Name: ARHAM AKHTAR (231152)
Lab Report: 3
Subject: Applied Physics
Submitted to: Ma’am Shamaila Fatima
Date of Submission: 12-10-23
Conversion of Galvanometer into
Voltmeter
Objective:
This practical is conducted to convert Galvanometer to voltmeter by using very high
resistance. The main task was to modify the Galvanometer in such a way that it could
measure the voltage to greater extend.
Apparatus:
The devices that are used in this experiment are:
Galvanometer
Wire
Battery
Voltmeter
High Resistance box
Low Resistance box
Rheostat
Key
Theoretical explanation :
A galvanometer can be transformed into a voltmeter by adding a multiplier resistor, which
increases the range of a galvanometer while preserving accuracy, and acknowledging its
limitations as a voltage meter. To ensure the accuracy of the voltmeter's readings, calibration
is necessary.
Voltmeter: A voltmeter is a device that is use to measure the voltage or potential difference
between two points. It is also classified as a high resistance galvanometer. It is connected
across the ends, where the potential difference is being measured. As a result, it runs parallel
to the device where the P.D is to be measured. The resistance of a ideal voltmeter must be
infinite.
Galvanometer can be converted into voltmeter by connecting it with a very high resistance.
Potential difference across the given load resistance is the sum of P.D across galvanometer
and P.D across the high resistance.
Explanation of the procedure:
Step 1:
A galvanometer can be converted in to voltmeter by adding a high resistance. Let Rg
be the galvanometer's resistance, which causes a full-scale deflection when current Ig
flows through it. We use Rx in series for this purpose so that Ig flows through it.
Step 2:
We have find the resistance of galvanometer by half deflection method.
Calculate the maximum current through the galvanometer Ig by taking full
deflection in the galvanometer.
Take the keys out of the resistance box.
Step 3:
Measurement of voltage.
Take the voltmeter and attach it to the battery and measure the voltage of the
battery v will be obtained which will be the voltage or emf.
Step 4:
Calculate the current for the Galvanometer Ig
volts ( emf )
Ig=
R−R g
Step 5:
Setup your circuit just like shown in the figure below.
In the last step setup the circuit as shown :
Observations and Calculations:
The following observations and calculations were made during the experiment:
TABLE #1
Resistance of the galvanometer:
Sr High Full Deflection Half Deflection Shunt Resistance of
no. resistance R resistance Galvanometer
(ohms) R∗S
R g=
R +S
1. 5000 24 12 90 88.4
2. 3900 16 8 80 78.4
Current for galvanometer:
Mean R g = 88.4ohms
Voltage:
EMF of battery = E = 1.75 volts.
Resistance used for full scale deflection of galvanometer = R = 5000 ohms
volts ( emf )
Current for full scale deflection = Ig=
R−R g
=1.75/(5000+88.4)
=3.48x10-4
Current that ammeter should read = I = 3.48x10-4amp
Rx:
V
R x= −R g
Ig
V is the value of the voltage range of the converted galvanometer to voltmeter.
Here it is 3.
So,
Rx=8532.3 ohms
Rx is the amount of voltage that is needed to convert the galvanometer in to voltmeter :
Setu up the circuit like this:
To check the accuracy of the galvanometer check the difference in the attached
voltmeter and the reading shown by the galvanometer:
Table#2:
Sr. Resistance Deflection of P.D, indicated by Standard Difference
No. Rx(Ohms) converted converted Voltmeter
Galvanometer Galvanometer Reading
θ Divs. volts
1. 400 21 2.1 2.1 0
2. 550 26 2.6 2.5 0.1
3. 200 14 1.4 1.9 0.5
Results:
To convert the galvanometer into a voltmeter reading up to 3 volts, a high resistance
Rx =400 Ohms
must be connected in series with it.
Precautions:
While doing this experiment following things should be kept in mind:
The accuracy of your voltmeter will depend on factor such as the quality of the
galvanometer, the make sure that the galvanometer is accurate.
Perform the experiment under supervision.
Be careful while handling the electrical equipment.
Must be wearing rubber shoes to avoid earthing.
Don’t touch the wires with bare hands.
Always check if the switch is off before making any connection.
Fire protection must be available in the lab.
Don’t touch the equipment with wet hand.
