CHAPTER I

PARALLEL STRUCTURE

Parallel Structure

To improve the clarity of your writing, it is important to remember the equality of your
sentence structure. This worksheet was designed to help you better understand the
importance of Parallel Structure.

Parallel Structure means using the same construction for sentence elements
that are the same in function.

Below are THREE rules to consider when checking for Parallel Structure in your
writing:

1. Parallel Structure should be used when elements are joined by

coordinating conjunctions:

Incorrect: I am allergic to the dog‘s hair and how it smells.

Correct: I am allergic to the dog‘s hair and its smell.

Examples of coordinating conjunction (and, but, or)

 He discussed the problem with the nurse and the doctor.

 The professor was knowledgeable but boring.

 She hikes, jogs, or rides her bicycle whenever she can.

 There are meetings in the morning, in the afternoon and in the evening.

 You can do the work because you want to do it or because you have to do it.
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2. Parallel Structure should be used when writing elements in the form of a list or a
series:

Incorrect: The class valued respect, honesty, and being on time in a

teacher.
Correct: The class valued respect, honesty, and promptness in a
teacher.

Incorrect : This task can be done individually, in pairs, or can be done in groups
of four.
Correct: This task can be done individually, in pairs, or in groups of four.

3. Parallel Structure should be used when comparing or contrasting elements (A is

better than B – X is less than Y):

Incorrect: James enjoys reading more than to write.

Correct: James enjoys reading more than writing.

4. Use parallel structure with elements joined by a correlative conjunction.

These are the major correlative conjunctions:

either / or neither / nor both / and not only / but also

Correlative conjunctions work in pairs.
Examples with either / or and neither / nor

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 Examples with both / and

Examples with not only / but also

A. In the four sentences below, circle the correct word or phrase that gives the
sentence correct parallel structure.

1. Justin was excited about inviting friends over, eating a good meal, and ___ .
a. …a game of cards.
b. …to play cards.
c. ...playing a game of cards.

2. I have always enjoyed reading the book more than _____________________.

a. …I watched the movie version.
b. …watching the movie.
c. …to watch the movie.

3. When the weather outside is cold and ________, I like to be indoors.

a. …starting to get windy…
b. …windy…
c. …getting windy…

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 4. Running, lifting, and ____________ are three of Ashley‘s favorite exercises.
a. …racquetball…
b. …a spinning class…
c. …bicycling…

B. In the following pairs, one sentence has parallel structure, and the other
sentence lacks parallel structure. Mark the CORRECT sentence.

1. A____ Jennifer is smart, beautiful, and loves everyone.

B____ Jennifer is smart, beautiful, and caring.

2. A____ Andy‘s day is so long that he gets up at 6:00 a.m., leaves for work at
6:30 a.m., is eating dinner at 11:00 p.m., and goes to bed at 2:00 a.m.

B____ Andy‘s day is so long that he gets up at 6:00 a.m., leaves for work at
6:30 a.m., eats dinner at 11:00 p.m., and goes to bed at 2:00 a.m.

3. A____ Bob was not only Sam‘s roommate, but also he was his best

friend.

B____ Bob was not only Sam‘s roommate but also his best friend.

4. A____ If you go to the store, please remember to pick up your prescription, buy
some shampoo, and to look for a notebook.

B____ If you go to the store, please remember to pick up your prescription, to

buy some shampoo, and to look for a notebook.

5. A____ I spent two hours with Ms. Smith, reviewing my job performance,
evaluating my goals, and discussing my future with the company.

B____ I spent two hours with Ms. Smith, reviewing my job performance,
evaluating my goals, and my future with the company was also discussed.

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 6. A_____ Mr. Brown‘s lecture was inaccurate, boring, and unnecessary.

B_____ Mr. Brown‘s lecture was inaccurate, boring, and should have been
omitted.

7. A_____ Most people play golf for pleasure, for exercise, and for social contacts.

B_____ Most people play golf for pleasure, for exercise, and so they can meet

people.

8. A____ The most dangerous forms of transportation are bicycles, cars, and
riding a motorcycle.

B____ The most dangerous forms of transportation are bicycles, cars, and
motorcycles.

9. A____ Many people share the same three fears: making speeches,
being in high places, and numbers.

B____ Many people share the same three fears: making speeches,
being in high places, and working with numbers.

10. A____ At the body shop, the car was sanded to the bare metal, painted with
primer, and sprayed with blue enamel.

B____ At the body shop, the car was sanded to the bare metal, painted with
primer, and blue enamel was sprayed on.

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C. Each of the following sentences contains words or groups of words that should
be parallel. Circle the word that indicates that the sentence should have parallel
parts. Underline the parts that should be parallel. Then indicate if the sentences are
correct (C) or incorrect (I).

1. The pastries in that shop are very expensive but quite deliciously.
2. You can find some change to buy a paper in the drawer, on top of the dresser, or
in the jar.
3. The living room was decorated with expensive paintings and elegance lamps.
4. He knew that the financial problems were serious, that the situation was not
going to improve, and that he needed to get a job.
5. All day long during the trip to the mountains, they were skiing, sledding, or
played in the snow.
6. The car needs new tires but not a new engine.
7. He stops working when he gets too tired to continue or when he has finished.
8. To get to the office, you should go through this door, turn to the left, and
continuation down the hall.
9. For dessert we could serve lemon pie, fruit tarts, chocolate cake, or butter
cookies.
10. The sick child needs some medicine, some juice, and to rest.

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D) Choose the option that maintains parallel structure in the sentence.

1. When Delores realized that her father had made lima beans and rice for dinner,
she __________, claimed to feel nauseous, and excused herself from the table.
The bag of stale popcorn in her room would tide her over until breakfast.
a. clutched her stomach
b. was clutching her stomach
c. did clutch her stomach

2. Not only did Hank despise the way June chewed with her mouth open,
_________ finding her wet towels all over the bathroom floor.
a. but also disliked
b. but also disliking
c. but he also disliked

3. To protect her delicate hands, Fran will not rake the yard, do the dishes, or
__________.
a. refuses to scrub the bathtub
b. won't scrub the bathtub
c. scrub the bathtub

4. When Diane takes her beagle for a walk, Santana enjoys sniffing for edible
garbage,
_________, and lunging at squirrels.

a. howls at bicyclists
b. howling at bicyclists
c. she howls at bicyclists

5. After Amanda cashes her paycheck, the money goes to her savings account,
cappuccino fund, and __________.

a. paying her credit card bill

b. toward her credit card balance
c. credit card balance

6. In preparation for her run, Alicia __________, applied sunscreen, and

increased the volume on her iPod.

a. tightened her shoelaces

b. was tightening her shoelaces
c. did tighten her shoelaces

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7. We searched the car trunk, __________, and the top of the refrigerator, but we
could not find the box of cornflakes that we remember buying.

A. looked on the pantry shelves

B. on the pantry shelves
C. the pantry shelves

8. Bonkers, our ninety pound golden retriever, chews on furniture, __________, and
snots up the car windows—inconveniences we didn't anticipate when we adopted
him.

A. would drag us around the neighborhood during walks

B. he drags us around the neighborhood during walks
C. drags us around the neighborhood during walks

9. Belinda saw very little of the horror movie, for she shut her eyes __________, when
she heard the monster's footsteps in the dead leaves, and when characters started
screaming.

A. when the violins began to play

B. while listening to the violins play
C. during the violin music

10. In Mrs. Curall's office, Ruben feigned the flu. He hoped to be excused from
class, get an extension on his paper, and __________.

A. spend the afternoon playing tennis with his friends

B. to spend the afternoon playing tennis with his friends
C. then to spend the afternoon playing tennis with his friends

11. Carlos not only missed his one-year anniversary with Adrianna __________.

A. but he also forgot his mother's birthday

B. but also forgot his mother's birthday
C. but also forgetting his mother's birthday

12. Teresa was expecting a visit from her mother, so she spent the day cleaning the
shelves of the refrigerator, scrubbing mold from the bathroom tile grout, and
__________.

A. she removed dog hair from the sofa cushions

B. removing dog hair from the sofa cushions
C. removed dog hair from the sofa cushions

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13. When Noodle the poodle realized that the leash meant a bath, not a walk to
the park, he growled, pulled, and __________.

A. was leaping like a fish on a line

B. he was leaping like a fish on a line
C. leaped like a fish on a line

14. With the humans out of the house, Skeeter had to decide either to shred a roll of
toilet paper or
__________.

A. chew another hole in the sofa arm

B. chewing another hole in the sofa arm
C. if he wanted to chew another hole in the sofa arm

15. Neither __________ nor the ineffective air conditioner rattling in the window
will deter Tiffany from loving the freedom of her first apartment.

A. when the inconsiderate neighbors played loud music

B. the inconsiderate neighbors playing loud music
C. playing loud music by the inconsiderate neighbors

16. We looked everywhere for the car keys—under the sofa cushions,
__________, and on the counters and tabletops. All along, Andrew had them
in the front pocket of his jeans!

A. our search included the trash can

B. searching for them in the trash can
C. in the trash can

17. Laura and Diane bang on Boen's door when they need heavy furniture moved,
after they have clogged the garbage disposal, and __________.

A. having discovered a spider in the bathtub

B. upon the discovery of a spider in the bathtub
C. if they find a spider in the bathtub

18. Bathing Noodle, our poodle, requires four arms to hold him in the tub,
towels to mop up the water, and __________.

A. raincoats which will keep us dry

B. raincoats to keep us dry
C. raincoats as protection against the oncoming deluge

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 19. We hate having dinner at Aunt Ida's house because she is a vegan health nut.
Baked tofu,
__________, and decaffeinated tea do not make a satisfying meal!

A. vegetables steamed with no oil or seasoning

B. steamed vegetables
C. vegetables that are flavorless

20. Tonia kicked the back of Vincent‘s desk, __________, and poked his arm with
her sharp pencil, but he would not bend to the side so that she could get a
glimpse of his quiz answers.

A. blew on his neck

B. she blew on his neck
C. blowing on his neck

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 CHAPTER II
CONDITIONAL SENTENCES
Conditionals
What are conditionals in English grammar? Sometimes we call them 'if clauses'. They
describe the result of something that might happen (in the present or future) or might
have happened but didn't (in the past) . They are made using different English verb
tenses.
There are four kinds:

 The Zero Conditional:

(if + present simple, ... present simple)
If you heat water to 100 degrees, it boils.

 The First Conditional:

(if + present simple, ... will + infinitive)
If it rains tomorrow, we'll go to the cinema.

 The Second Conditional:

(if + past simple, ... would + infinitive)
If I had a lot of money, I would travel around the world.

 The Third Conditional

(if + past perfect, ... would + have + past participle)
If I had gone to bed early, I would have caught the train.

(Notice we can put 'if' at the beginning, or in the middle. It doesn't matter at all.)

The Zero Conditional

We can make a zero conditional sentence with two present simple verbs (one in the 'if
clause' and one in the 'main clause'):
 If + present simple, .... present simple.
This conditional is used when the result will always happen. So, if water reaches 100
degrees, it always boils. It's a fact. I'm talking in general, not about one particular
situation. The result of the 'if clause' is always the main cluase.

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The 'if' in this conditional can usually be replaced by 'when' without changing the
meaning.
For example: If water reaches 100 degrees, it boils. (It is always true, there can't be a
different result sometimes). If I eat peanuts, I am sick. (This is true only for me, maybe,
not for everyone, but it's still true that I'm sick every time I eat peanuts)

Here are some more examples:

 If people eat too much, they get fat.
 If you touch a fire, you get burned.
 People die if they don't eat.
 You get water if you mix hydrogen and oxygen.
 Snakes bite if they are scared
 If babies are hungry, they cry

Make zero conditionals:

For example:
(not / rain / the flowers / die)
____ If it doesn‘t rain, the flowers die.______________________________________
1. (I / wake up late / I / be late for work)
_______________________________________________________________
2. (my husband / cook / he / burn the food)
_______________________________________________________________
3. (Julie / not wear a hat / she / get sunstroke)
_______________________________________________________________
4. (children / not eat well / they / not be healthy)
_______________________________________________________________
5. (you / mix water and electricity / you / get a shock)
_______________________________________________________________
6. (people / eat / too many sweets / they / get fat)

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 _______________________________________________________________

7. (you / smoke / you / get yellow fingers)

_______________________________________________________________

8. (children / play outside / they / not get overweight)

_______________________________________________________________
9. (you / heat ice / it / melt)
_______________________________________________________________
10. (I / speak to John / he / get annoyed)
_______________________________________________________________

The First Conditional

The first conditional has the present simple after 'if', then the future simple in the other
clause:
 if + present simple, ... will + infinitive
It's used to talk about things which might happen in the future. Of course, we can't know
what will happen in the future, but this describes possible things, which could easily
come true.
 If it rains, I won't go to the park.
 If I study today, I'll go to the party tonight.
 If I have enough money, I'll buy some new shoes.
 She'll be late if the train is delayed.
 She'll miss the bus if she doesn't leave soon.
 If I see her, I'll tell her.

First vs. Zero Conditional:

The first conditional describes a particular situation, whereas the zero conditional
describes what happens in general.

For example (zero conditional): if you sit in the sun, you get burned (here I'm talking
about every time a person sits in the sun - the burning is a natural consequence of the
sitting)
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But (first conditional): if you sit in the sun, you'll get burned (here I'm talking about
what will happen today, another day might be different)

First vs. Second Conditional:

The first conditional describes things that I think are likely to happen in the future,
whereas the second conditional talks about things that I don't think will really happen.
It's subjective; it depends on my point of view.

For example (first conditional): If she studies harder, she'll pass the exam (I think it's
possible she will study harder and so she'll pass)

But (second conditional): If she studied harder, she would pass the exam (I think that she
won't study harder, or it's very unlikely, and so she won't pass)

The Second Conditional

The second conditional uses the past simple after if, then 'would' and the infinitive:
 if + past simple, ...would + infinitive
(We can use 'were' instead of 'was' with 'I' and 'he/she/it'. This is mostly done in formal
writing).
It has two uses.
First, we can use it to talk about things in the future that are probably not going to be
true. Maybe I'm imagining some dream for example.
 If I won the lottery, I would buy a big house.(I probably won't win the lottery)
 If I met the Queen of England, I would say hello.
 She would travel all over the world if she were rich.
 She would pass the exam if she ever studied.(She never studies, so this won't
happen)
Second, we can use it to talk about something in the present which is impossible,
because it's not true. Is that clear? Have a look at the examples:
 If I had his number, I would call him. (I don't have his number now, so it's
impossible for me to call him).
 If I were you, I wouldn't go out with that man.

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How is this different from the first conditional?
This kind of conditional sentence is different from the first conditional because this is a
lot more unlikely.

For example (second conditional): If I had enough money I would buy a house with
twenty bedrooms and a swimming pool (I'm probably not going to have this much
money, it's just a dream, not very real)

But (first conditional): If I have enough money, I'll buy some new shoes (It's much more
likely that I'll have enough money to buy some shoes)

The Third Conditional

We make the third conditional by using the past perfect after 'if' and then 'would have'
and the past participle in the second part of the sentence:
 if + past perfect, ...would + have + past participle
It talks about the past. It's used to describe a situation that didn't happen, and to imagine
the result of this situation.
 If she had studied, she would have passed the exam (but, really we know she
didn't study and so she didn't pass)
 If I hadn't eaten so much, I wouldn't have felt sick (but I did eat a lot, and so I
did feel sick).
 If we had taken a taxi, we wouldn't have missed the plane
 She wouldn't have been tired if she had gone to bed earlier
 She would have become a teacher if she had gone to university
 He would have been on time for the interview if he had left the house at nine

EXERCISES

I. Complete the First Conditional sentences.

a. You ____will feel_____________ (feel) better if you
____take_____________ (take) an aspirin.
b. If they ______________________ (come) with us, we
_______________________ (have) a great time.
c. If it _______________________ (rain), I _______________________
(might / stay) at home.

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 d. ________________________ (you / post) this letter for me if you
______________________ (not / be ) too busy?
e. You __________________________ (should / apologise) if it
_________________ (be) your fault.
f. If David ________________________ (invite) Janice, I
_____________________ (not / go) to his party.
g. If you _________________________ (not / know) the answer,
__________________ (ask) Mr Walters.
h. Jack _________________________ (move) to Scotland if he
____________________ (find) a good job there.
i. If the pain ________________________ (not / stop), I
_____________________ (see) a doctor
j. If you _______________________ (not / like) that dress,
________________________ (not / wear) it.
k. What _________________________ (you / tell) Andrew if he
_____________________ (ask) you?
l. Anne ________________________ (can / borrow) her brother‘s car if
she ___________________ (ask) him nicely.

II. Rewrite the sentences. Use the Second Conditional.

1) I haven‘t got any money, so I won‘t buy that CD.
If I had some money, I would buy that CD.
2) Pigs haven‘t got wings, so they don‘t fly.

_______________________________________________________________________
_______

3) His marks aren‘t good because he doesn‘t work hard.

_______________________________________________________________________
_______
4) I‘m busy, so I won‘t come with you.

_______________________________________________________________________
_______
5) They don‘t know her, so they won‘t invite her to their party.

_______________________________________________________________________
_______
6) I won‘t call him because I haven‘t got his phone number.

_______________________________________________________________________
_______
7) She walks to school because she hasn‘t got a bike.
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_______________________________________________________________________
_______

8) It‘s cold, so we won‘t go to the beach.

_______________________________________________________________________
_______
9) I won‘t join you because I have to stay at home.

_______________________________________________________________________
_______

10) He won‘t lend you his camera because he needs it.

III. Read and write Third Conditional sentences.

1) Helen forgot to make an appointment at the hairdresser‘s. She cut her hair herself. She
looked awful at the party.
If she hadn’t forgotten to make an appointment at the hairdresser’s, she wouldn’t have
cut her hair herself. If she hadn’t cut her hair herself, she wouldn’t have looked awful at
the party.
2) Peter ate three bars of chocolate. He had a terrible stomach ache. He couldn‘t go to
the cinema with Stanley and Leslie.

_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
__________________
3) Mary sat in the sun too long. She was red and sore. She didn‘t enjoy herself at the
barbecue that evening.

_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
__________________
4) Pauline watched TV until three o‘clock in the morning! She was late for the school
bus. She missed the school excursion.

_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
__________________
5) Mr Davis tried to lift a heavy suitcase. He hurt his back. He couldn‘t play golf.

ADVANCED GRAMMAR Page 17

_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
__________________

IV. Complete each sentence below by giving the correct for of the verb in
parentheses.

1. If the city ________ (expand) the parking lot space downtown, we would not have
to park so far away from the movie theatre.

2. Whenever my roommate ________ (snore) loudly, I cannot sleep.

3. Children may be disappointed if they ________ (not receive) good grades.

4. If we ________ (not take) an exam on the conditional, we might not have learned
it.

5. Maya ________ (not pass) her driving test unless she calms down.

6. If it ________ (be) winter, all these trees would be covered in snow.

7. Had it not rained, the farmers ________(lose) all of their crops.

8. If the airplane had not had a mechanical problem, we probably ________

(arrive) in Winnipeg.

9. We ________(lie) on the beach in Mexico right now if we had been able to get
our visas on time.

10. I ________ (try) to find more opportunities to write in English if I were you.
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V. Write the real situation/ meaning of each conditional sentence below
Example:
If I had wings I would fly around the world
Meaning: I don’t have any wings so I will not fly around the world

1. If I were you, I would go out tonight.

2. If I were the Prime Minister, I would make the museums free.

3. If she had studied harder, she would have passed the exam.

4. If I won the lottery, I would buy a big house.

5. If I hadn‘t gone to bed so late, I wouldn't have been tired.

6. If I hadn‘t come to London, I would have gone to New York.

7. If she hadn‘t stayed at home, she would have gone shopping.

8. If I were on holiday today, I would go to the beach.

9. If I had listened to my mother, I wouldn't have caught a cold.

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10. If I hadn‘t eaten so much, I wouldn't have felt sick.

11. If I were British, I would speak perfect English.

12. If I were the opposite sex, I would grow a beard.

13. If I weren‘t studying English, I would study French.

Mixed Conditionals
Sometimes Unreal Conditional sentences are mixed. This means that the time in the if-
clause is not the same as the time in the result. Study the examples below to learn how to
mix conditional verb forms like a native speaker.

Mixed Conditional Patterns

PAST PRESENT
Examples:
 If I had won the lottery, I would be rich.
But I didn't win the lottery in the past and I am not rich now.
 If I had taken French in high school, I would have more job opportunities.
But I didn't take French in high school and I don't have many job opportunities.
 If she had been born in the United States, she wouldn't need a visa to work here.
But she wasn't born in the United States and she does need a visa now to work
here.
PAST FUTURE
Examples:
 If she had signed up for the ski trip last week, she would be joining us tomorrow.
But she didn't sign up for the ski trip last week and she isn't going to join us
tomorrow.
 If Mark had gotten the job instead of Joe, he would be moving to Shanghai.
But Mark didn't get the job and Mark is not going to move to Shanghai.
 If Darren hadn't wasted his Christmas bonus gambling in Las Vegas, he would
go to Mexico with us next month.
But Darren wasted his Christmas bonus gambling in Las Vegas and he won't go
to Mexico with us next month.
PRESENT PAST

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Examples:
 If I were rich, I would have bought that Ferrari we saw yesterday.
But I am not currently rich and that is why I didn't buy the Ferrari yesterday.
 If Sam spoke Russian, he would have translated the letter for you.
But Sam doesn't speak Russian and that is why he didn't translate the letter.
 If I didn't have to work so much, I would have gone to the party last night.
But I have to work a lot and that is why I didn't go to the party last night.

PRESENT FUTURE
Examples:
 If I didn't have so much vacation time, I wouldn't go with you on the cruise to
Alaska next week.
But I do have a lot of vacation time and I will go on the trip next week.
 If Cindy were more creative, the company would send her to New York to work
on the new advertising campaign.
But Cindy is not creative and the company won't send her to New York to work
on the new campaign.
 If Dan weren't so nice, he wouldn't be tutoring you in math tonight.
But Dan is nice and he is going to tutor you tonight.
FUTURE PAST
Examples:
 If I weren't going on my business trip next week, I would have accepted that new
assignment at work.
But I am going to go on a business trip next week, and that is why I didn't accept
that new assignment at work.
 If my parents weren't coming this weekend, I would have planned a nice trip just
for the two of us to Napa Valley.
But my parents are going to come this weekend, and that is why I didn't plan a
trip for the two of us to Napa Valley.
 If Donna weren't making us a big dinner tonight, I would have suggested that we
go to that nice Italian restaurant.
But she is going to make us a big dinner tonight, and that is why I didn't suggest
that we go to that nice Italian restaurant.
FUTURE PRESENT
Examples:

ADVANCED GRAMMAR Page 21

  If I were going to that concert tonight, I would be very excited.
But I am not going to go to that concert tonight and that is why I am not excited.
 If Sandy were giving a speech tomorrow, she would be very nervous.
But Sandy is not going to give a speech tomorrow and that is why she in not
nervous.
 If Seb didn't come with us to the desert, everyone would be very disappointed.
But Seb will come with us to the desert and that is why everyone is so happy.

Exercise: Using the words in parentheses, complete the text below following the
example given with the appropriate conditional form,

1.a. She will take care of the children for us next weekend because her business trip was
canceled.
b. But, she (take, not) would not be taking care of the children for us next weekend if
her business trip (be, not) had not been canceled.

2.a. Tom is not going to come to dinner tomorrow because you insulted him yesterday.
b. But, he (come) ……………. If you (insult) ……………. him

3.a. Marie is unhappy because she gave up her career when she got married.
b. But, Marie (be) ……………… happy if she (give, not) …………….. up her career
when she got married.

4.a. Dr. Mercer decided not to accept the research grant at Harvard because he is going
to take six months off to spend more time with his family.
b. But, Dr. Mercer (accept) …………. The research grant at Harvard if he (take, not)
…………… six months off to spend more time with his family.

5.a. Professor Schmitz talked so much about the Maasai tribe because she is an expert on
African tribal groups.
b. But, Professor Schmitz (talk, not) …………. so much about the Maasai tribe if she
(be, not) …………. an expert on African tribal groups.
ADVANCED GRAMMAR Page 22
6.a. I am unemployed because I had a disagreement with my boss and I was fired.
b. But, I (be, not) ……………. unemployed if I (have, not) ……………a disagreement
with my boss and I (be, not) ………………… fired

7.a. Nicole speaks Chinese fluently because she lived in China for ten years.
b. But, Nicole (speak, not) ……………… Chinese fluently if she (live, not)
…………… in China for ten years.

8.a. I will not help you study for your test because you have spent the last two weeks
partying and wasting time.
b. But, I (help)……………….. you study for your test if you (spend, not……………
the last two weeks partying and wasting time.

9.a. Eleanor and Ben are not going skiing with us this year because Eleanor just had a
baby.
b. But, Eleanor and Ben (go) ……………. skiing with us this year if Eleanor (have,
not, just) ………………. a baby.

10.a. I am completely exhausted, so I will not go with you to the movies tonight.
b. But, if I (be, not) ……………… completely exhausted, I (go) ………………. with
you to the movies tonight.

11.a. She is not worried about the conference tomorrow because she is not giving a
speech.
b. But, she (be)…………….. worried about the conference tomorrow if she
(give)……………… a speech.

ADVANCED GRAMMAR Page 23

12.a. Frank is not going to the graduation ceremony because he broke his leg
snowboarding last week.
b. But, Frank (go) ……………. to the graduation ceremony if he (break)…………….
his leg snowboarding last week.

13.a. They are not releasing the prisoner next month because there was so much public
opposition to his parole.
b. But, they (release) ………………. the prisoner next month if there (be)
……………so much opposition to his parole.

14.a. The hotels filled up months in advance because the festival is going to include jazz
artists from around the globe.
b. But, the hotels (fill) ……………..up months in advance if the festival (include)
…………….. jazz artists from around the globe.

15.a. We are not worried about the recent string of robberies in the neighborhood
because the police have started regularly patrolling the area.
b. But, we (be) ……………….. worried about the recent string of robberies in the
neighborhood if the police (start, not) ……………… regularly patrolling the area.

ADVANCED GRAMMAR Page 24

 CHAPTER III
CAUSATIVES
Causative Form, Active and Passive
In English, the causative form is used when we don't do something ourselves, instead we
arrange for someone else to do it for us.
There are two kinds of causative structure:
 Active Causative
 Passive Causative

A. Active Causative
Verbs that take active forms of causative are Let, Make, Have, and Get

Let
Let is used when we want to allow someone to do something.
Pattern
let agent verb

Example:
She lets me borrow her book.
explanation:
let agent verb
She lets me borrow her book.
Make
Make is used when we want to force someone to do something.
Pattern
make agent verb

Example:
My mother makes me do my home work.
explanation:
ADVANCED GRAMMAR Page 25
 make agent verb
My mother makes me do my
homework.
Have
Have is used when we want to give someone the responsbility to do something.
Pattern
have agent verb

Example:
My English teacher has me do the homework in a week.
explanation:
have/has agent verb
My English has me do the home work in a
teacher week.
Get
Get is used when we want to convince to do something or to trick someone into doing
something.
Pattern
get agent to verb

Example:
My friends get me to take the test.
explanation:
get agent to verb
My friends get me to take the quiz.
Get vs. Have
Sometimes "get someone to do something" is interchangeable with "have someone do
something," but these expressions do not mean exactly the same thing.
Examples:
My friends get me to take the test.
It can be meant that I am actually not encouraged to take the test, but my friends
convince me to take that.
My friends have me take the test.
It means that my friends ask me to take the quiz.

ADVANCED GRAMMAR Page 26

B. Passive Causative
There are two verbs generally used in the passive causative form; they are Have and
Get. In addition, there is usually no agent in this form; it's not like in active form which
has the agent. The action verb is in the past participle, and the object comes before it.
The difference between have and get in this passive causative form is the same like in
active causative form explained aboved.
Pattern
Subject Have/Get Object Past Participle

CAUSATIVE: TO HAVE/GET SOMETHING DONE

We use the expression „to have something done‟ ( have + object + past participle) to
say:

 That somebody does something for you. Usually they‘re things that are
difficult to do yourself or you don‘t want to do yourself.
 That something unpleasant happened to somebody.

The roof of Jill's house was damaged in a storm, so she arranged for
somebody to repair it. Yesterday a workman came and did the job.

Jill had the roof repaired yesterday.

This means: Jill arranged for somebody else to repair the

roof. She didn't repair it herself.
A. We use “have something done” to say that we arrange for somebody else to
do something for us. Compare:

•Jill repaired the roof. (= she repaired it herself)

•Jill had the roof repaired. (= she arranged for somebody else to repair it)

Study these sentences:

•Did Ann make the dress herself or did she have it made?
•'Are you going to repair the car yourself?' 'No, I'm going to have it repaired.'

When the agent is specific or we want to emphasize it, it has to be included:

He had his villa redone by architect Rafael Moneo.
ADVANCED GRAMMAR Page 27
Be careful with word order. The past participle (repaired/cut etc.) is after the object (the
roof/ your hair etc.):

have + object + past participle

Where did you have your hair cut?

Your hair looks nice. Have you had it cut?
Julia has just had central heating installed in her house.
We are having the house painted at the
moment.
How often do you have your car serviced?
I think you should have that coat cleaned soon.
Jill had the roof repaired yesterday.
I don't like having my photograph taken.

Present simple He paints the house He has the house painted.

Present continuous He is painting the house. He is having the house painted.

Past simple He painted the house. He had the house painted.

Past continuous He was painting the He was having the house

house. painted.

Future simple He will paint the house. He will have the house painted.

Future continuous He will be painting the He will be having the house

house. painted.

Present perfect He has painted the He has had the house painted.
house.

Present perfect He has been painting He has been having the house
continuous the house. painted.

Past perfect He had painted the He had had the house painted.

ADVANCED GRAMMAR Page 28

 house.

Past perfect He had been painting He had been having the house
continuous the house. painted.

Infinitive He must paint the house. He must have the house

painted.

-ing form It‘s worth painting the It‘s worth having the house
house. painted.
You can also say "get something done” instead of "have something done” (mainly in
informal spoken English):

•When are you going to get the roof repaired? (= have the roof repaired)
•I think you should get your hair cut.

B. Sometimes “have something done” has a different meaning. For example:

•Jill and Eric had all their money stolen while they were on holiday.

Of course this does not mean that they arranged for somebody to steal their money. "They
had all their money stolen‖ means only: "All their money was stolen from them.‖ With
this meaning, we use “have something done” to say that something happens to somebody
or their belongings. Usually what happens is not nice:

•In 2008, former president Bush had a pair of shoes thrown at him by an Iraqi
journalist at a press conference.

•Have you ever had your passport stolen?

EXERCISES
A) Complete the sentences with the words in parentheses:
1. The doctor made the patient …….. stay …….. in bed. (stay)
2. Mrs. Crane had her house ……… painted ……….. . (paint)
3. The teacher had the class …………………………. a 2000-word research paper.
(write)
4. I made my son …………………………. the windows before he could go outside
to play. (wash)

ADVANCED GRAMMAR Page 29

 5. Don got some kids in the neighborhood …………………………… out his
garage. (clean)
6. I went to the bank to have a check ……………………………….. . (cash)
7. Tom had a bad headache yesterday, so he got his twin brother Tim
………………………. to class for him. The teacher didn‘t know the difference.
(go)
8. When Scott went shopping, he found a jacket he really liked. After he had the
sleeves …………………………, it fit him perfectly. (shorten)
9. My boss made me ………………………. my report because he wasn‘t satisfied
with it. (redo)
10. Alice stopped at the service station to have the tank …………………………. .
(fill)
11. I got Mary ………………………. me some money so I could go to a movie last
night. (lend)
12. Mr. Fields went to a doctor to have the wart on his nose ……………………… .
(remove)
13. Peeling onions always makes me ………………………… . (cry)
14. Tom Sawyer was supposed to paint the fence, but he didn‘t want to do it. He was
a very clever boy. Somehow he got his friends ……………………….. it for him.
(do)
15. We had a professional photographer ………………………… pictures of
everyone who participated in our wedding. (take)
16. I spilled some tomato sauce on my suit coat. Now I need to get my suit
………………… . (clean)

B) Circle the correct one:

1. She has to get her hair ……………………………… .
a) to do b) do c) done d) did
2. Our teacher is going to make us …………………………… a tape.
a) listen to b) listened to c) to listen to d) listen
3. They had to have him …………………….. their summer house.
a) painted b) paint c) to paint d) painting
4. Do you know where I can get my car …………………………….. ?
a) washed b) to wash c) wash d) washes
5. The comedian was not able to make us ……………………………. .
a) laughing b) to laugh c) laugh d) laughed
6. You can‘t get that man ……………………. your radio.
a) fix b) to fix c) fixed d) fixing
7. I can never make her ………………………her mind.
a) change b) to change c) changed d) changing

ADVANCED GRAMMAR Page 30

 8. We had two pictures ………………………… .
a) take b) taken c) to take d) took
9. When are you going to have your father …………………… a book?
a) bought b) to buy c) buy d) buying
10. Please have the maid ……………………… my room.
a) clean b) cleaned c) to clean d) cleaning

11. I know he stole the money. We‘ll get him ………………………. .

a) talk b) talking c) talked d) to talk
12. We had to hire a few men to get the trees ………………………… .
a) cut down b) to cut down c) cutting down d) cutted down

C. Use the causative in the correct tenses in the following sentences:

1. The car has been working a lot better since I …………… (service).

2. Your hair looks different. ……………….. (you/cut)?

3. Your coat's dirty. Why don't you …………………… (clean)?

4. My walls are really black so I ……………………. (repaint) soon.

5. I can't type the letter for you: I ………………. (my computer/repair) at the moment.

D. Transform these sentences using the causative:

1. A girl manicures my boss's nails twice a week.

My...

2. Picasso painted my mother's portrait.

My...

3. The dentist is going to fill my tooth next Monday.

I...

4. Has anybody ever read your palm?

Have...

5. I‘m going to pay someone to cut my grass.

ADVANCED GRAMMAR Page 31

 I‘m going to...

E. Write the correct tense in the gap.

1) I think he……already …his car 19) He is going ………a new pair of

serviced. glasses made.
2) At the moment my brother ….his car 20) Tim ……..his car taken to the garage
fixed. tomorrow.
3) He …..the front door mended last year. 21) Jim …….his bag stolen last night.
4) At 3 o‘clock yesterday he ….his hair 22) Paul ……his jaw broken in a boxing
cut. match yesterday.
5) Tomorrow he….the window cleaned. 23) We ……the new lock fitted next
6) She ……already ……her shirts ironed. Monday.
7) I……..my hair cut yesterday. 24) Emi …..her newspaper delivered every
8) We ……the house painted once a morning by her neighbour‘s son.
year. 25) The Smiths ………their kitchen
9) I ……my hair cut tomorrow. painted at the moment.
10) She …..her skirt cleaned at the 26) I ……..my hair cut short last week
moment. because I needed a change.
11) I ….my hair trimmed once a month. 27) He…..his car serviced by the mechanic
12) We‘re going ……central heating next Tuesday.
installed in our house next month. 28) She …….her carpets fitted yesterday
13) Sam …..a burglar alarm fitted last when I called.
week. 29) I …….just……….my picture taken by
14) I …….my car repaired at the moment. a professional photographer.
15) The band …..just…..their new single 30) Mark …….some apple trees planted in
recorded. a week‘s time.
16) We are going ……our furniture 31) Steve ..his wallet stolen while he was
delivered tomorrow. doing the shopping.
17) They …..their new house decorated at 32) I always …….my rubbish collected on
the moment. Fridays.
18) I ……….a new jumper knitted.

F. Rewrite these sentences using „ to have something done‟

ADVANCED GRAMMAR Page 32

1) They serviced Ken‘s car yesterday. – Ken………
2) They‘re repairing our roof at the moment. – We……
3) They‘re going to fit a stereo in my car. –I ………
4) Someone cleans Sue‘s flat once a week. –Sue……
5) Has anyone tested your eyes recently? –Have you………..?
6) Someone stole John‘s briefcase last week. –John………
7) Someone cleans her house. – She…….
8) Someone cooks her meals. –She………
9) Someone washes her clothes. –She.……
10) Somebody cleans her windows. –She……
11) Somebody serviced her car. –She……
12) Somebody does her shopping. –She…..
13) Somebody looks after her garden. –She…..
14) Somebody posts her letters . –She……..
15) Their windows need to be cleaned. –They need………
16) The hairdresser was styling Mrs Brown‘s hair. –Mrs Brown……
17) She told her son to carry the shopping to the house. –She. ……..
18) Dad is going to arrange for someone to cut the grass . –Dad is going………
19) They used to employ a cleaner who cleaned the house. –They used……
20) Did the mechanic repair Paul‘s motorbike? –Did Paul……..?

G. Rewrite the sentences in causative form

1) His teeth are checked twice a year.

2) Her skirt is being cleaned at the moment.
3) My hair is trimmed once a month.
4) Central heating is going to be installed in our house next month.
5) Sam‘s burglar alarm was fitted last week.
6) My car is being repaired at the moment.
7) The band‘s new single has just been recorded.
8) Our new furniture is going to be delivered tomorrow.
9) Their new house is being decorated at the moment.
10) The windows will be cleaned.

ADVANCED GRAMMAR Page 33

 CHAPTER IV
INVERSION

Inversion

(verb before the subject)

Inversion means putting the verb before the subject.

It is a literary technique in which the normal order of words is reversed, generally for
emphasis
or special effect. It makes a sentence sound striking or unusual. It also sounds quite
formal.
Sentences with inversion are less common in ordinary English.
In a sentence with no special effect or emphasis, the normal order of words is retained.

Example 1 : I have never seen such a beautiful rose.

Example 2 : Never have I seen such a beautiful rose.

In example 2 inversion is used to emphasize the fact that in your whole lifetime
you have not seen such a beautiful rose.

It is sometimes difficult to remember when inversion is or can be used.

Here are some guidelines and examples to help you.
In normal everyday English, inversion is used :

 To make questions : Does he? Can you?

 After 'so' 'neither', 'nor' : So do I, neither do I, nor do I.

In written English, as well as in a very formal style, inversion can be used in the

ADVANCED GRAMMAR Page 34

 following cases :

 After negative adverbial expressions :

o Under no circumstances can we accept credit cards.
o In no way can he be held responsible.
o At no time did she say she would come.
o Not until I heard my name did I believe I had won the race.

 After adverbial expressions of place :

o Round the corner came the postman.
o On the doorstep was a bunch of flowers.

 After 'seldom', 'rarely', 'never', and 'little' :

o Seldom have I seen such a beautiful view.
o Rarely did he pay anyone a compliment.
o Never had I felt so happy.
o Little did he imagine how dangerous it would be.

 After 'hardly', 'scarcely', 'no sooner', when one thing happens after
another.
o Hardly had I begun to speak when I was interrupted.
o Scarcely had we started our meal when the phone rang.
o No sooner had I arrived than they all started to argue.

 After adverbial expressions beginning with 'only' and 'not only' :

o Only after the meeting did I realize the importance of the subject.
o Only when the plane landed safely did he calm down.
o Not only was the car slow, it was also very uncomfortable.

ADVANCED GRAMMAR Page 35

  Conditionals with inversions
In conditional sentences we can sometimes replace the 'if' with an inversion:
o Had I known it would be so difficult I would never have enrolled.
o Had I remembered Tomomi's birthday, she wouldn‘t be mad at me
now.
Note that the word if does NOT appear in the clause when inversion is used:
Had I remembered = If I had remembered
Should you need a hand, I will be more than happy to help you.
Should you need a hand = If you should need a hand
Were I you, I think I would study more for your exam tomorrow.
Were I you = If I were you

 After exclamations with 'here' and 'there' :

o Here comes the winner!
o There goes all our money!

INVERSION: PRACTICE

1) USING INVERSION, REWRITE THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES

BEGINNING WITH THE WORDS GIVEN.
EXAMPLE:
They waited for the captain‘s signal and then they jumped into the water.
Not until the captain had given the signal did they jump into the water.

1. As soon as his mother left, he started playing computer games.

No sooner _____________________________________________________________

2. Samantha neither joined the dance club nor went to the gym.
Samantha didn‘t join the dance club, nor _____________________________________

3. The supermarket was so busy that we postponed doing the shopping.

So ____________________________________________________________________

4. Once Phillip had agreed to help them, they went ahead with the plan.
Only __________________________________________________________________

ADVANCED GRAMMAR Page 36

 5. My brother plays football and tennis at the leisure centre.
Not only _______________________________________________________________

6. She began to show her gift as a pianist only after the age of five.
Only after ______________________________________________________________

7. I haven‘t enjoyed myself so much since I was a child.

Not since ______________________________________________________________

8. Melinda had no idea that we were planning a surprise party for her.
Little __________________________________________________________________

9. We will go to the mountains next weekend if the weather forecast is good.

Only __________________________________________________________________

2) CHOOSE THE WORDS WHICH BEST COMPLETE THE FOLLOWING

SENTENCES.

1 No sooner ________ left the airport than I realised I had picked the wrong
suitcase.
a) did I b) have I c) had I d) would I

2 No ________ should you be made to pay the difference.

a) only b) means c) cases d) way

3 Not ________ did they think it would be possible.

a) for once b) one time c) for one moment d) for ever

4 On no ________ should I be disturbed during the meeting.

a) way b) matter c) account d) time

5 ________ that I am asked such a difficult question.

a) Not often it is b) Nor it is c) Not it is often d) It is not often

6 Not until you have checked for warning signs ________ into the water.
a) you should go b) should you go c) you must go d) did you go

3) REWRITE THE ADVICE ON HOLIDAY SAFETY USING INVERSION.

1 Never stay in the sea water if you are tired or cold.

Under no ________________________________________________________
2 Children should never be left alone on the beach or in the water.
At no ____________________________________________________________
3 Never swim just after a meal or after consuming alcohol.
Under no ________________________________________________________

ADVANCED GRAMMAR Page 37

 4 Never swim in the sea at night.
On no ___________________________________________________________

5 Don‘t go out in the sun without applying sunscreen.

Only after ________________________________________________________
6 The only way to avoid dehydration is to keep drinking plenty of non-alcoholic
drinks.
Only by __________________________________________________________

4.) Rewrite the sentences in inversion:

Example : She at no time said she was vegetarian.

→> At no time did she say (that) she was vegetarian.

1. I had hardly begun to apologize when the door closed.

2. I have seldom heard such a talented singer.

3. If John had known that she liked curry, he would have brought her to an Indian

restaurant.

4. The artist rarely paid any attention to his agent's advice.

5. He had never felt so depressed.

6. The shop can in no way be held responsible for customers' lost property.

7. The couple had no sooner arrived than the priest started the ceremony.

8. Tom only understood the meaning of the comment when he saw his wife's face.

9.She never at any time said that she was allergic to cats.

10.The restaurant cannot accept animals under any circumstances.

ADVANCED GRAMMAR Page 38

5). Rewrite each of the following sentences with the given words in such a way that
it means the same as the sentence printed above it.

1. He spent all his money. He even borrowed some from me.

Not only______________________________________________ _________
2. He had hardly left the office when the telephone rang.
No sooner __________________________________________________ ___
3. I had only just put the phone down when the boss rang back.
Hardly __________________________________________________ _____
4. He didn‘t finish his work until the bell rang.
Not until __________________________________________________ ____
5. We only began to see the symptoms of the disease after several months.
Only __________________________________________________ _______
6. I have never seen anyone in my life drink as much as you.
Never __________________________________________________ ______
7. A sleeping dog was lying under the table.
Under the table _________________________________________________
8. His brother had rarely been more excited.
Rarely____________________________________________ _____________
9. The facts were not all made public until later.
Only______________________________________________ ____________
10. If I had realized what would happen, I wouldn‘t have accepted the job.
Had_______________________________________________

ADVANCED GRAMMAR Page 39

 CHAPTER V
PERFECT MODALS
Perfect Modal Verbs
modal verb + have + past participle

Perfect Modal Picture sentence

could have _____ The boy could have done the

couldn't have _____ dishes himself, but his father
decided to help.
past ability

should have ____ The girl shouldn't have spun

around so many times. She
shouldn't have ____ fell down.
You did or didn't do spin: turn around many times.
something that was a
good idea. spin / spun / spun

would have ____

This house of cards would
wouldn't have ____ have fallen over if the person
past condition / who built it hadn't been so
careful.
past situation

may have _____ My grandfather may have

may not have _____ used this camera when he was
a young man, but I'm not sure.
past possibility

ADVANCED GRAMMAR Page 40

 might have ______ Her mother might have put
might not have _____ mustard on her sandwich. She
hopes not.
past possibility

must have ____

must not have ___
They must have practiced a
past probability. lot because they're very good
musicians.
This indicates that
something probably
happened in the past.

All modal perfect auxiliary verbs refer to the past.

FORM: Modal + Have (Infinitive) + Past Participle
1. must have done = we are almost sure something happened in the past
 Jane wasn't feeling well yesterday. She must have caught a cold.
 Bill didn't answer the phone when I called him. He must have fallen asleep.

2. can't have done = we are almost sure something did not happen in the past
 She can't have forgotten to send you an invitation. I gave her your address.
 They can't have gone to bed late. They were very tired.

3. may / might / could have done = it is possible that something happened in the
past but we aren't sure.
 Laura hasn't arrived yet. She may/might/could have missed the bus.
 I didn't see Paul at work. He may/might/could have been ill.

4. could have done = we had the ability to do something in the past but did not do it.
 You could have told us about the new project!
 She could have called me when she arrived but she forgot.

ADVANCED GRAMMAR Page 41

5. should have / ought to have done = (a) it was the right thing to do but we didn't
do it. (b) we expected something to happen but it didn't.
 You should have told him the truth.
 They ought to have received the cheque by now.

6. would have done = we wanted to do something but we didn't do it in the end.

 They would have emailed you but the Internet was down yesterday.
 I would have bought that DVD but I didn't have enough money.

7. needn't have done = it wasn't necessary to do something but we did it.

 You needn't have gone to the supermarket. I've already done the shopping.
 The weather was warm and sunny. I needn't have taken an umbrella.

Part A.
Directions: Complete each question or sentence with should have or could have, and
a main verb.
For example: You ________ ________ __________ (be) more helpful to that elderly
woman. (advice)
* should have = past advice, capability, or responsibility / * could have = past
possibility
1. I _________ _________ _________ (help) you last weekend if you had asked.
(possibility)
2. He _________ ________ ___________ (talk) to the doctor about his stomach pains.
(advice)
3. _____________ they _________ ____________(do) all that work already?
(possibility)
4. Maria __________ ___________ ____________ (eat) that whole pizza by herself--
she was so hungry! (possibility)
5. My students ___________ __________ __________ (finish) their assignment by now.
(capability)
6. ____________n't that company __________ ____________ (pay) their employees on
time? (responsibility)

ADVANCED GRAMMAR Page 42

7. Why ___________n't you __________ ___________ (meet) my earlier? Now we
don't have any time. (possibility)
8. The disaster ____________ never ___________ ________________(happen) . It was
preventable. (possibility)
9. President Bush __________ __________ ___________(tell) the American people
they needed to make more personal sacrifices once the Iraq War began. (responsibility)
10. You __________ __________ __________(be) able to complete the test within 60
minutes. (capability -- in this sentence, "complete" is the main verb. That means there
are seven words in the verb phrase!)

Part B.
Directions: Complete each sentence or question with would have or should have
and a main verb.
* would have = past tense of will / * should have = past advice, capability, or
responsibility
1. If I had known you were coming, I _________ ___________ ____________ (make)
extra cookies.
2. We __________ _________ __________ (fix) the leak in the roof before the storm
made it worse.
3. You _________n't _________ __________ (go) into that strange house if it was
empty.
4. It __________ _________ __________ (take) longer to get dinner made without your
help.
5. Before going to the beach, they _________ __________ __________(check) the
weather because it rained.
6. The doctor told her she __________ __________ ___________ (be) on a diet the last
few years.
7. The party _________ __________ ____________ (be) more fun if you were there.
8. My friend __________ _________ _________ (make) a lot of money if he had sold
his stock in the company earlier.
9. I __________ __________ ____________ (do) anything just to spend a few more
hours with you.
10. They really ___________n't ___________ gotten _____________ (marry) so fast.
ADVANCED GRAMMAR Page 43
A) Complete the sentences using PERFECT MODALS:
1. We didn‘t go out last night. We ……………………………………….. (go) to the
cinema but we decided to stay at home.
2. Jerry passed the examination. He didn‘t study very much for it. The exam
……………….
…………………………….. (be) very difficult.
3. A: I wonder where Tom was going when you saw him.
B: He …………………………………………… (go) to work.
4. Thank you for doing the washing-up but you ………………………………………. (do)
it really. I was going to do it later.
5. The driver in front stopped suddenly without warning and I drove in to the back of his
car. It wasn‘t my fault. He ……………………………………….. (give) warning that he
was going to stop.
6. A: How do you think the fire started?
B: Well, I suppose someone ………………………………………. (drop) a cigarette.
7. A: What time is it?
B: Well, we came at seven, and I‘m sure we‘ve been here for at least an hour. So it
…………………………………………. (be) around eight o‘clock.
8. A: Jack was absent yesterday afternoon. Where was he?
B: I don‘t know. He ………………………………………… (go) to a movie or he
……………………………………… (be) at home.
9. I had a test this morning. I didn‘t do well on the test because I didn‘t study for it last
night. I ……………………………………………… (study) it.

B) Fill in the blanks using MUST (HAVE), CAN‟T (HAVE), MAY-MIGHT-COULD

(HAVE):

1. She knew everything about our plans. She ………………………………………. (listen)

to our conversation.
2. He …………………………………………….. (eat) the roasted beef when we were out.
He is a vegeterian.
3. Mrs. White bought a new fur coat! She …………………………………………….. (win)
a lottery.
4. John said he would ring, but he hasn‘t. He ………………………………………. (forget)
all about it.
5. It is possible that he wasn‘t taken to the cinema last weekend. He
………………………...
………………………….. (not / take) to the cinema.
6. The children ……………………………………………. (study) in the library now,
because they have a test tomorrow.

ADVANCED GRAMMAR Page 44

 7. The singer has got a sore throat, so she ……………………………………………. (sing)
at the concert.
8. I ………………………………………………….. (be) at home this evening or I
………………………………………. (be) but I‘m not sure.

C.Choose one of the following to complete the sentences.

Must have - Might have - Should have - Can't have

1. John gone on holiday. I saw him this morning downtown.

2. Nobody answered the phone at the clinic. It closed early.

3. I revised more for my exams. I think I'll fail!

4. Sarah looks really pleased with herself. She passed her driving test this
morning.

5. I didn't know you were going to Phil's party yesterday. You told me!

6. I can't believe Jim hasn't arrived yet. He caught the wrong train.

7. I can't believe Jim hasn't arrived yet. He caught the correct train.

8. Don't lie to me that you were ill yesterday. You been ill - Don said you
were at the ice hockey match last night.
9. I don't know where they went on holiday but they bought Euros before they left so
they gone to France or Germany.

10. His number was busy all night - he been on the phone continuously for
hours.

11. It been Mickey I saw at the party. He didn't recognize me at all.

ADVANCED GRAMMAR Page 45

 CHAPTER VI
Another vs. Other vs. Others

Quick Summary: What is the difference between another and other?

A simple rule to help you remember the difference between another and other is:
another + singular noun
other + plural noun
others (a pronoun to replace other + plural noun)
 I need another cup. (cup is singular so we use another)
 I need other cups. (cup is plural so we use other)
 I need others. (refers to other cups)

ADVANCED GRAMMAR Page 46

 ANOTHER
Another means:
 one more, an additional, an extra
 a different one; an alternative one
Another is a determiner (and a qualifier) that goes before a singular countable noun or a
pronoun.

Another + Singular Countable noun

Another can be followed by a singular countable noun.
 He has bought another motorbike.
 Would you like another cup of coffee?
 Don‘t worry about the rain. We can go another day.
 I think you should paint it another color.
 We are having another baby.

Another + One
Another can be placed before ―one‖ when the meaning is clear from the text before it.
 I have already eaten two sandwiches though now I want another one. (= an
additional sandwich)
 A: You can borrow more of these books if you like. B: Ok, I‘ll take another one.
(= another book, one more book)

Another as a pronoun
Sometimes another is used as a pronoun.
 That piece of cake was tasty. I think I‘ll have another. (another = one more piece
of cake)
 I don‘t like this room. Let‘s ask for another. (another = another room)
Note: you can also say: ―I think I‘ll have another one.‖ and ―Let‘s ask for another one.‖

Another + number + plural noun

Another can be used before a plural noun when there is a number before that noun or
before phrases such as a couple of, a few etc.

ADVANCED GRAMMAR Page 47

  In another 20 years my laptop is going to be obsolete.
 I like this city so much that I‘m going to spend another three days here.
 We need another three teachers before classes begin.
 He was given another couple of months to finish the sculpture.
Remember another is ONE word not two words (an other is incorrect)

OTHER
Other is a determiner that goes before plural countable nouns, uncountable nouns or a
pronoun.

Other + Plural Countable Noun

Other can be followed by a plural countable noun.
 We have other styles if you are interested.
 Have you got any other dresses, or are these the only ones?
 Some days are sunny though other days can be very rainy.
 I have invited some other people.
 I can‘t help you because I‘m busy with other things.

Other + Ones
Other can be placed before the pronoun ―ones‖ when the meaning is clear from the text
before it.
 We don‘t need those books, we need other ones. (= different books)
 A: You can borrow my books if you like. B: Thanks, but I need other ones. (=
other books)
Note: you can say other one when it refers to wanting the alternative.
 I don't want this one, I want the other one.

ADVANCED GRAMMAR Page 48

Other can come after the determiners some, any, and no.
Examples

 Do you have other shoes?

 There are other jobs you could try.
 Is there any other bread?
 I have some other sugar we could use.
 We have no other ideas.

Every other + singular noun

- You should take these pills every other day.

(take it one day, do not take it the next day, take it again the following day)

- Write every other line when I dictate. (skip one line every time)

OTHERS
Others as a pronoun
Others replaces ―other ones‖ or "other + plural noun".
Only others can be used as a pronoun and not other.
 I don‘t like these postcards. Let‘s ask for others. (others = other postcards)
 Some of the presidents arrived on Monday. Others arrived the following day.

Others - the others

Often ―(the) others‖ refers to ―(the) other people‖.
 He has no interest in helping others. (= in helping other people)
 What are the others doing tonight?

What is the difference between other and others?

Other is followed by a noun or a pronoun
Others is a pronoun and is NOT followed by a noun.

ADVANCED GRAMMAR Page 49

  These shoes are too small. Do you have any other shoes?
 These shoes are too small. Do you have any others? (no noun after others)

THE OTHER
If the other is modifying a plural countable noun, the noun may be omitted when it is
understood from the context. In that case, other will become plural.

Examples
 Where is the other box of cereal?
 I work on the weekend and go to school on the other days of the week.
 May I use the other honey for my recipe?
 I enjoyed the first book but I didn't read the other books in the series.
 Have you seen the others?
 Jim ate two cookies. I ate the others.

ANOTHER VS THE OTHER

another + singular nonspecific countable noun

Examples:
 ―Let‘s meet another day.‖
 ―I‘d like another piece of cake.‖
The nouns (―day‖ and ―piece‖) in both sentences are countable and singular (e.g. not
with an ‗s‘) nouns.
The nouns in both sentences are also not specific. This means that the speaker doesn‘t
care which day or piece of cake he gets; he just wants a different one. He wants another
one, but he hasn‘t said (or it isn‘t clear or important) which one.
Hint: If you understand English articles (―a/an/the‖), then think of ―another‖ as ―an +
other.‖ You can use ―another‖ before a noun whenever you can use ―a(n)‖ before a
noun. The rules are the same. Another = an other!

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the other + specific noun (singular, plural, countable or uncountable)
Examples:
1. ―I have two brothers. One of them lives in Canada. The other brother lives in
Japan.‖
2. ―I go to school on Monday and Thursday. I work on the other days of the week.‖
The nouns (―brother‖ & ―days‖) in both sentences are specific.
Re: Example #1: What brother lives in Japan? The other brother. The speaker said he has
two brothers. He told you where the first brother lives, so the other brother must be his
second brother. This is a specific brother (not general). You know what brother he is
talking about.
Re: Example #2: What days of the week does he work on? Tuesday, Wednesday, and
Friday. The speaker said he goes to school on Monday and Thursday. You know that the
other days of the week are Tuesday, Wednesday, and Friday. So the speaker says “the
other‖ because it is clear what other days of the week he works on. Specifically, they
are Tuesday, Wednesday and Friday.
Hint: Thinking about articles again, the rules for ―the other‖ are the same as the rules for
―the‖ + noun.

EXERCISES

1. Choose the best answer ( other/ another)

1. Give me ________ chance!

2. He doesn't get along well with ________ children.

3. She's not like other girls. She's ________.

4. He is such a player. He goes out with a ________ girl every week.

5. You didn't like that book? I have some ________ books you can read.

6. I'll have ________ beer, please.

7. I can't meet you today. Let's do it some ________ time.

8. This dish is made up of a lot of ________ vegetables.

9. You have to choose a ________ topic.

10. You have to choose ________ topic.

ADVANCED GRAMMAR Page 51
2. Choose the best answer (other/ the other/ another/ the others/ others)

1. There's no ___ way to do it.

2. Some people like to rest in their free time. ___ like to travel.

3. This cake is delicious! Can I have ___ slice, please?

4.Where are ___ boys?

5.The supermarket is on ___ side of the street.

6.There were three books on my table. One is here. Where are ___ ?

7.Some of the speakers went straight to the conference room. ___ speakers are still
hanging around.

8.This is not the only answer to the question. There are ___ .

9.Please give me ___ chance.

10.He was a wonderful teacher. Everyone agreed it would be hard to find ___ like him.

3. Choose the following sentences correctly (other/ the other/ another/ the
others/ others)

1 - You take the new ones and I'll take ____.

2 - They gazed into each _____ eyes.
3 - I'd like _____ cup of tea, please.
4 - They love one ____- they're such a happy family.
5 - The ____ people were shocked.
6 - Many _____ people have said the same.
7 - I've told Pablo, but I haven't told the _____ yet. I'll tell them when I see them.
8 - I won't let them do that to me ____ time.
9 - One person's peach is ____ person's poison.
10 - I saw her ____ day.
11 - I took the ____ book back to the library.
12 - Some ____ people have taken it.
13 - I go there every ____ day.

ADVANCED GRAMMAR Page 52

4. Complete the following sentences.
1. Can I have …………………………. piece of cake?
a) another b) other c) either could be used here
2. She has bought ………………………. car.
a) another b) other c) either could be used here
3. Have you got any …………………….. ice creams?
a) other b) another c) either could be used here
4. She never thinks about …………………….. people.
a) another b) other c) others
5. They love each ……………………….. very much.
a) other b) another c) others
6. Where are the ………………………… boys?
a) other b) another c) others
7. He never thinks of ………………………..
a) other b) another c) others
8. We will be staying for …………………………. few weeks.
a) other b) another c) others
9. They sat for hours looking into one ……………………….. eyes.
a) other b) other‘s c) another‘s
10. They talk to each ……………………….. a lot.
a) other b) other‘s c) another

ADVANCED GRAMMAR Page 53

5. Complete the following sentences with other, others or another.

1. There aren't enough glasses. We need ………….. one .

2. Some of the books are here. The …… are in the next room.

3. Why are you only wearing one shoe? Where is the … one?

4. Could you give me …………. few sheets of paper please. I need some more.

5. One child sang a song. A poem was recited by ………….

6. Some people can learn languages easily. …………… need more time.

7. We'll need ………… three days to finish the project.

8. Two men arrived. One was young, the ………… one was much older.

9. This restaurant doesn't look great. Is there …………..one we could try?

10. Some of the guests have arrived. The …………. are on their way.

ADVANCED GRAMMAR Page 54

 CHAPTER VII
REDUCED RELATIVE & ADVERBIAL CLAUSES

A. Reduced Adverb Clauses

How to reduce adverb clauses to a gerund, noun or adjective
Reduced adverb clauses refer to the shortening of an adverb clause to an adverbial
phrase of time, causality or opposition. Adverb clauses may be reduced only if the
subject of both the dependent (the adverb clause) and independent clause are the same.
Let's take a look at an example of a correct reduced adverb clause. Once you understand
how to form reduced adverb clauses, take the reduced adverb clauses quiz to test your
understanding. Teachers can use the printable version of this quiz in class.

Correct Reduced Adverb Clause to Adverbial Phrase

Because she has a test next week, she is studying very hard.
REDUCES TO:
Having a test next week, she is studying very hard.

Incorrect Reduced Adverb Clause to Adverbial Phrase

Because she has a test next week, her mother is reviewing vocabulary with her.
CAN'T REDUCE TO:
Having a test next week, her mother is reviewing vocabulary with her.
In the first example, the dependent adverb clause 'Because she has a test next week' has
the same subject as the independent clause 'she is studying very hard'. This is not the
case for the second example which can not reduce in the same manner.

Reduce Only Certain Types of Adverb Clauses

There are a number of adverb clauses in English such as adverb clauses of time,
causality, opposition, condition, manner, and place. Not all adverb clauses can be
reduced. Only adverb clauses of time, causality and opposition can be reduced. Here are
some examples of each type of adverb clauses which can be reduced:

Reduced Adverb Clauses of Time

Before he bought the house, he did a lot of research. -> Before buying the house, he did
a lot of research.
After she had lunch, she went back to work. -> After having lunch, she went back to
work.

ADVANCED GRAMMAR Page 55

Reduced Adverb Clauses of Causality
Because she was late, she excused herself at the meeting. -> Being late, she excused
herself.
As Tom had extra work to do, he stayed late at work. -> Having extra work to do, Tom
stayed late at work.

Reduced Adverb Clauses of Opposition

Though he had a lot of money, he didn't have many friends. -> Though having a lot of
money, he didn't have many friends.
Although she was beautiful, she still felt shy. -> Although beautiful, she still felt shy.
Here are detailed descriptions and instructions on how to reduce each type of adverb
clause which has the same subject as the independent clause.

Reducing Adverb Clauses of Time

Adverb clauses of time are reduced in a number of ways depending on the time
expression used. Here are the most common:

Before / After / Since

 Keep the time word
 Remove the subject
 Change the verb to the gerund form OR Use a noun
Examples:
After he took the test, he slept for a long time. -> After taking the test, he slept for a long
time. OR After the test, he slept for a long time.
Since I moved to Rochester, I have gone to the Philharmonic a number of times. -> Since
moving to Rochester, I have gone to the Philharmonic a number of times.
As
 Delete 'as'
 Remove the subject
 Change the verb to the gerund form
Examples:
As I was falling asleep, I thought about my friends in Italy. -> Falling asleep, I thought
about my friends in Italy.
As she was driving to work, she saw a deer in the road. -> Driving to work, she saw a
deer in the road.

ADVANCED GRAMMAR Page 56

As soon as
 Delete as soon as and replace with 'upon' or 'on'
 Remove the subject
 Change the verb to the gerund form
Examples:
As soon as she finished the report, she gave it to the boss. -> Upon finishing the report,
she gave it to the boss.
As soon as we woke up, we got our fishing poles and went to the lake. -> On waking up,
we got our fishing poles and went to the lake.

Reducing Adverb Clauses of Causality

Adverb clauses of causality (providing the reason for something) are introduced by the
subordinating conjunctions 'because', 'since' and 'as'. Each of these reduce in the same
manner.
 Remove the subordinating conjunction
 Remove the subject
 Change the verb to the gerund form
Examples:
Because he was late, he drove to work. -> Being late, he drove to work.
Since she was tired, she slept in late. -> Being tired, she slept in late.
NOTE: When using the negative form of the verb, place 'not' before the gerund when
reducing.
Examples:
As he didn't want to disturb her, he left the room quickly. -> Not wanting to disturb her,
he left the room quickly.
Because she didn't understand the question, she asked the teacher for some help. -> Not
understanding the question, she asked the teacher for some help.

Reducing Adverb Clauses of Opposition

Adverb clauses of opposition beginning with 'though', 'although', or 'while' can be
reduced in the following manner.
 Keep the subordinating conjunction
 Remove the subject and the verb 'be'

ADVANCED GRAMMAR Page 57

  Keep the noun or adjective
 OR Change the verb to the gerund form

Examples:
(adjective) While he was a happy man, he had many serious problems. -> While happy,
he had many serious problems.
(noun) Though she was an excellent student, she failed to pass the test. -> Though an
excellent student, she failed to pass the test.
(gerund) Although he had a car, he decided to walk. -> Although having a car, he
decided to walk.

B. Reduced Relative Clauses

How to reduce relative clauses to a modified noun

Reduced relative clauses refers to the the shortening of a relative clause which modifies
the subject of a sentence. Reduced relative clauses can modify the subject NOT the
object of a sentence. Let's quickly review relative clauses to learn more. Once you
understand the rules, take the reduced relative clauses quiz to test your understanding.
Teachers can use the printable version of this quiz in class.
Relative clauses, also known as adjective clauses, modify nouns much like adjectives.
The man who works at Costco lives in Seattle.
I gave a book which was written by Hemingway to Mary last week.
In the examples above, who works at Costco modifies (provides information about) the
subject of the sentence 'The man'. In the second sentence, which was written by
Hemingway modifies the object 'book'. Using a reduced relative clause we can reduce
the first sentence to:
The man working at Costco lives in Seattle.
The second example sentence can not be reduced because the relative clause which was
written by Hemingway modifies an object of the verb 'give'.

Types of Reduced Relative Clauses

Relative clauses can also be reduced to shorter forms if the relative clause modifies the
subject of a sentence. Relative clause reduction refers to removing a relative pronoun to
reduce:
 An adjective / person who was happy -> happy person
 An adjective phrase / man who was responsible for -> man responsible for

ADVANCED GRAMMAR Page 58

  A prepositional phrase / boxes that are under the counter -> boxes under the
counter
 A past participle / student that was elected president -> student elected president
 A present participle / people who are working on the report -> people working on
the report
Here are detailed descriptions and instructions on how to reduce each type of relative
clause:

Reduce to an Adjective
1. Remove the relative pronoun
2. Remove the verb (usually 'be', but also 'seem', 'appear', etc.)
3. Place the adjective used in the relative clause before the modified noun
Examples:
The children who were happy played until nine in the evening. -> Reduced: The happy
children played until nine in the evening.
The house which was beautiful was sold for $300,000. -> Reduced: The beautiful house
was sold for $300,000.

Reduce to an Adjective Phrase

1. Remove the relative pronoun
2. Remove the verb (usually 'be', but also 'seem', 'appear', etc.)
3. Place the adjective phrase after the modified noun
Examples:
The product, which seemed perfect in many ways, failed to succeed in the market. ->
Reduced: The product, perfect in many ways, failed to succeed in the market.
The boy who was pleased by his grades went out with his friends to celebrate. ->
Reduced: The boy pleased by his grades went out with his friends to celebrate.

Reduce to a Prepositional Phrase

1. Remove the relative pronoun
2. Remove the verb 'be'
3. Place the prepositional phrase after the modified noun

ADVANCED GRAMMAR Page 59

Examples:
The box which was on the table was made in Italy. -> Reduced: The box on the table
was made in Italy.
The woman who was at the meeting spoke about business in Europe. -> Reduced: The
woman at the meeting spoke about business in Europe./i>

Reduce to an Past Participle

1. Remove the relative pronoun
2. Remove the verb 'be'
3. Place the past participle before the modified noun
Examples:
The desk which was stained was antique. -> Reduced: The stained desk was antique.
The man who was elected was very popular. -> Reduced: The elected man was very
popular.

Reduce to an Past Participle Phrase

1. Remove the relative pronoun
2. Remove the verb 'be'
3. Place the past participle phrase after the modified noun
Examples:
The car which was purchased in Seattle was a vintage Mustang.-> Reduced: The car
purchased in Seattle was a vintage Mustang.
The elephant which was born in captivity was set free. -> Reduced: The elephant born
in captivity was set free.

Reduce to a Present Participle 1

1. Remove the relative pronoun
2. Remove the verb 'be'
3. Place the present participle phrase after the modified noun
Examples:
The professor who is teaching mathematics will leave the university. -> Reduced: The
professor teaching mathematics will leave the university.
The dog that is lying on the floor won't get up. -> Reduced: The dog lying on the floor
won't get up.

ADVANCED GRAMMAR Page 60

Reduce to a Present Participle 2
Some action verbs reduce to the present participle (ing form) especially when the present
tense is used.
1. Remove the relative pronoun
2. Change the verb to the present participle form
3. Place the present participle phrase after the modified noun
Examples:
The man who lives near my home walks to work every day. -> Reduced: The man living
near my home walks to work every day.
The girl who attends my school lives at the end of the street. -> Reduced: The girl
attending my school lives at the end of the street.

EXERCISES
A. reduced adverb clauses.
1. Before he left on vacation, he finished the project.
o Before left on vacation, he finished the project.
o Before leaving on vacation, he finished the project.
o Before on vacation, he finished the project.
2. As soon as he bought the house, he moved in and furnished it with beautiful
furniture.
o As soon as buying the house, he moved in and furnished it with beautiful
furniture.
o Upon buying the house, he moved in and furnished it with beautiful
furniture.
o As buying the house, he moved in and furnished it with beautiful
furniture.
3. Though he was talented, he didn't get the job.
o Though was talented, he didn't get the job.
o Though talented, he didn't get the job.
o Though talenting, he didn't get the job.

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 4. Since he was late, he started the meeting at 10.
o Being late, he started the meeting at 10.
o Since being late, he started the meeting at 10.
o Since late, he started the meeting at 10.
5. After the teacher arrived, the students sat down at their desks.
o After the teacher arrived, the students sat down at their desks. - NO
CHANGE POSSIBLE
o After arriving, the students sat down at their desks.
o After arrived, the students sat down at their desks.
6. As I was driving, I saw a UFO!
o As driving, I saw a UFO!
o Driving, I saw a UFO!
o As I was driving, I saw a UFO! - NO CHANGE POSSIBLE
7. As the teacher gave a difficult test, he let them use a dictionary.
o Giving a difficult test, the teacher let them use a dictionary.
o Given a difficult test, the teacher let them use a dictionary.
o As the teacher gave a difficult test, he let them use a dictionary. - NO
CHANGE POSSIBLE
8. Although the weather was awful, we went on a hike.
o Although awful, we went on a hike.
o Although the weather was awful, we went on a hike. - NO CHANGE
POSSIBLE
o Being awful, we went on a hike.
9. As soon as I understood her question, the boss asked for my opinion.
o Upon understanding her question, the boss asked for my opinion.
o As soon as I understood her question, the boss asked for my opinion. -
NO CHANGE POSSIBLE
o On understood the question, the boss asked for my opinion.

ADVANCED GRAMMAR Page 62

 10. Since he didn't want to hurt her feelings, he didn't tell her the truth.
o Not wanting to hurt her feelings, he didn't tell her the truth.
o Since not wanting to hurt her feelings, he didn't tell her the truth.
o Since he didn't want to hurt her feelings, he didn't tell her the truth. - NO
CHANGE POSSIBLE
11. After he finished the paper, he went to work.
o After the paper, he went to work.
o After finished the paper, he went to work.
o After he finished the paper, he went to work. - NO CHANGE POSSIBLE
12. While I was watching TV, I found out the news.
o While watching TV, I found out the news.
o While I was watching TV, I found out the news. - NO CHANGE
POSSIBLE
o I watching TV, I found out the news.
13. As he didn't want to interrupt, he let her finish the telephone call.
o Not wanting to interrupt, he let her finish the telephone call.
o As he didn't want to interrupt, he let her finish the telephone call. - NO
CHANGE POSSIBLE
o Wanting not interrupt, he let her finish the telephone call.
14. Though it's not a question I can answer, I can give you some advice.
o Though I can answer, I can give you some advice.
o Though being not a question, I can give you some advice.
o Though it's not a question I can answer, I can give you some advice. - NO
CHANGE POSSIBLE
15. As the sun was rising, I put on my clothes and went to work.
o As sun rising, I put on my clothes and went to work.
o As rising, I put on my clothes and went to work.

ADVANCED GRAMMAR Page 63

 o As the sun was rising, I put on my clothes and went to work. - NO
CHANGE POSSIBLE

B. reduced relative clauses quiz

1. My friends who are studying in Italy will be at the party.
o My friends who studying in Italy will be at the party.
o My friends studying in Italy will be at the party.
o My studying in Italy friends will be at the party.
2. The man who was handsome worked in Hollywood.
o The man handsome worked in Hollywood.
o The man who handsome worked in Hollywood.
o The handsome man worked in Hollywood.
3. The students who study at our school come from all over the world.
o The studying students at our school from all over the world.
o The students studying at our school come from all over the world.
o The studying at our school students come from all over the world.
4. The cake that was selected came from an Italian bakery.
o The that selected cake came from an Italian bakery.
o The cake selected came from an Italian bakery.
o The cake was selected came from an Italian bakery.
5. Seattle, which is famous for its seafood, is a beautiful city.
o Seattle famous for it's seafood is a beautiful city.
o Seattle, famous for its seafood, is a beautiful city.
o Seattle is famous for its seafood is a beautiful city.
6. The towels that are on the chair can be used in the club showers.
o The on the chair towels can be used in the club showers.
o The towels on the chair can be used in the club showers.
o The chaired towels can be used in the club showers.

ADVANCED GRAMMAR Page 64

 7. The men that are working on the project come from India.
o The men working on the project come from India.
o The working men on the project come from India.
o The working on the project men come from India.
8. Tom, who was responsible for sales, made the presentation.
o Tom sales responsible made the presentation.
o Tom responsible for sales made the presentation.
o Tom, responsible for sales, made the presentation.
9. Cindy, who lives in Maryland, is our online project manager.
o Cindy lives in Maryland in is our online project manager.
o Cindy, living in Maryland, is our online project manager.
o Living in Maryland Cindy is our online project manager.
10. The telephone which is on the desk is broken.
o The on the desk telephone is broken.
o The telephone on the desk is broken.
o The telephone desk is broken.
11. The staff which was essential on this project work in Brighton.
o The essential on this project staff work in Brighton.
o The staff essential on this project work in Brighton.
o The Brighton staff was on this project essential.
12. The bicycle which was featured was made by Bianchi.
o The featured bicycle was made by Bianchi.
o The was featured bicycle made by Bianchi.
o The made Bianchi bicycle was featured.
13. The man who is playing the piano lives in our neighborhood.
o The playing the piano man lives in our neighborhood.

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 o The man playing the piano lives in our neighborhood.
o The piano playing lives in our neighborhood.
14. The woman who was beautiful came to the party.
o The beautiful woman came to the party.
o The woman beautiful came to the party.
o The woman was beautiful came to the party.
15. The waiter who was on shift failed to take orders.
o The waiter on shift failed to take orders.
o The on shift waiter failed take orders.
o The waiter was on shift to take orders.
16. The doctor who was available for appointments is upstairs.
o The available for appointments doctor is upstairs.
o The doctor who available for appointments is upstairs.
o The doctor available for appointments is upstairs.
17. The sports equipment which was used in the game came from Oregon.
o The sports equipment used in the game came from Oregon.
o The sports equipment was used in the game came from Oregon.
o The was used sports equipment in the game came from Oregon.
18. The children that are playing baseball are late for school.
o The playing baseball children are late for school.
o The children playing baseball are late for school.
o The baseball children playing are late for school.
19. The man who drives a BMW is very serious.
o The BMW man driving is very serious.
o The man driving a BMW is very serious.
o The man who driving a BMW is very serious.

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 20. Tom, who comes from Portland, is the director of the department.
o Tom, coming from Portland, is the director of the department.
o Tom coming from Portland director of the department.
o Tom who from Portland is director of the department.

Choose the best answer

1.While ___ work, I saw an old friend of mine.

a. I walking home from
b. walking home from
c. walked home from
d. walking home work

2.Before ___, I brushed my teeth.

a. left my house
b. I leaving my house
c. leaving my house
d. my house leaving

3.I feel asleep ___ TV.

a. while I watch
b. while watching
c. while watched
d. during I was watching

4.While ___ about adverb clauses, a mild earthquake shook the classroom.
a. the teacher lecturing
b. the teacher was lecturing
c. lecturing
d. lectured

5 ___, a dog chased us down the street

a. While running
b. While we were running
c. We were running while
d. While running we were

6.Since ___ to San Bernardino, Yih-Ping has made many friends.

a. coming
b. come
c. she coming
d. she comes to
ADVANCED GRAMMAR Page 67
7.Peter went back to school ___ the phone.
a. after John calling him on
b. John had called him on
c. after John had called him on
d. after John had called him

8. ___ yesterday, we saw many deer.

a. While we hiking through the woods
b. Hiking through the woods
c. During hiking through the woods
d. Hiking through the woods we

9___ the necessary qualifications, she was not hired for a job.
a. Lacked
b. When lacking
c. Lacking
d. Because lacking

10.Unable to run the entire 42 kilometers, she decided to drop out of the race, ___ her a
heat stroke.
a. the fatigue from the intense heat almost gave
b. the fatigue from the intense heat having almost given
c. which the fatigue from the intense heat having almost given
d. the fatigue from the intense heat had almost given

11 ___ the age of 21, he was able to gamble in Las Vegas.

a. When reached
b. Reached
c. As reaching
d. Upon reaching

12 ___, Martha was watching her favorite TV program.

a. While Penchart talking to his friend
b. While Penchart was talked to his friend
c. While Penchart was talking to his friend
d. Penchart was talking to his friend while

13. Before ___ visit my brother and his family, I will need to finish all of my business
dealings with my clients.
a. leaving for North Dakota
b. leaving for North Dakota to
c. left for North Dakota to
d. I leaving for North Dakota to

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14. ___ , the student won a $10 million lottery.
a. While worked on the computer
b. While working on the computer
c. While she working on the computer
d. Working on the computer while she

15. Since ___ his MBA studies, Selim has secured a great job as a finance manager of a
major corporation in Turkey.
a. he finishing
b. finishing
c. finished
d. he finish

16. Joo Kyung always watches TV after ___ her homework.

a. finished
b. finishing
c. she finished
d. she finish

17. ___ his laser pointer to point to an example on the board, the teacher carefully
explained the meaning of "animal" idioms.
a. Using
b. Used
c. While he using
d. While he was used

18. ___ to buy a car, she took the bus every morning to work.
a. Because she unable
b. Being unable
c. Be unable
d. Because she were unable

19___, I discovered that my stereo had been stolen.

a. On that looking into my car
b. When I look into my car
c. Looking into my car when I
d. On looking into my car

20___ so dry during the summer, it is prohibited to light camp fires.

a. The forest area in the San Bernardino mountains is
b. Being the forest area in the San Bernardino mountains is
c. Because the forest area in the San Bernardino mountains
d. Being the forest area in the San Bernardino mountains was

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Rewrite each sentence using a reduced adjective clause.

1. I talked to the people who will do the exam next week.

2. The Coca Cola Company, which was started in 1886, is still very successful.

3. Students who want to study here this September must apply before July.

4. Cars that need serious repairs will not be allowed on the road.

5. Toronto, which is situated on the north shore of Lake Ontario, is the largest city

in Canada.

6. The people who were hired last month had to take a training course this month.

7. Who's the guy who's playing tennis with her?

8. Bread which is made today won't be as fresh tomorrow.

9. Canada, which is located north of the USA, is a little bigger and much colder.

10. I'd like something that contains less sugar, please.

ADVANCED GRAMMAR Page 70

 CHAPTER VIII
SUBJUNCTIVE
.

USE
1. The Subjunctive is used to emphasize urgency or importance. It is used
after certain expressions
2. It's used to refer to situations that are not real (but are desirable) or
hypothetical situations.
3. Exclamations that express a wish or hope

I. The Subjunctive is used to emphasize urgency or importance. It is used after

certain expressions

NOTICE
The Subjunctive is only noticeable in certain forms and tenses. In the examples below,
the Subjunctive is not noticeable in the you-form of the verb, but it is noticeable in the
he-form of the verb.
Examples:
 You try to study often. you-form of "try"
 It is important that you try to study often. Subjunctive form of "try" looks the
same.

 He tries to study often. he-form of "try"

 It is important that he try to study often. Subjunctive form of "try" is noticeable
here.
Verbs Followed by the Subjunctive
The Subjunctive is used after the following verbs:
to advise (that)
to ask (that)
to command (that)
to demand (that)
to desire (that)
to insist (that)

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to propose (that)
to recommend (that)
to request (that)
to suggest (that)
to urge (that)
Examples:
 Dr. Smith asked that Mark submit his research paper before the end of the
month.
 Donna requested Frank come to the party.
 The teacher insists that her students be on time.

Expressions Followed by the Subjunctive

The Subjunctive is used after the following expressions:
It is best (that)
It is crucial (that)
It is desirable (that)
It is essential (that)
It is imperative (that)
It is important (that)
It is recommended (that)
It is urgent (that)
It is vital (that)
It is a good idea (that)
It is a bad idea (that)
Examples:
 It is crucial that you be there before Tom arrives.
 It is important she attend the meeting.
 It is recommended that he take a gallon of water with him if he wants to hike
to the bottom of the Grand Canyon.

Negative, Continuous and Passive Forms of Subjunctive

The Subjunctive can be used in negative, continuous and passive forms.
Negative Examples:
 The boss insisted that Sam not be at the meeting.

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  The company asked that employees not accept personal phone calls during
business hours.
 I suggest that you not take the job without renegotiating the salary.
Passive Examples:
 Jake recommended that Susan be hired immediately.
 Christine demanded that I be allowed to take part in the negotiations.
 We suggested that you be admitted to the organization.
Continuous Examples:
 It is important that you be standing there when he gets off the plane.
 It is crucial that a car be waiting for the boss when the meeting is over.
 I propose that we all be waiting in Tim's apartment when he gets home.

Should as Subjunctive
After many of the above expressions, the word "should" is sometimes used to express
the idea of subjunctiveness. This form is used more frequently in British English and is
most common after the verbs "suggest," "recommend" and "insist."
Examples:
 The doctor recommended that she should see a specialist about the problem.
 Professor William suggested that Wilma should study harder for the final exam.

2. The Subjunctive is used to refer to situations that are not real (but are
desirable) or hypothetical situations.
I. The past subjunctive is used in subordinate clauses and refers to unreal or improbable
present or future situations:
(Traditionally, the past subjunctive form of be is were for all persons, including the first
and third person singular. However, today I/he/she/it was is more common while were is
mainly used in formal styles and in the set phrase if I were you.)
Example:
If I were you, I would apply right now. (I am not you.)
What would you do if you won the lottery? (You probably won't win the lottery.)
It's time the kids were in bed. (The kids are not in bed.)
I wish you were here. (You are not here.)
ADVANCED GRAMMAR Page 73
I'd rather your boyfriend stopped calling you in the middle of the night. (Your boyfriend
keeps calling you.)
He looks as if he knew the answer. (He gives the impression that he knows the answer,
but he probably doesn't.)

II. The Past perfect subjunctive is used in subordinate clauses and expresses unreal past
situations:
The past perfect subjunctive has the same form as the past perfect tense:

had + past participle

Example:

I wish they had arrived on time. (They didn't arrive on time.)

I would've bought the dress if there hadn't been such a queue. (There was a long queue,
so I didn't buy the dress.)
She would rather I had gone to bed earlier. (I didn't go to bed early.)
He seems as if he hadn't slept for days. (He seems not to have slept for days, but he has.)

3. Exclamations that express a wish or hope

Rest in peace!
Bless you!
God save the King!

ADVANCED GRAMMAR Page 74

Gap-fill Exercise
fill in the blanks below with the correct form of the verb in parentheses. Remember that
negative, passive and continuous subjunctive forms are possible. Three of the sentences
below do not contain subjunctive forms. Can you find them?
1. It's important that she (remember) _______________________ to take her medicine
twice a day.
2. I suggest that Frank (read) _______________________ the directions carefully before
assembling the bicycle. He doesn't want the wheels to fall off while he is riding down a
hill.
3. Mrs. Finkelstein demanded that the heater (repair) _______________________
immediately. Her apartment was freezing.
4. It's vital that the United States (focus) _______________________ on improving its
public education system. What we do now will affect our country for generations to
come.
5. The monk insisted that the tourists (enter) _______________________ the temple
until they had removed their shoes.
6. I am not going to sit here and let her insult me. I demand that she immediately
(apologize) _______________________ for what she just said.
7. Judy asked that we (attend) _______________________ her graduation ceremony
next week.
8. Was it really necessary that I (sit) _______________________ there watching you the
entire time you were rehearsing for the play? It was really boring watching you repeat
the scenes over and over again.
9. It is important to remember that Janine (think) _______________________ very
differently from you. She may not agree to the changes you have made in the
organization of the company.
10. It's a little difficult to find the restaurant. I propose that we all (drive)
_______________________ together so that nobody gets lost along the way.
11. The woman insisted that the lost child (take) _______________________ to store's
information desk so his parents could be paged.
12. The nutritionist recommended that Sally (reduce) _______________________ her
daily fat intake.
13. The environmental leader felt it was extremely important that the people of the city
(allow) _______________________ to voice their concerns over the new hotel being
built on the bay.

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14. She says that the government (regulate) _______________________ the airline
industry. I don't know if that is true.
15. The sign at the pool recommended that you (swim) _______________________
after eating a large meal.
16. It is necessary that a life guard (monitor) _______________________ the summing
pool while the children are taking their swimming lessons.
17. The sun is scorching today. I suggest you (put) _______________________ on
sunblock immediately before you get a sunburn.
18. John insists that Sarah (invite) _______________________ to the wedding;
otherwise he will not attend.
19. I think it's an interesting fact that she (come) _______________________ from
Estonia.
20. It is imperative that the world (work) _______________________ towards a solution
to global warming before the weather patterns of the world are disrupted irreparably.

Choose the best answer

1. Everything ______ if Albert hadn‘t called the fire brigade.

a. will be destroyed b. will have been destroyed b. would be destroyed d. would
have been destroyed

2. Supposing this ship ______, do you think there would be enough life jackets for all
the passengers?
a. was sinking b. has sunk c. were to sink d. sunk

3. The teacher suggested that each student ______ a plan for the vacation.
a. made b. make c. makes d. will make

4. Frankly, I‘d rather you ______ anything about it for the time being.
a. do b. don‘t do c. didn‘t do d. will not do

5. After the way she treated you, if I ______ in your place.

a. be b. am c. was d. were

6. The idea is that the nation ______ an unmanned spacecraft to explore the planet
first.
a. sent b. sends c. send d. must send

7. Its high time you ______.

a. start to work b. would start to work c. started to work d. had started to work

ADVANCED GRAMMAR Page 76

8. ―If I hadn‘t practiced when I was younger,‖ the musician says, ―I ______ able to
play so well now.‖
a. wouldn‘t be b. won‘t be c. wouldn‘t have been d. couldn‘t have been

9. It is imperative that you ______ there in person.

a. are b. were c. be d. will be

10. The atomic structure is, ______, a miniature solar system.

a. as it was b. as if they were c. as it were d. as if are

11. The management urged that the cost of production ______.

a. to be further reduced b. was further reduced c. be further reduced d. should
further reduced

12. The business is risky. But ______ we would be rich.

a. should we succeed b. we should succeed c. might we succeed d. would we
succeed

13. I wish our teacher ______ to give another test. I haven‘t got prepared yet.
a. isn‘t going b. weren‘t going c. will not going d. could have gone

14. I wish I ______ to the movies with you last night.

a. went b. did go c. could go d. could have gone

15. If I ______ in the twenty-first century, I ______ my vacation in a very different

way.
a. should live…would spend b. will live ….should spend
c. are living … should have spent d. will be living…would have spent

16. It is required that the machine ______ as frequently as necessary.

a. be oiled b. must be oiled c. is oiled d. will oil

17. His English teacher recommends that he ______ a regular degree program.
a. begins b. begin c. will begin d. is beginning

18. ______, we could not have finished the work on time.

a. If they do not help us b. Was it not for their help c. Should they offer to help us
d. But for their help

19. Henry ______ a rich man today if he had been more frugal in the past.
a. would be b. is c. will be d. was

20. They thought it desirable that an armed guard ______ in readiness.

a. stands b. stand c. stood d. would stand

ADVANCED GRAMMAR Page 77

21. All science students, ______, should have a good foundation in basic sciences.
a. whether they are future physicists and chemists b. they are future physicists of
chemists
c. they should be future physicists of chemists d. be they future physicists or
chemists

22. I should very much like to have gone to the party but I ______.
a. am not invited b. was not invited c. shall not be invited d. am not being
invited

23. There is a general understanding among the members of the Board of Directors that
chief attention ______ to the undertaking that is expected to bring in highest profit.
a. is given b. gives c. should be given d. must be given

24. One of the requirements for a fire is that the material ______ to its burning
temperature.
a. be heated b. is heated c. would be heated d. to heat

25. If we had known that she had planned to arrive today, we ______ her at the bus
station.
a. may have met b. might meet c. may meet d. might have met

26. We‘re safer in a train than we would be if we ______ any other way.
a. traveled b. had traveled c. travel d. have traveled

27. He told me how he had given me shelter and protection without which I ______ of
hunger and cold.
a. would be died b. would have died c. would die d . will have died

28. Had electronic computers not been invented, many problems of space flight ______.
a. could be not solved b. could not be solved c. could not have been solved d.
could not have solved

ADVANCED GRAMMAR Page 78

 CHAPTER IX
COLLOCATION

A collocation is a combination of words that are commonly used together; the simplest
way of describing collocations is to say that they ‗just sound right‘ to native English
speakers. Other combinations that may mean the same thing would seem ‗ unnatural‘.
Collocations include noun phrases like ‗ stiff wind‘ and‗weapons of mass destruction‘,
phrasal verbs such as‗to get together‘ and other stock phrases such as‗the rich and
famous‘
It is important to learn collocations, because they are important for the naturalisation of
one‘s speech. Besides, they broaden one‘s scope for expression.
Here is a list of collocations to help you get started:

Collocations starting with the verb „do‟

Do me a favour
Do the cooking
Do the housework
Do the shopping
Do the washing up
Do your best
Do your hair

Collocations with the verb „have‟

Have a good time
Have a bath
Have a drink
Have a haircut
Have a holiday
Have a problem
Have a relationship
Have lunch
Have sympathy

Collocations with the verb „break‟

Break the law
Break a leg
Break a promise
Break a record

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Break someone's heart
Break the ice
Break the news to someone
Break the rules

Collocations with the verb „take‟

Take a break
Take a chance
Take a look
Take a rest
Take a seat
Take a taxi
Take an exam
Take notes
Take someone's place

Collocations with the verb „make‟

Make a difference
Make a mess
Make a mistake
Make a noise
Make an effort
Make money
Make progress
Make room
Make trouble

Collocations with the verb „catch‟

Catch the bus
Catch a ball
Catch a cold
Catch a thief
Catch fire
Catch sight of
Catch someone's attention
Catch someone's eye
Catch the flu

ADVANCED GRAMMAR Page 80

 Collocations with the verb „pay‟
Pay respect
Pay a fine
Pay attention
Pay by credit card
Pay cash
Pay interest
Pay someone a visit
Pay the bill
Pay the price

Collocations with the verb „keep‟

Keep the change
Keep a promise
Keep a secret
Keep an appointment
Keep calm
Keep in touch
Keep quiet
Keep someone's place

Collocations with the verb „save‟

Save yourself the trouble
Save electricity
Save energy
Save money
Save someone a seat
Save someone's life
Save something to a disk
Save time

Collocations with the verb „go‟

Go bald
Go abroad
Go astray
Go bad
Go bankrupt
Go blind
Go crazy
Go fishing

ADVANCED GRAMMAR Page 81

Go mad
Go missing
Go online
Go out of business
Go overseas
Go quiet
Go sailing
Go to war

Collocations with the verb „come‟

Come under attack
Come close
Come direct
Come early
Come first
Come into view
Come last
Come late
Come on time
Come prepared
Come right back
Come to a decision
Come to an agreement
Come to an end
Come to a standstill
Come to terms with
Come to a total of

Collocations with the verb „get‟

Get the sack
Get a life
Get a job
Get a shock
Get angry
Get divorced
Get drunk
Get frightened
Get home
Get lost
Get married

ADVANCED GRAMMAR Page 82

Get permission
Get ready
Get started
Get the impression
Get upset
Get wet
Get worried

Collocations related to time

Bang on time
Dead on time
Free time
From dawn till dusk
Great deal of time
Early/late 15th century
Make time for
Next few days
Past few weeks
Right on time
Run out of time
Time goes by
Time passes
Waste time

Collocations related to business English

Annual turnover
Keep in mind
Break off negotiations
Close a deal
Close a meeting
Come to the point
Dismiss an offer
Draw a conclusion
Draw your attention to
Launch a new product
Go bankrupt
Go into partnership
Make a profit/loss

ADVANCED GRAMMAR Page 83

1. Fill in the gaps using do/ make
1. I normally ___ my best.

2. She ____ business in the U.S.A.

3. I try not to ____ mistakes in a test.

4. My friend often ____ research for her university.

5. I'm quite fit, I ____ a lot of exercise at a gym.

6. My sister always ____ stupid excuses!

7. My lazy friend often asks me to ___ him a favour.

8. I'm studying hard so I can ___ more money in the future.

9. Can I ___ a phone call, please?

10. My wife normally ____ the cooking, because I'm terrible at it!

II. Fill the gaps using the correct collocation

1.The meeting took almost five hours so it was impossible to … attention all the time.

2 The problem is difficult to …. under control.

3 It took us all day to clean up the office after the burglary - the thieves …. a terrible
mess.

4 I don't think we should …. a decision yet; we should wait.

5 Only 31% of the students who ……. the final exam passed it.
6 I think we should look for a new supplier - the one we have at the moment ……….us
too many problems.

7 Could you …….. me a favour and post these letters on your way home?
8 I've told him ten times that he's got the wrong telephone number. I'll …… crazy if they
call again.

ADVANCED GRAMMAR Page 84

9 The company offers its employees free language training but not many people …….
advantage of it.
10.Our personnel assistant is leaving next month - she's …… a baby.

III. Choose the best answer

1. My grandfather was a …………………. smoker, so few people were surprised when
he died of oral cancer.
a) serial
b) heavy
c) big
2. She was a / an ……………………. wife who loved her husband more than anything
else in the whole universe.
a) devoted
b) sincere
c) intelligent
3. I always avoid his company because he is a crashing ……………………..
a) bore
b) nuisance
c) guy
4. It is a golden ………………………… If you miss it, you will regret it.
a) chance
b) opportunity
c) offer
5. She seemed quite interested in buying that house, but at the last moment, she changed
her …………………..
a) mind
b) thoughts
c) offer
6. Although I was …………………. annoyed by her attitude, I said nothing.
a) moderately
b) lightly
c) slightly
7. Could you …………………. the oil?
a) inspect
b) check
c) test

ADVANCED GRAMMAR Page 85

collocations with make, do, have and take

Practice 1
1. I'm ………….. a party at the weekend. Would you like to come?
2. She's always …………… promises, but then she always breaks them!
3. The wedding will ………..place in a local registry office.
4. I wish I was ……. more progress with my English.
5. I never ……. part in team sports at school.
6. It's mean to ………. fun of people.
7. What are you holding? Can I ……. a look?
8. I think I've ……… this exercise completely wrong.
9. Would you mind ……………. me a favour and driving me to the doctor's?
10. The murderer ………..a complete confession to the police last night.
11. We were just ……….. a chat when his jealous girlfriend started shouting at me.
12. Please don't get angry, I don't want to ……… an argument about this.

Practice 2
You might also get this tested in the Key Transformations. Rewrite these sentences using
2-5 words. Be very careful that you keep the tenses the same!!!

1. I found it difficult to understand his accent. (trouble)

I …………….. his accent.
2. He complained to the manager about the terrible food. (made)
He ………………….. to the manager about the terrible food.
3. Please look after my little sister for me. (of)
Please ………………..my little sister for me.
4. There's no hurry - please don't rush. (time)
There's no hurry - please ………………….

ADVANCED GRAMMAR Page 86

 5. You should ignore him. (notice)
You should ……………him.
6. My house was seriously damaged in the earthquake. (lot)
The earthquake …………………… to my house.
7. She's earning a lot of money in her new job. (fortune)
She ………………….. in her new job.
8. I tried really hard to explain the problem to her. (best)
I …………………. the problem to her.
9. You're too loud. Please be quiet. (noise)
You ……………………….Please be quiet.
10. I'm researching the life of Queen Victoria for my master's degree. (research)
I ……………………….. the life of Queen Victoria for my master's degree.
11. My sister and I are completely different. (common)
I …………………. my sister.
12. I've been on a diet for 6 weeks, but I'm still the same weight. (difference)
My diet has ………………. my weight.

ADVANCED GRAMMAR Page 87