  j  4k
   2 2 2
 aXb   5  1   4
 25  1  16  42 square units
75. Find the area of the parallelogram whose adjacent sides determine by the
      
vectors a  i  j  3 k & b  2i  7 j  k .
       
Sol: Given , a  i  j  3k & b  2i  7 j  k
 
Area of parallelogram aXb
  
i j k
   1 3  1 3  1 1
 aXb  1 1 3  i j k
7 1 2 1 2 7
2 7 1
  
 i  1  21  j 1  6   k  7  2 
  
 20i  5 j  5k
  2 2 2
 aXb   20   5   5  400  25  25  450 square units
      
76. Obtain the projection of the vector a  2 i  3 j  2 k on the vector b  i  2 j  k
       
Sol: Given a  2i  3 j  2k and b  i  2 j  k
      
  a.b  
2i  3 j  2 k . i  2 j  k  262 10
Projection a on b     
b 2 2
1   2   1
2 1 4 1 6
       
77. Obtain the projection of the vector a  i  3 j  7 k on the vector b  7i  j  8k .
       
Sol: Given a  i  3 j  7 k and b  7i  j  8k
      
  a.b  
i  3 j  7k . 7i  j  8k  7  3  56 60
Projection a on b     
b 2 2
 7    1   8
2 49  1  64 114

78. Find the direction cosines of x, y and z axis

Sol: The direction cosines of X-axis are 1,0,0 (or) cos00 ,cos900 ,cos900
The direction cosines of Y-axis are 0,1,0 (or) cos900 ,cos00 ,cos900
The direction cosines of Z-axis are 0,0,1 (or) cos900 ,cos900 ,cos 00

79. If a line has the direction ratios 2,-1,-2 then what are its direction cosines
Sol: Given DR’s a  2 ; b  1; c  2
a b c
DC’s l   2 2 2
; m 2 2 2
; n 2
a b c a b c a  b2  c2
2 1 2
l   ;m   ;n  
3 3 3
  
80. Find the DC’s of the given vector i  2 j  3k
  
Sol : Given Vector i  2 j  3k
a b c
DC’s l   2 2 2
; m 2 2 2
; n 2
a b c a b c a  b2  c2
1 2 3
l ;m   ;n  
14 14 14
 1
81. If aˆ 
14
 
2iˆ  3 ˆj  kˆ , then write the direction cosines of â

2 3 1
Sol: Given DR’s a  ;b  ;c
14 14 14
a b c
DC’s l   2 ; m ; n
a  b2  c2 a2  b2  c2 a2  b2  c2
2 3 1
l ;m   ;n  
14 14 14
82. Find the equation of the plane with intercept 4 on Z-axis and parallel to
XOY plane.
Sol: Z=4 is the required equation of the plane
83. Find the equation of the plane with intercept 3 on Y-axis and parallel to
ZOX plane
Sol: Y=3 is the required equation of the plane
84. Find the equation of the plane with the intercept 2,3 & 4 on x , y , z axes
respectively
Sol: Required equation of the plane is
x y z
   1
2 3 4
85. Find the equation of the plane with the intercept 1,-1 & 2 on x , y , z axes
respectively
Sol: Required equation of the plane is
x y z
   1
1 1 2
86. Find the intercepts cut off by the plane 2x + y – z = 5.
Sol: Given plane 2 x  y  z  5
2x  y  z 5
  ( Divided by 5 on both sides )
5 5
x y z
   1
5/ 2 5 5
x-intercept = 5/2 ; y-intercept = 5 ; z-intercept = -5

87. Find the distance of the plane 2x  3y  4z  6 from the origin

Sol: Distance from the point  x1 , y1 , z1  to plane Ax  By  Cz  D  0
Ax1  By1  Cz1  D 6 6
d d =
2 2 2
A  B C 4  9  16 29

88. Find the distance of the plane 2x  3y  6z  2 from  6, 0, 0 

Sol: Distance from the point  x1 , y1 , z1  to plane Ax  By  Cz  D  0
Ax1  By1  Cz1  D 2  6   2 14
d  = 2
A B C 2 2 2
4  9  36 7
89. Find the distance of the point  3, 2,1 from the plane 2x  y  2z  3  0
Sol : Distance from the point  x1, y1, z1  to plane Ax  By  Cz  D  0
 Ax1  By1  Cz1  D 2  3   2   2 1  3 6223 13
d  =  
2
A  B C 2 2
9 3
4 1 4

90. Find the distance of a point (2, 5, -3) from the plane r. 6iˆ  3 ˆj  2kˆ  4  


Sol: Given plane is r. 6iˆ  3 ˆj  2kˆ  4 
The above vector form can be represented into Cartesian form 6 x  3 y  2 z  4
6  2   3  5  2  3  4 13
Distance of point  2,5, 3 from plane d  
36  9  4 7
  
91. Find the Cartesian equation of the plane r .  i  j  k   2
Sol: x  y  z  2
  
92. Find the Cartesian equation of the plane r .  2i  3 j  4k   1
Sol: 2 x  3 y  4 z  1
x3 y 4 z 6
93. Write the vector form of the line  
5 7 2
      
  
Sol: r  3i  4 j  6k   5i  7 j  2k 
x 5 y  4 z 6
94. The Cartesian equation of a line is   write its vector form.
3 7 2
      
  
Sol: r  5i  4 j  6k   3i  7 j  2k 
95. Find the angle between the pair of lines
            
 
r  2i  5 j  k   3i  2 j  6k & r  7i  6 j   i  2 j  2k  
Sol: Given lines r1  a1  b1 & r2  a2  b2
 
b1.b2
Angle between two lines cos   
b1 b2
     
cos  
 
3i  2 j  6k . i  2 j  2k


3  4  12

19  19 
   cos 1  
9  4  36 1  4  4 49 9 7  3  21 

96. Find the angle between the pair of lines

            
 
r  3i  2 j  4k   i  2 j  2k & r  5i  2 j   3i  2 j  6k  
Sol: Given lines r1  a1  b1 & r2  a2  b2
 
b1.b2
Angle between two lines cos   
b1 b2
     
cos  
 
i  2 j  2k . 3i  2 j  6k 
1  4  4 9  4  36
3  4  12 19  19 
cos       cos 1  
9 49 37  21 
97. Find the angle between the pair of lines
x  3 y 1 z  3 x  1 y  4 z  5
  &  
3 5 4 1 1 2
 x  x1 y  y1 z  z1 x  x2 y  y2 z  z2
Sol: Given lines   &  
a1 b1 c1 a2 b2 c2
a1a2  b1b2  c1c2
Angle between two lines cos  
a1  b12  c12 a2 2  b2 2  c2 2
2

cos 
 31   51   4  2 
9  25  16 1  1  4
358
cos  
9  25  16 6
16
cos  
6 50
 16 
  cos1  
 10 3 

98. Find the angle between the planes whose vector equations are
 
   
r. 2iˆ  2 ˆj  3kˆ  5 and r. 3iˆ  3 ˆj  5kˆ  3
Sol: The angle between two planes is the angle between their normal’s
       
N1  2i  2 j  3k & N 2  3i  3 j  5k
 
N1N 2
cos   
N1 N 2

6  6  15
cos  
4  4  9 9  9  25
15  15 
cos     cos1  
17 43  731 

99. Find the vector equation of the line passing through the points (–1, 0, 2) and
(3,4,6)
Sol: Let
 
a & b be the position vectors of the point A(– 1, 0, 2) and B(3, 4, 6).
           
a  i  2k ; b  3i  4 j  6k ; b  a  4i  4 j  4k

Let r be the position vector of any point on the line.
  

Then the vector equation of the line is : r  a1   b  a 
     

r  i  2k   4i  4 j  4k
x  x1 y  y1 z  z1
Cartesian equation of a line is  
x2  x1 y2  y1 z2  z1
Given points A(– 1, 0, 2) and B(3, 4, 6)
 x   1 y  0 z  2
 
3   1 4  0 6  2
x 1 y z  2
 
4 4 4

100. Find the vector equation of the line passing through the points
 3, 2, 5 &  3, 2, 6 
 
Sol: Let a & b be the position vectors of the point A(3, -2, -5) and B(3, -2, 6).
          
a  3i  2 j  5k ; b  3i  2 j  6k ; b  a  11k

Let r be the position vector of any point on the line.
  
Then the vector equation of the line is : r  a1   b  a  
    
 
r  3i  2 j  5k   11k
x  x1 y  y1 z  z1
Cartesian equation of a line is  
x2  x1 y2  y1 z2  z1
Given points A(3, -2, 5) and B(3, -2, 6).
x 3 y  2 z 5
  
0 0 11
1. What is linear objective function?
A linear function f  ax  by; a, b are constants, which has to be maximized or
minimized is called a linear objective function.

2. Define feasible region ?

The common region determined by all the constraints including non-negative
constraints x, y  0 of a linear programming problem is called feasible region.

3. What is an optimal solution?

Any point in the feasible region that gives the optimal value (maximum or
minimum) of the objective function is called an optimal solution.

4. Define Objective function ?

A Linear function of the involved variables , which we want to maximize or
minimize subject to the given linear constraints is known as objective function .
3 1
5. If P  A  and P  B   find P  A  B  , If A and B are independent events.
5 5
Sol: Since A and B are independent events then
 P  A  B   P  A  .P  B 
3 1 3
  
5 5 25
6. If P  A  0.6; P  B   0.3 & P  A  B   0.2 find P  A / B  & P  B / A

P  A  B  0.2 2
Sol: P  A / B    
P B 0.3 3
 P  A  B  0.2 2
P  B / A   
P  A 0.6 6
4 2
7. If P  A  ; P  B / A  , find P  A  B 
5 5
P  A  B
Sol: P  B / A  
P  A
 P  B / A  P  A  P  A  B 
4 2
 .  P  A  B
5 5
8
 P  A  B 
25
8. If P  A  0.8; P  B   0.5 & P  B / A  0.4 , find P  A  B 
P  A  B
Sol: P  B / A 
P  A
 P  B / A  P  A  P  A  B 
 0.4  0.8  P  A  B   P  A  B   0.32
9. Find P  A / B  , if P  B  =0.5 and P  A  B   0.32
P  A  B  0.32
Sol: P  A / B   
P  B 0.5
7 9 4
10. If P  A   ; P  B   & P  A  B   , find P  A / B 
13 13 13
P  A  B 4
Sol: P  A/B   
P  B 9
11. A die is thrown. If E is the event ‘the number appearing is a multiple of 3’
and F be the event ‘the number appearing is even’ then prove that E and F
are independent events.
2 1 3 1
Sol: P  E    ; P  F   
6 3 6 2
1
PE  F  
6
1
P  E  .P  F   P  E  F    E & F are independent events
6
12. A die is tossed thrice. Find the probability of getting an odd number atleast
once.
Sol: Let A be the event of getting an odd number on a single throw of die.
3 1 1 1
 P  A   and P  A '  1  P  A  1  
6 2 2 2
Let AAA denote the event of getting an odd number in each of the 3 throws.
Required probability
 P (atleast one odd number)
 1  P (no odd number)
 1  P  A ' A ' A '  1  P  A ' P  A ' P  A '
1 1 1 1 7
 1    1 
2 2 2 8 8
13. Given that two numbers appearing on throwing two dice are different. Find
the probability of event the sum of numbers on the dice is 4.
Sol: Let S be the sample space of two dice, n  S   36
Let A be the event of number appearing on two dice are different n  A  30
Let B be the event of getting sum of numbers on the dice is four n  B   3
n  B  A  2
 B  P  B  A 2 1
P    
 A P  A 30 15
14. A fair coin and an unbiased die are tossed. Let A be the event ‘head appears
on the coin’and B be the event ‘3 on the die’. Check whether A and B are
independent events are not.
Sol:
S   H ,1 ,  H , 2  ,  H ,3 ,  H , 4  ,  H ,5  ,  H ,6  , T ,1 , T ,2  , T ,3 , T ,4  , T ,5  , T ,6  and
n  S   12
A : head appears on the coin
 A   H ,1 ,  H , 2  ,  H , 3  ,  H , 4  ,  H , 5  ,  H , 6 
B : ‘3 on the die’  B   H , 3  , T , 3 
 A  B   H , 3 
n A  B 1
 P  A  B  
ns 12
n  A 6 1
And P  A   
n  s  12 2
nB 2 1
P B   
n  s  12 6
1 1 1
Now, P  A  P  B      P  A  B 
2 6 12
15. Find the probability distribution of
a. Number of heads in two tosses of coin
b. Number of tails in the simultaneous tosses of three coins
c. Number of heads in four tosses of coin
Sol: a) Number of heads in two tosses of coin
Let X : Number of heads
We toss coin twice
So we will get 0 heads , 1 head or 2 heads

No of
X Outcomes P(X)
Outcomes
0 {TT} 1 ¼
1 {TH,HT} 2 2/4=1/2
2 {HH} 1 1/4

So the probability distribution

X 0 1 2
 P(X) ¼ ½ ¼

b) Number of tails in the simultaneous tosses of three coins

Let X : Number of tails
We toss coin three times
So we will get 0 tails , 1 tails , 2 tails or 3 tails
No of
X Outcomes P(X)
Outcomes
0 {HHH} 1 1/8

1 {THH,HHT,HTH} 3 3/8

2 {TTH,THT,HTT} 3 3/8

3 {TTT} 1 1/8
So the probability distribution

X 0 1 2 3

P(X) 1/8 3/8 3/8 1/8

c) Number of heads in four tosses of coin

Let X : Number of heads
We toss coin four times
So we will get 0 heads , 1 head , 2 heads , 3 heads or 4 heads
So the probability distribution

X 0 1 2 3 4

P(X) 1/16 ¼ 3/8 ¼ 1/16

16. The random variable X has probability distribution P  X  of the following

form.
k if x  0
2k if x 1

P X   
3k if x2
0 otherwise
a) Determine value of K
b) Find P  X  2  , P  X  2  , P  X  2 
Sol: a)  P X   1
 1
 k  2k  3k  0  1  6k  1  k 
6
b) P  X  2   P  X  0   P  X  1
1 1 1 2 3 1
 k  2k 
2   
6 6 6 6 2
P  X  2   P  X  0   P  X  1  P  X  2 
1 2 3 1 2  3 6
 k  2k  3k 
    1
6 6 6 6 6
3 1
P  X  2   P  X  2   3k  0   0 
6 2
17. Let X denote the number of hours you study during a randomly selected
school day. The probability that X can take the values x, has the following
form, where k is some unknown constant.
0.1, if x  0
kx, if x  1 or 2

P  X  x  
k  5  x  if x  3 or 4
0, otherwise
a) Find the value of k.
b) What is the probability that you study at least two hours? Exactly two
hours? At most two hours?
Sol: The probability distribution of X is
X 0 1 2 3 4
P(X) 0.1 K 2k 2k K
n
a) We have p
i 1
1 1

 0.1  k 1  k  2   k  5  3  k  5  4   0  1
 0.1  k  2k  2k  k  1  0.1  6k  1
0.9
 6k  1  0.1  k 
6
b) P(you study at least two hours)  P  X  2 
 P  X  2   P  X  3  P  X  4 
 2k  2k  k  5k  5  0.15   0.75
P(you study exactly two hours)  P ( X  2)
 2k  2  0.15  0.3
P(you study at most two hours)  P  X  2 
 P( X  0)  P  X  1  P  X  2 
 0.1  k  2k  0.1  3k  0.1  3  0.15  0.55