Journal of King Saud University – Engineering Sciences xxx (xxxx) xxx

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Journal of King Saud University – Engineering Sciences

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Original article

Modelling and control of a non-isolated half-bridge bidirectional DC-DC

converter with an energy management topology applicable with EV/HEV
Ranjan Pramanik ⇑, B.B. Pati
Departement of Electrical Engineering, Veer Surendra Sai University of Technology, Burla, India

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: Energy management strategy is gaining much popularity due to the involvement of conventional/non-
Received 11 June 2020 conventional power sources with an efficient energy storing solution to offer un-interruptible power
Accepted 7 March 2021 demand. Thus, in this work a simpler logic control circuit based nonisolated bi-directional DC-DC con-
Available online xxxx
verter with both battery and super capacitor topology is proposed. For the proposed topology, first its
mathematical modelling in ideal-case with parasitic in every mode of actions is presented. To control
Keywords: the bidirectional DC-DC converter topology, its small signal model for individual buck and boost opera-
Bidirectional DC-DC Converter
tion is obtained by using averaging and linearization technique. Then, a unified logic circuit-based con-
Energy management topology
Mathematical modelling
troller is designed for the obtained systems to analyze the performance of the converter in the buck and
Small Signal Analysis boost mode operation. The performance of the proposed topology is verified through MATLAB/Simulink
Controller Design for MIMO environment.
Ó 2021 The Authors. Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of King Saud University. This is an
open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

1. Introduction battery unit and send it to the bus. But in a high-power load situ-
ation, it is a real challenging situation to maintain the proper
Energy storage and management systems are now a very power management with battery thermal management while
thoughtful domain in Electric and Hybrid vehicle applications. doing charging and discharging. The proper control algorithm is
Electric Power Supply-demand in Electric vehicle and Hybrid Elec- very much necessary to maintain this MOSFET switching for situa-
tric Vehicle to improve system performance has grown-up expo- tion demanding to charge and discharging signals to the bidirec-
nentially. The concept of hybrid energy storage is gaining more tional converter.
attention due to its impact on improvement of life of battery by To solve this previously mention problem, many topologies
stopping its frequent charging and discharging (Camara et al., have been proposed earlier (Su and Tang, 2008a, 2008b; Nugroho
2010). It also increases the battery life as well as efficient output et al, 2017; Athikkal et al., 2017; De Doncker et al., 1991;
power. In this sequence the battery storage system with the bidi- Jaisudha et al., 2017). Many works have been reported to consider
rectional dc-dc converter is become a prominent choice to improve unidirectional switches for individual operation (Revana et al.,
the life cycle of battery while maintaining continuous demanded 2019). Single strategies to achieve combine operation. For battery
output power (Furkan et al., 2016; Bhatti et al., 2016; Saichand charging and discharging flow many works suggested going for
et al., 2017; Peng et al., 2004a, 2004b). The converter is drawing an additional ultra-capacitor for a hybrid converter model with
the energy from the high voltage dc-bus and using the same for isolated design (Athikkal et al., 2017). Two unidirectional type
battery charging (Jain et al., 2000). Also, depending on the neces- Buck and Boost converter are possible to replace with one bidirec-
sity with its switching schemes it can draw the power from the tional dc-dc converter unit, that also been suggested (Tao et al.,
2008). In the most widely used electric hybrid model, the battery
pack is connected with a DC link with back-up support of the
⇑ Corresponding author. capacitor bank. For this system management, many kinds of ZVS
E-mail address: ranjan.pramanik@nexteer.com (R. Pramanik). and ZCS controllers also been suggested earlier (Chiu and Lin,
Peer review under responsibility of King Saud University. 2004; Khaled et al., 2018; Peng et al., 2004a,b; Su and Tang,
2008b; Jain et al., 1997; Su and Tang, 2008a; Kroics et al., 2018;
Sher et al., 2016). Regarding switching signal generation,
many works have been reported (Marchesoni et al., 2007;
Production and hosting by Elsevier Xu et al., 2004; Venkatesan et al., 1989; Yoo et al., 2006;

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jksues.2021.03.004
1018-3639/Ó 2021 The Authors. Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of King Saud University.
This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

Please cite this article as: R. Pramanik and B.B. Pati, Modelling and control of a non-isolated half-bridge bidirectional DC-DC converter with an energy man-
agement topology applicable with EV/HEV, Journal of King Saud University – Engineering Sciences, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jksues.2021.03.004
R. Pramanik and B.B. Pati Journal of King Saud University – Engineering Sciences xxx (xxxx) xxx

Khleaf et al., 2019; Faelzer et al., 2000) to include proportional- low voltage side, i.e., at battery voltage. RDB and RBT are the internal
integral control to produce switching signal. Being simplilcity in resistance of V DB and V BT , respectively. Also, the circuit consists of
structure and less parameters to tune it is widely popular for gen- energy storage components such as: inductor L, input capacitor C H ,
eration of switching signal. Many works have also been carried out and output capacitor C L . There are two switches (using MOSFET)
to tune the control gain by using intelligent techniques (Khleaf Q 1 and Q 2 with their internal resistance Rdson . These switches also
et al., 2019; Choudhury et al., 2020) and also non-linear control connect with anti-parallel diodes D1 or D2 , acting as a free-
(Shaker and Kraidi, 2019). However, tuning of such techniques wheeling diode during operations mode. Inductor parasitic resis-
involves in large computational complexity. Thus, a simple digital tance RLP included in the model.
control plays a viable option in the process of switching signal
generation. 2.1. Formulation of State-Space equations
This paper presents a details operational mode with mathemat-
ical analysis of a non-isolated bidirectional dc-dc converter along As reported above, the bidirectional dc-dc converter works with
with a suitable current control scheme to get the best optimal out- two operational modes i.e. step-down and step-up with continuous
come to fulfil the objective of a hybrid storage application. The dif- current conduction (De Doncker et al., 1991). The mathematical
ferent power stages and its mathematical model is derived for this models have been developed for the same.
converter buck and boost operation with all matrix calculations.
Followed by state-space averaging technique the small-signal anal- 2.1.1. Buck mode
ysis is obtained. A simpler digital control-based circuit is proposed During the buck mode operation, the power flow takes place
to achieve the buck and boost operation for the proposed dc-dc from higher voltage end to lower voltage end (i.e., source to load)
converter topology. The performance of the proposed model is as shown in Fig. 2. During operation time, the battery gets charged.
then investigated through MATLAB/SIMULINK. From the circuit analysis, it can be noticed that switch Q 1 remains
The rest of the paper is organized as follows. Section 1 includes ON and other switches remain off.
the introduction part. Modelling of the converter topology is pre- Step-down operational mode consist of Q 1 , and D2 conduction
sented in Section 2. The linearised model is presented in Section 3. while Q 2 and D1 remains OFF. At the first step, Q 1 is ON and all
The controller design for the obtained model is reported in Sec- other Q 2 , D1 , and D2 remains OFF. In this mode inductor as well
tion 4. The result analysis followed by conclusion is established as the output capacitor C L is charged from the bus voltage. When
in Section 5 and 6, respectively. Q 1 and Q 2 both OFF, diode D2 act as a freewheeling diode. Since
the inductor current IL can not change instantaneously, it dis-
2. Modelling of the converter circuit charged throughD2 . So, output voltage across the load RBT
decreases compared to the input supply voltage. Using KVL and
The objective of dc-to-dc power conversion is to achieve bidi- KCL the obtained dynamics are,
rectional power flow among different two voltage levels (Camara diL RPT IL VL
et al., 2010) during normal as well as abnormal condition. This ¼  ð1Þ
dt L L
can be ensured by the suitable topology of dc-dc converter
(Saichand and John, 2017). Fig. 1 shows a non-isolated bidirec- dVH VH VBS
¼ þ ð2Þ
tional dc-dc converter topology which combines step-up dc volt- dt RDB CH RDB CH
age and step-down dc voltage in a half-bridge topology
configuration. Hence, the main operation is based on two different dVL IL VBT VL
¼ þ  ð3Þ
states. Bidirectional converter placed in between low voltage and dt CL RBT CL RBT CL
high voltage sources to transfer the energy between them depend-
Derive the matrix using above equations
ing on the system requirements. The converter performs in the
2 3  RPT 
  2 3
I_L  IL 
step-down mode as a buck converter and step-up mode as boost 1 1 0 0
 L L L  
converter. 6 _ 7  1 1

  6
0  VH  þ 4 0 1 7 VBT
4 VH 5 ¼  CH RDB CH 5 ð4Þ
The proposed converter topology is shown in Fig. 1. As shown in  1
RDB CH
  VDB
1  V 
Fig. 1, V DB is the voltage at high voltage side and V BT is the voltage at V_ L  C
L
0 R C
BT L
L
1
RBT CL
0

Fig. 1. Circuit diagram of bidirectional dc-dc converter. Fig. 2. Circuit topology during buck mode.

2
R. Pramanik and B.B. Pati Journal of King Saud University – Engineering Sciences xxx (xxxx) xxx

2.1.2. Boost mode 3. Small signal model

In this mode switch Q2 remain ON and switch Q1 remains OFF.
So, the power flow is from battery to the load side as shown in The proposed circuit topology has a total three storage compo-
Fig. 3. Hence, the battery gets discharge the supply the power to nents those are Battery voltage, High voltage load end and inductor
the load end with a high voltage level. current. So, the state variable of this systems is inductor current
In step-up operational mode, Q 2 , and D1 performs the conduc- and capacitor voltages in circuits both ends. Now, we are consider-
tion while Q 1 and D2 remains OFF. At the first step, Q 2 is ON and ing the best optimal switching, and therefore we have derived each
all other Q 1 , D1 , and D2 remains OFF which results the charging groups of state-space equations for individual’s operational modes.
of inductor by the battery source. Thus, IL will increase linearly till During period dðtÞ, switch Q 1 remain ON and Q 2 remain OFF,
the switch Q 2 is OFF. Another side, as D1 is also in reversed biased
z_ ¼ F1 zðtÞ þ G1 uðtÞ ð11Þ
during this mode and the switch Q 1 is OFF, no current can flow
through the switch Q 1 . Now in the second step, Q 2 and Q 1 are During period ð1  dÞt, switch Q 2 remain ON and Q 1 remain
OFF. Circuit then considered being an open circuit. As the polarity OFF,
of inductor current can not change immediately, the voltage across
z_ ¼ F2 zðtÞ þ G2 uðtÞ ð12Þ
it reverses. This makes the diode D1 forward biased mode and IL
charges the output capacitor C L to a higher voltage compared to Now, considering the total time- period,
the input supply voltage. The circuit acts in boost mode operation.
z_ ¼ ½F1 zðtÞ þ G1 uðtÞdðtÞ þ ½F2 zðtÞ þ G2 uðtÞ½1  dðtÞ ð13Þ
According to the circuit topology, boost mode mathematical
Here, dðtÞ ¼ ðD þ b
dÞ &½1  dðtÞ ¼ ðD  b
0
expression has been derived using KVL and KCL formula. dÞ
dIL RPT IL VL Now substituting the perturbations standings into the
¼  ð5Þ calculations
dt L L
z_ ¼ ½F1 ðZ þ b
Z_ þ b b þ ½F ðZ þ b b
0
b ÞðD þ dÞ
z Þ þ G1 ðU þ u 2 b ÞðD þ dÞ
z Þ þ G2 ðU þ u
dVH VH VDB
¼ þ ð6Þ ð14Þ
dt RDB CH RDB CH
With the presence of b z and b
d, the perturbed state-space equa-
dVL IL VBT VL
¼ þ  ð7Þ tion is nonlinear which is need to be linearised for control design.
dt CL RBT CL RBT CL
From the above equations 3.1. Linearization
2 3 2 32 3 2 3
I_L  RLPT  1L
D 0 0 
L IL  The perturbed averaged state-space model is nonlinear kind.
6_ 7 6 76 1 7 VBT
4 V H 5 ¼ 6  RDB1CH 74 VH 7 þ
6 0
4 0 0 5 5 4 RDB CH 5
VDB
Taylor series mathematical model with the assumption of the
_V L 1
0  RBT1CL VL 1
0 small-signal model is considered to form the linear model around
CL RBT CL
the points X, D and U. Here, by negelecting the higher-order terms.
ð8Þ
b b0
z:d
So, equating state space average dc model
2 32 3 2 3
 RPT D
 1L IL 0 0   b:b
u d0
6 DL L
76 7 6 1 7 VBT
0¼6
4  CH  RDB1CH 0 74 VH 5 þ 4 0
5 RDB CH 5 ð9Þ
VDB b b0
1
0  RBT1CL VL 1
0 z:d
CL RBT CL

Equating State-space averaged ac model: b:b

u d0
2 3 2 R 32 3 2 32 3
1
bI L L
PT D
L L
bI 0 1 0 IL With the implementation of the above equations, the liner
d6 7 6 76 L 7 6 1 L 76 7b
4 VH 5 ¼ 6 0 7
D 1
b b
54 V H 5 þ 4 CH 0 0 54 VH 5 d
model formed.
dt 4 CH RDB CH
bL 1 b    
z_ ¼ F1 D þ F2 D b
1 VL
V CL
0 RBT CL VL 0 0 0 b
0 0
z þ G1 D þ G2 D u b
ð10Þ
b
þ ½ðF1 Z  F2 ZÞ þ ðG1 U  G2 UÞ d ð15Þ
With zero initial condition, while taking the Laplace equation,
0
^zðsÞ ½G1 D þ G2 D 
¼ ð16Þ
u^ ðsÞd^¼0 ½sI  ðF D þ F D0 Þ1
1 2

The Eq. (16) is used to understand the dynamic behaviour of

bidirectional converter. While putting into state-space form
2   31  
 s 0 0    RLPT D 1 
  0 1
0 
^IL 6  

L L
7  1 L

¼ 4 0 s 0     CH  RBT1CH 0 7 ð17Þ
D
^    5   CL
: 0 0

d 0 0 s   1 1   0
C L
0 RBT CH 0 0

i Transfer function of duty cycle (a) to inductor current IL

bi L abVH s2 þ ðaV H þ bV H  aDIL RDB Þs þ VH  DIL RDB
¼ 
b
d Labs3 þ ðLa þ Lb þ RPT abÞs2 þ cs þ RBT þ RPT þ D2 RDB
Fig. 3. Circuit topology during boost mode.
ð18Þ

3
R. Pramanik and B.B. Pati Journal of King Saud University – Engineering Sciences xxx (xxxx) xxx

Here, a ¼ RBT CL
And b ¼ RDB CH ; c ¼ L þ RPT a þ RPT b þ D2 RDB a þ RBT b
ii Transfer function of control to high-side voltage source

IL D b IL
b H  CH þ CH : bd
V
¼ ð19Þ
b
d s þ CH1RDB

iii Transfer function of control to low-side voltage source

bL
V
1
CL
bI L
¼ : ð20Þ
b
d s þ CL RBT d
1 b

When V BT low side voltage is OFF or zero, then RBT is treated as

an only resistive load. In this scenario, RD is also negligible. The
bidirectional dc-dc converter behaves like a 2nd order voltage
step-down converter. Below equation derived as this buck mode
with resistive load state-space math expression, Fig. 5. Bode plot during buck operation.

VH ðCL RBT s þ 1Þ
GðsÞ ¼ ð21Þ
LRBT CL s2 þ ðRBT CL RPT þ LÞs þ RPT þ RBT helps to select operation either buck or boost operation. The com-
plete switching control circuit is shown in Fig. 7.
And with high side voltage is when OFF or zero, the converter
The control scheme is divided into 4 blocks as shown in Fig. 7.
behaves like a 2nd order step-up voltage dc-dc converter. Equation
The block 1 consist a differential opamp which sense the current
become
and findout its direction by checking its slope. Since, its value is
 
small, it passes through a gain block of magnitude G ¼ 15 to
s þ CH1RBT VLH  LC
IL D

GðsÞ ¼   H
ð22Þ amplify the signal. Also, an offset value of 0.7 V is added for smooth
D2
s þ CH1RBT s þ RLPT þ LC H
transient operation. This signal is then passed through a filter cir-
cuit to remove any unwanted ripple. The block 2 consist an error
The bode plot of the above two mode is shown in Figs. 4 and 5 . compensator which compare the sensed current with the reference
value. The proportional voltage of the sensed feedback current is
4. Proposed control scheme
V ISW ¼ ILðpkÞ RG þ 0:7 ð23Þ
The controlled strategy for the proposed bidirectional dc-dc
converter topology is shown in Fig. 6. As shown in the figure the V IFB ¼ ILðav gÞ RG þ 0:7 ffi V IREF ð24Þ
controller circuit is designed with a dual voltage system.
The controlled strategy for the proposed bidirectional dc-dc
where inductor current ILðpkÞ is the peak current and ILðav gÞ is average
converter topology is shown in Fig. 6. As shown in the figure the
current. The error signal of the comparator block is pass through a
controller circuit is designed with a dual voltage system. Fig. 6(a)
suitable polynomial controller, which is used to place the poles of
shows the complete schematic diagram of the proposed compen-
the system. Here, a 1st order transfer function (TF) of controller is
sated system. As shown in Fig. 6(a), the components in the mode
switch block initiates the buck or boost operation by sensing the chosen (TF ¼ 0:01=106 s þ 1) so as to place the poles 2 to 3 times
direction of current. This helps to achieve both the operation of the dominant poles of the nominal system. This helps to increase
through a single logic system. Fig. 6(b) shows the internal switch- the margin for the non-minimum system for smooth transient oper-
ing logic of buck and boost operation only. Here, the enable signal ation. The output of the block 2 is given to block 3. Block 3 consist of
two comparator circuit which are connected opposite to each other.
When comparator 1 output is high, comparator 2 output is low and
vice-versa. The block 4 cosist of few logic gates to decided the buck
or boost operation. It receives the signal from block 1,2, comparator
3 and clock block. The clock oscillator circuit shown in Fig. 7 gener-
ates the clock signals for a fixed PWM frequency operation. For
smooth selection, another comarator circuit, i.e., comparator 3 in
Fig. 7 is used, which is responsible to enable operation of switch
Q1 and Q2. When the output of comparator 3 is in the high state,
the clock sends the signal to the set terminal and performs as in
Buck mode. Otherwise, during the low state, the clock sends the sig-
nal to the reset terminal and performs as boost mode. Therefore,
during bidirectional converter operation mode when switching Q1
trigger, the converter will operate as a voltage step-down dc-dc
converter. And when switch Q2 trigger, the converter will operate
as a voltage step-up dc-dc converter.
The above converter operation mode depends on the direction
of current reference signal. If the reference signal is negative the
converter works in step-up mode. And when the reference value
is positive converter will operate in step-down mode.
The inductor current iL contains large ripple, even though the
Fig. 4. Bode plot during boost operation. interleaving techniquehelp eliminates it. A low pass RC filter as
4
R. Pramanik and B.B. Pati Journal of King Saud University – Engineering Sciences xxx (xxxx) xxx

Fig. 6. Proposed unified controller (a) Schematic diagram, (b) Internal switching diagram.

Fig. 7. Logic circuit of the proposed unified controller.

shown in Fig. 7 is used to get an averaged current with smaller 5. Results and discussions
ripple.
The parameters presented in Table 1, of the Bi-directional dc-dc
converter are considered for simulation.
1 Prior to the simulation, the response of the obtained linearized
RCðsÞ ¼ ð25Þ
ð1 þ sC1 R1 Þ model of buck and boost operations are analysed from bode plots.
For buck operation, Eq. (18) is considered and the bode plot of
The control circuit for each operation in Fig. 7 is further pre-
the transfer function between the duty cycle to inductor current
sented in Fig. 8 for better readability. Fig. 8 (a) and (b) show the
is shown in Fig. 9. From the figure it can be said, right half plane
simplified current mode PWM controller block diagram of the bidi-
zero has been not appeared in this system and the system is inte-
rectional converter’s buck operation mode and boost operation
grally stable and minimum phase.
mode, respectively.

Fig. 8. Controller circuit of the converter for (a) Buck operation mode (b) Boost operation mode.

5
R. Pramanik and B.B. Pati Journal of King Saud University – Engineering Sciences xxx (xxxx) xxx

Table 1
Parameters of the considered system.

RDB (ohm) RBT (ohm) L (lH) CH (lF) CL (lF) FSW (KHZ) Rdson(milli ohm) VH (v) VL (v) Rlp (milli ohm)

15 8 7 20 20 70 36 42 14 36

Bode Diagram
60
Magnitude (dB)

40

20

0
90

45
Phase (deg)

-45

-90
2 3 4 5 6
10 10 10 10 10
Frequency (Hz )

Fig. 12. Buck mode output voltage simulation result.

Fig. 9. Bode plot for a to ILTF.

During the boost operation mode, battery internal resistance is

Bode Diagram
80 negligible. Also, the operation is performed with low frequency.
Here, using the inductor current as output reference. Eq. (22)
60
represnts the step-up voltage mode transfer function. For the same,
Magnitude (dB)

40 the Bode plot is shown in Fig. 10.

20 During the voltage step-down mode, the low side voltage
becomes zero and RBT is considered as R type load. In this operation
0
mode RDB is negligible. The system model derived equation no 21.
-20 This system performs like a 2nd order buck dc-dc converter. The
0
stability analysis has been conducted through the Bode plot, shown
in Fig. 11.
Phase (deg)

-45

6. Simulation results
-90
10
2
10
4
10
6
Fig. 12 shows the output voltage when the converters work in
Frequency (Hz) Buck mode. The converter input voltage was than 42 V. By switch-
ing the switch the bidirectional converter works only buck con-
Fig. 10. Bode plot for a to ILTF during boost mode.
verter, and step-down the voltage level.
Fig. 13 shows the simulation results of the bi-directional con-
verter output voltage when the converters work in Boost mode.
In boost mode, the battery works as the source voltage. The input
Bode Diagram
60
Magnitude (dB)

40

20

0
90

45
Phase (deg)

-45

-90
2 4 6
10 10 10
Frequency (Hz)

Fig. 11. Bode plot for a to ILTF during buck mode. Fig. 13. Boost mode output voltage simulation result.

6
R. Pramanik and B.B. Pati Journal of King Saud University – Engineering Sciences xxx (xxxx) xxx

voltage was 14 V. Bi-directional converter boosts up the voltage to Jain, M., Daniele, M., Jain, P.K., 2000. A bidirectional dc-dc convertertopology for low
power application. IEEE Trans. Power Electron. 15, 595–606.
near about 40 V. So, the bi-directional converter step-up the volt-
Jain, M., Jain, P.K., Daniele, M., 1997. Analysis of a bidirectional dc–dc converter
age level of the system. topology for low power application. In: IEEE Proc.CCECE’97 Conference. Jun 3-4,
From the above results, it concludes that the bi-directional con- pp. 548–551.
verter working in both the step-down and step-up mode. Jaisudha, S., Srinivasan, S., Kanimozhi, G., 2017. Bidirectional resonant DC-DC
converter for microgrid application. Int. J. Power Electron. Drive Syst. 8 (4),
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7. Conclusion Khaled, U., Farh, H., Alissa, S., Abanmi, a., and Aldraimli, O.,, 2018. Efficient solution
of the DC-link hard switching inverter of the PV system. J. King Saud Univ.- Eng.
Sci.
A logic control based bidirectional DC-DC converter topology is Khleaf, H.K., Nahar, A.K., Jabbar, A.S., 2019. Intelligent control of DC-DC converter
established and its performance has been verified. The mathemat- based on PID-neural network. Int. J. Power Electron. Drive Syst. 10 (40), 2254–
2262.
ical modeling of the proposed topology is obtained by averaging
Kroics, K., Husev, O., Tytelmaier, K., Zakis, J., Veligorskyi, O., 2018. An overview of
technique. A unified digital logic control is designed for the bidirectional AC-DC grid connected converter topologies for low voltage battery
obtained linearised model. The performance of the proposed con- integration. Int. J. Power Electron. Drive Syst. 9 (3), 1223–1239.
Marchesoni, M., Vacca, C., 2007. New DC–DC converter forenergy storage system
trol for boost and buck operation is verified through MATLAB sim-
interfacing in fuel cell hybridelectric vehicles. IEEE Trans. Power Electron. 22
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Nugroho, A., Rijanto, E., Rozaqi, L., 2017. Buck converter control for lead acid battery
Declaration of Competing Interest charger using peak current mode. Int. J. Power Electron. Drive Syst. 8 (2), 686–
694.
Peng, F.Z., Li, H., Su, G.J., Lawler, J.S., 2004a. A new ZVS bidirectional dc–dc
The authors declare that they have no known competing finan- converterfor fuel cell and battery application. IEEE Trans. Power Electron. 19 (1),
cial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared 54–65.
Peng, F.Z., Li, H., Su, G.-J., Lawler, J.S., 2004b. A new ZVS bidirectional DC–DC
to influence the work reported in this paper. converter for fuel cell and battery application. IEEE Trans. Power Electron. 19
(1), 54–65.
Revana, G., Kota, V.R., 2019. Simulation and implementation of resonant controller
based PV fed cascaded boost-converter three phase five-level inverter system. J.
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