Sanskriti Computer Education College, Beawar
BCA Part – II | Kshitij Sir
Memory Allocation to Objects:
Previously it is stated that, there is no memory allocation to
class members when class is defined and memory allocation is
done only when objects are created.
This is partially true, because all member functions stored
into the memory only once, at the time of class definition.
That single copy of member functions will be shared by all
objects of the class, but memory allocation to data members
will be only at the creation of object and will be stored
separately, that’s why we called them partitioned memory area.
Example:
class item
{
int code;
float price;
public:
void getitem(int c,float p) //Memory Allocated
{
code=c;
price=p;
}
void putitem() //Memory Allocated
{
cout<<code<<price<<endl;
}
};
int main()
{
item x,y; //Memory allocated to code and price for each
//object x and y separately
x.getitem(101,250);
y.getitem(102,300);
int z; //Memory allocation to code and price for z
z.getitem(103,500);
}
Sanskriti Computer Education College, Beawar
BCA Part – II | Kshitij Sir
Memory Allocation Process
getitem()
class definition
putitem()
object creation
x y z
Code=101 Code=102 Code=103
Price=250 Price=300 Price=500
Sanskriti Computer Education College, Beawar
BCA Part – II | Kshitij Sir
Static Data Member: (class Variables)
When we want to share a single data member with all objects of
a class, than it must be declared as static data member.
Syntax to declare static data member:
static type variablename;
static data members are by-default initialized with zero(0).
Note:
Static Data Member must be compulsorily defined outside class
using class membership label.
datatype classname:: staticvariablename[=initial value];
int item::count; //bydefault initialized to zero
int item::count=5; //explicitly initialized to 5
Setitem()
class definition Getitem()
Count=0
object creation
x y z
Code=101 Code=102 Code=103
Price=250 Price=300 Price=500
Sanskriti Computer Education College, Beawar
BCA Part – II | Kshitij Sir
Example:
#include <iostream>
#include <string.h>
using namespace std;
class item
{
int code;
float price;
static int count; //memory allocated
public:
void setitem(int c,float p) //memory allocated
{
count++;
code=c;
price=p;
}
void getitem() //memory allocated
{
cout<<"\n\n\tItem Code : "<<code<<endl;
cout<<"\n\n\tItem Price : "<<price<<endl;
}
void showcount()
{
cout<<"\n\n\tTotal Objects Count = "<<count<<endl;
}
};
int item::count; //Compulsory
int main()
{
item x,y,z;
x.setitem(101,250); //count=1
x.showcount(); //1
y.showcount(); //1
z.showcount(); //1
Sanskriti Computer Education College, Beawar
BCA Part – II | Kshitij Sir
y.setitem(102,300); //count=2
x.showcount(); //2
y.showcount(); //2
z.showcount(); //2
x.getitem();
cout<<"\n\n\t-------"<<endl;
y.getitem();
z.setitem(103,500); //count=3
x.showcount(); //3
y.showcount(); //3
z.showcount(); //3
cout<<"\n\n\t-------"<<endl;
z.getitem();
cout << endl << endl;
return 0;
}
Sanskriti Computer Education College, Beawar
BCA Part – II | Kshitij Sir
Static Member Function:
A member function can also be declared as static by prefix
static keyword in function definition.
A static member function can only contain static data members
not any non-static data member in its definition or body.
Note:
A normal member function can handle static and non-static.
But a static member function can handle only static.
static void showcount()
{
//Error if code and price (non-static) written
cout<<"\n\n\tTotal Objects Count = "<<count<<endl;
}
A static member function can be called without object using
class name and scope resolution.
item::showcount();
Remember following calls still valid. But without benefit of
static member function.
x.showcount();
y.showcount();
z.showcount();
Sanskriti Computer Education College, Beawar
BCA Part – II | Kshitij Sir
Sanskriti Computer Education College, Beawar
BCA Part – II | Kshitij Sir
Example of Static Member Function:
#include <iostream>
#include <string.h>
using namespace std;
class item
{
int code;
float price;
static int count; //memory allocated
public:
void setitem(int c,float p) //memory allocated
{
count++;
code=c;
price=p;
}
void getitem() //memory allocated
{
cout<<"\n\n\tItem Code : "<<code<<endl;
cout<<"\n\n\tItem Price : "<<price<<endl;
}
static void showcount()
{
cout<<"\n\n\tTotal Objects Count = "<<count<<endl;
}
};
int item::count; //Compulsory
int main()
{
item x,y,z;
item::showcount(); //0
x.setitem(101,250); //count=1
x.getitem();
Sanskriti Computer Education College, Beawar
BCA Part – II | Kshitij Sir
cout<<"\n\n\t-------"<<endl;
//item::showcount(); //1
y.setitem(102,300); //count=2
y.getitem();
cout<<"\n\n\t-------"<<endl;
//item::showcount(); //2
z.setitem(103,500); //count=3
z.getitem();
item::showcount(); //3
cout << endl << endl;
return 0;
}
Constant Member Function:
In case, we don’t want to permit the function or protect the
arguments by altering inside the function, we declare the
arguments as constant - const argument.
In C++, we can declare a member function as constant member
function by appending const keyword in declaration and
definition.
int xyz::add(int &a,int &b) const
{
//a=10;
//b=20;
return a+b;
}
Furthermore, a const member function will be called using a
const object.
const item x(105,25.66); //const object
//x.setitem(); //Error can’t modify the data member using any
function
Sanskriti Computer Education College, Beawar
BCA Part – II | Kshitij Sir
Local Classes:
We can create a local class but it have so many restriction
such as we cannot create static data members and even the
objects outside function, so local class have very limited
purpose and rarely useful, that’s why it is not recommended.
#include <iostream>
#include <string.h>
using namespace std;
test()
{
class alpha
{
int a;
//static int m; //not allowed
public:
void set()
{
a=10;
}
void get()
{
cout<<a;
}
};
alpha A;
A.set();
A.get();
}
int main()
{
//alpha X; NOT ALLOWED
test();
cout << endl << endl;
return 0;
}
--End--
