CIVIL ENGINEERING DESIGN PROJECT

ENCV4DE
STORMWATER CONTROL
BY
CELUMUSA SHABANGU

Submitted in partial fulfilment of the academic requirement

for the degree of Bachelor of Science in engineering,
School of civil engineering, Surveying and construction University of KwaZulu-
Natal Durban
Introduction

This report briefly outlines the stormwater management of the proposed development in
Durban point. The further development will include the parking, bus terminal, commercial
building and access road, which will be developed in a catchment area of 0.12 Km^2. The
stormwater management plan will be designed according to the principles of sustainable
drainage system (SUDS) and eThekwini design manual for stormwater pipe system.
Sustainable drainage systems are drainage system that are environmentally friendly, which
also reduce the long-term extreme damage of natural resources. These systems are a part of
management practice, control structures and are a sustainable method of draining surface
water, which reduces the pollution and helps in maintaining the good quality of water in
natural water sources and ground water. Urban areas require proper drainage systems to
prevent damage of infrastructures and pollution of water courses, since there’s a lot of
sediments or pollutants that can be transported by the runoff to the water courses. This design
will address an effective way of managing the stormwater for the proposed development to
minimize the negative effect of runoff, such as polluting water courses and effect aquatic life.

Aim and objectives

Aim

To control the stormwater, and to improve the water quality of ground water and water
courses, by using sustainable drainage systems (SUDs).
Objectives

 Reduce the run-off volume of storm by promoting infiltration using SUDs

 Reduce the peak flows and increase the time-to-peak through detaining system.
 Reduce flooding and erosions risk to local environment and waterbodies.

Scope of work

Design and analysis of stormwater system for new development in Durban point.
  Organising the catchment by dividing it into sub-catchments according to the
development.
 Estimating pre-development and post development flowrates by analysing the present
conditions and future developments of the area, respectively using rational method.
 Pipe network and the attenuation facility are to be designed to be able to manage a 10-
and 50-year return periods respectively (eThekwini Municipality, 2012).
 Evaluate number of possible stormwater treatment trains to improve water quality of
the stormwater.
 Design a stormwater reticulation system which operate under gravity system
mechanism.
 Research into SUDSs that can be implemented into the stormwater management plan

Site description

Location

The site under consideration is located in Kwa-Zulu Natal near Durban Harbour. The
Municipality in authority is the eThekwini Municipality. The area surrounding the site
comprises of apartments, offices and places of recreational activities. The area is in its next
phase of development and seeks to attract tourists and investors from all over the world.

figure 1:Shows the location of the site (source: Google earth pro)
Geological conditions
The site is situated over the Cretaceous rock of the St. Lucia Formation and several residual
soils have formed, due to the withering of parent bedrock. The site is additionally surrounded
by and includes a portion of Harbour beds, comprising of unconsolidated sediment ranging in
particle size from sand through the silt to clay. On-site, these Harbour beds have been
overlain by fills (Transnet Capital Projects, 2012). Based on the geotechnical laboratory
report of the Port of Durban conducted by Transnet Capital Projects utilizing borehole tests,
the approximate composition percentages are 6-10% gravel, 78-80% sand, 9-15% silt, and 1-
2% clay. The geotechnical report further indicates that the soils present have suitable
infiltration characteristics to allow for infiltration of surface water to the groundwater table
(assumed to be present 1.5m below the natural ground level). This is extremely important for
stormwater management as proposed SUDS (discussed in section 7) requires soils to be
capable of infiltration in order to reduce both the velocity and quantity of stormwater runoff.
The soil profile has an average slope of 0.9% with a maximum slope of 6.9% denoting flat
land. Additional levelling through cutting and filling will be required for construction and
postconstruction if necessary. It is expected that the slope adjustments for the flat land on-site
is required to accommodate the stormwater drainage design and improve the flowrate within
the pipe network system. A lack of vegetation in the proposed development site is possibly
due to the sandy nature of surface soils, which consequently leads to an increase in surface
runoff and possibilities for erosion to occur. In such a case, provisions need to be made to
ensure stormwater runoff needs to be controlled in a manner that discourages the potentially
adverse environmental effects of erosion, such as the use of filter strips. Further investigation
is required.

Hydrology
The catchment area is situated on the coastline of Durban and experiences subtropical
climate. Durban experience a lot of rainfall including dry seasons, the rainfall in Durban is
975mm per year (eThekwini Municipality, 2012).

Information about existing stormwater

The site (catchment area) consists of two-part, area B consists of municipality stormwater
control system and area A doesn’t have any stormwater system (refer to figure 2).

Figure 2: Shows the existing stormwater system on the catchment area (Source: eThekwini municipality GIS)

Pre and Post development

The catchment area or the site can be divided into two part as shown in figure 2. Area B is
classified as a developed area since, its already developed and there’s a stormwater in place.
where stormwater management systems are already in place. Area A is categorised as
undeveloped area and will be the area that requires stormwater management mitigation
therefore area A will be the catchment area for the new development.
Pre -development

The catchment area considered or area A (see figure 2) is 0,12 Km^2 in size and it doesn’t
have any drainage system. The elevation difference from lowest and highest elevation are 4
and 8 meters, respectively. The average slope is 0,8%, determined using 1085 method
(eThekwini municipality, 2012).

Figure 3:Shows the pre-development of the catchment area

Post development

The proposed development consists of parking, bus terminal, commercial building and access
road. Figure 4 below shows the areas that will be developed within the catchment, the other
places will be left undeveloped.
 Figure 4:Shows the areas that will be developed within the catchment area

Impacts

Environmental impact

 Increased runoff due to new development may causes excessive erosion, and damage
on surrounding infrastructures.
 Sedimentation and contamination can be transported by the runoff to the
watercourse(ocean) and disturb(hurt) aquatic life.
 Increased area with impervious surface may contribute to flooding.

Social impact
  Lack of knowledge in terms of installing the SUDs may results in waste of resources
Economic impact

 Job will be created during the construction phase of the development

 Re-use of stormwater can help to reduce the bill of water in urban areas

Methodology: Stormwater management

The stormwater management plan should address the mitigation measures taken to reduce the
negative impact of stormwater due to the proposed development. The management plan
includes the implementation of SUDs and traditional pipe system for conveyance of the
runoffs to storage facility or watercourse. The SUDs must reduce runoff by promoting
infiltration and improve the water quality of the stormwater for reusing purpose and for safe
disposal in water courses without affecting aquatic life.

Catchment basin

The catchment under consideration was divided into 5 sub catchments according to the
proposed development (refer to figure 5). The surface area, drainage length, coordinates of
the site and slopes were analysed by using google earth pro. The contours were extracted
from eThekwini contours using eThekwini GIS and the rainfall data was determined using
eThekwini historical rainfall. Figure 5 below shows the division of sub catchments according
to the development, where labelled numbers 1- 5 represents the sub catchments

1- Sub-catchment 1 for parking

2- Sub-catchment 2 for bus terminal
3- Sub-catchment 3 for commercial building
4- Sub-catchment 4 for the access road
5- Sub-catchment 5 no development, but is considered as a sub catchment because it
drains towards the new developed access road
 Figure 5:Shows the division sub-catchment within the catchment area

Table 1 below shows the properties of each sub- catchment

Catchment Area(km^2) Drainage Slope(m/m)

length (km)
Sub- 0,0188 0,191 0,010471
catchment 1
Sub 0,00513 0,123 0,01626
catchment 2
Sub 0,005204 0,107 0,009346
catchment 3
Sub 0,001081 0,17 0,002353
catchment 4
Sub 0,003786 0,76 0,003786
catchment 5
Table 1:Shows the properties of the sub-catchments

Runoff coefficients
Runoff coefficient, C, is a factor ranging between 0 and 1 which compensates for variation in
rainfall over the catchment, flow velocity and infiltration during a storm. To calculate C, the
area is divided into sub-catchments then the overall coefficient is calculated as the area-
weighted average of the sub-catchments. Figure 6 shows pre-development runoff coefficient
for sub- catchment 1. Hand calculations number 1 to 4 on appendix A shows detailed
calculations.

Coverall = (Sum of Ci x Ai)/ (Sum of Ai),

Figure 6: Shows the runoff coefficient for pre-development for sub-catchment 1

Peak runoff

The pre and post run of was estimated using Rational method based on a 10 year and 50-year return
period refer to appendix A on hand calculations number 1 to 4 for detailed calculations. The
Rational method estimate the peak flow runoff using the equation below

Q=ft*C*I*A

Where:

Ft-Reduction factor

A – catchment Area

C- Runoff coefficient

I - Rainfall intensity

I = (Pi/Tc) = rainfall intensity

 ( )
0.467
rL
Tc=36 0.5 , L ≤ 200m
1000 S

( )
2 0.385
0.87 L
Tc= , L > 200m
1000 S

Pi = rainfall depth
r = roughness factor
L = longest drainage path

Hydrogragh for 10 RP
0.6
0.485792
0.5

0.4
Flow(Q0(m^3/s)

0.339590344367948

0.3 pre-development
Post- development
0.2

0.1
0 0 0
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
Time of concetration (Tc) (min)

Figure 7: Hydrograph for a 10-year storm

50 year RP Hydrograph
1.2 1.0524898
1
0.7338445017017
Flow(Q) (m^3/s)

0.8 16

0.6 Pre-development
Post-development
0.4

0.2
0 0 0
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
Time of concetration(Tc) (min)

Figure 8:Hydrograph for a 50-year storm

Management system implemented

The stormwater management system implemented is shown in figure 9 below (also refer to drawing
5 for detailed system). The system involves the combination of the traditional system (which is pipe
system) and the sustainable drainage systems.

Figure 9:shows the stormwater management system

Pipe system

The stormwater pipe network is shown in figure 9. The pipe system for the catchment area is
represented by the blue line, where the pipe system collects the runoff from the sub
catchments and convey it to downstream attenuation system which is a surface sand filter
(refer to drawing 5 for details).

The sizing of stormwater pipes is based on manning’s equation, Q = (1/n) AR2/3S1/2, where
Q = inflow (m3/s)

A=π ¿ = pipe cross sectional area (m2)

R = D/4 = hydraulic radius (m), assuming full flow.

D = pipe diameter (m)

S = bed slope (m/m)

n = manning’s roughness factor.

Consideration specifications
Pipes system Gravity system was implemented
Manhole Manhole were provided at change in direction
and at manhole joins. They were also provided
at maximum spacing of 10mm
Inlet Kerb inlets were provided at 30m along the new
constructed road (sub-catchment 4)
slope Slope of the pipe were assigned based on the
invert level between manhole
Bedding The bedding will be provided as per
eThekwini municipality bedding standard.
Table 2:Shows the summary of the pipe system

Attenuation system

The management system consists of 3 attenuation structure. There are 2 source control
attenuation structures and 1 onsite control structure. The source control attenuation system
stores the run off for reuse purpose and any excess runoff flows into the pipe system and
transported downstream. The onsite attenuation structures control the runoff flow that
flow into the water course(ocean).
All attenuation structures were sized based on a storage volume for a 50-year return period.
The storage volume is determined by taking the area enclosed between predevelopment and
post development hydrograph (see figure 10).
 50 year RP Hydrograph
1.2 1.0524898
1
0.7338445017017
Flow(Q) (m^3/s)
0.8 16

0.6 Pre-development
Post-development
0.4

0.2
0 0 0
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
Time of concetration(Tc) (min)

Figure 10:Shows the storage volume for a 50-year storm

Flood routing was done using Level pool method and the outflow at the attenuation structures was
controlled by a sharp crested spillway (orifice) with properties shown in figure 11 below. Detailed
flood routing is shown in spreadsheet.

Coefficient of discharge Cd 0,6

Gravity g (m/s^2) 9,81
Orifice diameter D (m) 0,32
0,08042
Orifice Area A (m^2) 5

∆t(s) 60
Figure 11:Shows the information used for flood routing

Storage, S = Ah

Outflow, Q = Cd x Ao x (2g) ^0.5

Where

A = surface area of attenuation tank.

Ao = area of the orifice

Cd = discharge coefficient
 g = gravitational acceleration = 9.81 m/s^2

h = head, i.e. available head above the orifice.

Delta t = 60 seconds

The inflow hydrograph was plotted and compared with the outflow hydrograph as shown in figure 12.

See appendix for details.

50 RP Routing
0.14

0.12

0.1
Flow Q(m^3/s)

0.08

0.06

0.04

0.02

0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120

Time(min)

Figure 12:Shows the relationship between inflow and outflow runoff

Sustainable drainage system

Sustainable drainage systems (SUDs) were implemented on the site in order to reduce the runoff
and improve the water quality and infiltration.
Rainwater harvesting

Is the method of collecting and storing of rainwater for the purpose of reducing runoff and re-
using the water. In sub-catchment 4 which is the commercial building with 30m x 36m roof
area, rainwater harvesting was implemented for the purpose of re-using the water by
connecting the harvested water to the flushing toilet system of the building. The storage
generated by the roof was determined using rational method.

Sub-catchment Roof area (km^2) Total volume generated Volume

by the roof (l) collected(l)
Sub-catchment 3 0.001080 17631 17631
Table 3: shows the volume collected on the roof of the commercial building

A 20000 litres JOJO tank can be used to collect the roof runoff. Overflow discharges from
the tank can be collected by a stormwater pipe system.

Permeable pavement

This type pavers provide pavements for traffic and pedestrian, which allowing rainwater to infiltrate
through the surface and into the underlying structural layers. Sub-catchment 3 is about 90% paved,
therefore the implementation of permeable will serve the purpose of paving the area but also allow
water to infiltrate into the ground and improve the ground water quality and reduce runoff.
Permeable pavement reduces about 50% of the runoff that is generated when a surface is fully
paved. (Richard, 1996)

Bio Swale

A bioswale is typically a vegetated channel with a parabolic or trapezoidal cross-section that

can be used in place of a ditch to transport stormwater runoff from streets, parking lots and
roofs. Bio swale reduce the run off by promoting infiltration of the runoff and improve the
water quality of the runoff.

Advantages of a bio swale

 Swales retain particulate pollutants as close to the source as possible

 Swales generally reduce stormwater runoff volumes and delay runoff peak flows
 Runoff from adjacent impermeable areas is often completely infiltrated in-situ using
swales
 Vegetated swales are normally less expensive and more aesthetically pleasing than
kerbs and their associated concrete- and stone-lined channels;

Sand filter

Consist of a sedimentation chamber linked to an underground filtration chamber comprising sand or

other filtration media through which stormwater runoff passes. The sand filter systems are able to
delay the runoff while improving the water quality of the runoff by infiltrating it trough a sand bed
chamber which consists of sand and gravel layers.

Other SUDs recommendation

Green roofs

After the development has been completed the greens roof system will be the best additional
method to reduce runoff from the development. The green roof delays the stormwater runoff
for a certain time. The small trees on the roof also absorb water which result in runoff being
lowered. The green roof system also plays a part in energy conservation and they provide
shades.

Rainwater gardens

Rainwater gardens can also be implemented along the edges of the building and along the
edges of the sub-catchments, so that it will improve infiltration by absorbing the runoffs.
Filter strips

Filter strips are maintained grassed areas of land that are used to manage shallow overland
stormwater runoff through several filtration processes in a similar manner to buffer strips.

Advantages of filter strips

 Infiltration of stormwater runoff helps to attenuate flood peaks

 Filter strips generally trap the pollutants close to source.
 Filter strips normally integrate well within the natural landscape to provide open
spaces for uses such as recreation.
Figure 13:Shows the pollutants removal capacity of the SUDs
References

Akhter, F., Hewa, G. A., Ahammed, F., Myers, B. & Argue, J. R. 2020. Performance
Evaluation of Stormwater Management Systems and its Impact on Development Costing.
Journal of Water, 12, 375.

Armitage, N., Vice, M., Fisher-Jeffes, L., Winter, K., Spiegel, A. and Dunstan, J., 2013. The
South African guidelines for sustainable drainage systems. Report TT558/13. Pretoria: Water
Research Commission.

Campos, L.C., Su, M.F.J., Graham, N.J.D. and Smith, S.R., 2002. Biomass development in
slow sand filters. Water research, 36(18), pp.4543-4551.

eThekwini Municipality 2012. Design Manual: Guidelines for the design of stormwater
drainage and stormwater management systems. In: DEPARTMENT OF COASTAL
STORMWATER & CATCHMENT MANAGEMENT (ed.). Durban: CSCM.

SANRAL 2013. Drainage Manual. Flood Calculations. South Africa.

Transnet Capital Projects 2012. Port of Durban, Passenger Terminal and Administration
Building at A&B Berths. Durban Point, KwaZulu-Natal.

Zhao, J.Z., Fonseca, C. and Zeerak, R., 2019. Stormwater Utility Fees and Credits: A
Funding Strategy for Sustainability. Sustainability, 11(7), p.1913.
Appendixes