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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

For hand-held weapons commonly called guns, see Firearm. For other uses, see Gun
(disambiguation).
 SIG Pro semi-automatic pistol

Battleship USS Iowa fires a full broadside from its

nine sixteen-inch naval guns
A gun is a device designed to propel a projectile using pressure or explosive force.[1]
[2]
The projectiles are typically solid, but can also be pressurized liquid (e.g. in water
guns/cannons), or gas (e.g. light-gas gun). Solid projectiles may be free-flying (as
with bullets and artillery shells) or tethered (as with Tasers, spearguns and harpoon
guns). A large-caliber gun is also called a cannon.

The means of projectile propulsion vary according to designs, but are traditionally
effected pneumatically by a high gas pressure contained within a barrel tube (gun
barrel), produced either through the rapid exothermic combustion of propellants (as
with firearms), or by mechanical compression (as with air guns). The high-pressure gas
is introduced behind the projectile, pushing and accelerating it down the length of the
tube, imparting sufficient launch velocity to sustain its further travel towards the target
once the propelling gas ceases acting upon it after it exits the muzzle. Alternatively,
new-concept linear motor weapons may employ an electromagnetic field to achieve
acceleration, in which case the barrel may be substituted by guide rails (as in railguns)
or wrapped with magnetic coils (as in coilguns).

The first devices identified as guns or proto-guns appeared in China from around AD
1000.[3] By the end of the 13th century, they had become "true guns," metal barrel
firearms that fired single projectiles which occluded the barrel.[4][5] Gunpowder and gun
technology spread throughout Eurasia during the 14th century.[6][7][8]

Etymology and terminology

 A 'flying-cloud thunderclap-eruptor,' a proto-gun firing
thunderclap bombs, from the Huolongjing.
The origin of the English word gun is considered to derive from the name given to a
particular historical weapon. Domina Gunilda was the name given to a remarkably
large ballista, a mechanical bolt throwing weapon of enormous size, mounted
at Windsor Castle during the 14th century. This name in turn may have derived from
the Old Norse woman's proper name Gunnhildr which combines two Norse words
referring to battle.[9] "Gunnildr", which means "War-sword", was often shortened to
"Gunna".[10]

The earliest recorded use of the term "gonne" was in a Latin document circa 1339.
Other names for guns during this era were "schioppi" (Italian translation-"thunderers"),
and "donrebusse" (Dutch translation-"thunder gun") which was incorporated into the
English language as "blunderbuss".[10] Artillerymen were often referred to as "gonners"
and "artillers"[11] "Hand gun" was first used in 1373 in reference to the handle of guns.[12]

Definition
According to the Merriam-Webster dictionary, a gun could mean "a piece of ordnance
usually with high muzzle velocity and comparatively flat trajectory," " a portable firearm,"
or "a device that throws a projectile."[13]

Gunpowder and firearm historian Kenneth Chase defines "firearms" and "guns" in
his Firearms: A Global History to 1700 as "gunpowder weapons that use the explosive
force of the gunpowder to propel a projectile from a tube: cannons, muskets, and pistols
are typical examples."[14]

True gun
According to Tonio Andrade, a historian of gunpowder technology, a "true gun" is
defined as a firearm which shoots a bullet that fits the barrel as opposed to one which
does not, such as the shrapnel shooting fire lance.[3] As such, the fire lance, which
appeared between the 10th and 12th centuries AD, as well as other early metal barrel
gunpowder weapons have been described as "proto-guns"[15] Joseph Needham defined
a type of firearm known as the "eruptor," which he described as a cross between a fire
lance and a gun, as a "proto-gun" for the same reason.[16] He defined a fully developed
firearm, a "true gun," as possessing three basic features: a metal barrel, gunpowder
with high nitrate content, and a projectile that occluded the barrel.[4] The "true gun"
appears to have emerged in late 1200s China, around 300 years after the appearance
of the fire lance.[4][5] Although the term "gun" postdates the invention of firearms,
historians have applied it to the earliest firearms such as the Heilongjiang hand
cannon of 1288[17] or the vase shaped European cannon of 1326.[18]

Classic gun
Historians consider firearms to have reached the form of a "classic gun" in the 1480s,
which persisted until the mid-18th century. This "classic" form displayed longer, lighter,
more efficient, and more accurate design compared to its predecessors only 30 years
prior. However this "classic" design changed very little for almost 300 years and
cannons of the 1480s show little difference and surprising similarity with cannons later
in the 1750s. This 300-year period during which the classic gun dominated gives it its
moniker.[19] The "classic gun" has also been described as the "modern ordnance
synthesis."[20]

History
Further information: History of the firearm and Gunpowder § History
Proto-gun

The first firearm (a "proto-gun"), the fire lance, from

the Huolongjing.
Gunpowder was invented in China during the 9th century.[21][22][23] The first firearm was
the fire lance, which appeared in China between the 10–12th centuries.[24][25][26] It was
depicted in a silk painting dated to the mid-10th century, but textual evidence of its use
does not appear until 1132, describing the siege of De'an.[24] It consisted of a bamboo
tube of gunpowder tied to a spear or other polearm. By the late 1100s, ingredients such
as pieces of shrapnel like porcelain shards or small iron pellets were added to the tube
so that they would be blown out with the gunpowder.[27] It was relatively short ranged and
had a range of roughly 3 meters by the early 13th century.[28] This fire lance is
considered by some historians to be a "proto-gun" because its projectiles did not
occlude the barrel.[15] There was also another "proto-gun" called the eruptor, according to
Joseph Needham, which did not have a lance but still did not shoot projectiles which
occluded the barrel.[16]

Transition to true guns

Hand cannon from the Chinese Yuan dynasty (1271–

1368)
In due course, the proportion of saltpeter in the propellant was increased to maximise its
explosive power.[29] To better withstand that explosive power, the paper and bamboo of
which fire-lance barrels were originally made came to be replaced by metal.[23] And to
take full advantage of that power, the shrapnel came to be replaced by projectiles
whose size and shape filled the barrel more closely.[29] Fire lance barrels made of metal
appeared by 1276.[30] Earlier in 1259 a pellet wad that filled the barrel was recorded to
have been used as a fire lance projectile, making it the first recorded bullet in history.
[27]
With this, the three basic features of a gun were put in place: a barrel made of metal,
high-nitrate gunpowder, and a projectile which totally occludes the muzzle so that the
powder charge exerts its full potential in propellant effect.[31] The metal barrel fire lances
began to be used without the lance and became guns by the late 13th century. [27]

Guns such as the hand cannon were being used in the Yuan dynasty by the 1280s.
[32]
Surviving cannons such as the Heilongjiang hand cannon and the Xanadu Gun have
been found dating to the late 13th century and possibly earlier in the early 13th century.
[33]

In 1287, the Yuan dynasty deployed Jurchen troops with hand cannons to put down a
rebellion by the Mongol prince Nayan.[32] The History of Yuan records that the cannons of
Li Ting's soldiers "caused great damage" and created "such confusion that the enemy
soldiers attacked and killed each other."[34] The hand cannons were used again in the
beginning of 1288. Li Ting's "gun-soldiers" or chongzu (銃卒) carried the hand cannons
"on their backs". The passage on the 1288 battle is also the first to use the
name chong (銃) with the metal radical jin (金) for metal-barrel firearms. Chong was
used instead of the earlier and more ambiguous term huo tong (fire tube; 火筒), which
may refer to the tubes of fire lances, proto-cannons, or signal flares.[35] Hand cannons
may have been used in the Mongol invasions of Japan. Japanese descriptions of the
invasions mention iron and bamboo pao causing "light and fire" and emitting 2–3,000
iron bullets.[36] The Nihon Kokujokushi, written around 1300, mentions huo tong (fire
tubes) at the Battle of Tsushima in 1274 and the second coastal assault led by Holdon
in 1281. The Hachiman Gudoukun of 1360 mentions iron pao "which caused a flash of
light and a loud noise when fired."[37] The Taiheki of 1370 mentions "iron pao shaped like
a bell."[37]

Spread
See also: Historiography of gunpowder and gun transmission

Western European handgun, 1380

The exact nature of the spread of firearms and its route is uncertain. One theory is that
gunpowder and cannons arrived in Europe via the Silk Road through the Middle East.[38]
[39]
Hasan al-Rammah had already written about fire lances in the 13th century, so proto-
guns were known in the Middle East at that point.[40] Another theory is that it was brought
to Europe during the Mongol invasion in the first half of the 13th century.[38][39]

The earliest depiction of a cannon in Europe dates to 1326 and evidence of firearm
production can be found in the following year.[8] The first recorded use of gunpowder
weapons in Europe was in 1331 when two mounted German knights attacked Cividale
del Friuli with gunpowder weapons of some sort.[41][42] By 1338 hand cannons were in
widespread use in France.[43] English Privy Wardrobe accounts list "ribaldis", a type of
cannon, in the 1340s, and siege guns were used by the English at Calais in 1346.
[44]
Early guns and the men who used them were often associated with the devil and the
gunner's craft was considered a black art, a point reinforced by the smell of sulfur on
battlefields created from the firing of guns along with the muzzle blast and
accompanying flash.[45]

Around the late 14th century in Europe, smaller and portable hand-held cannons were
developed, creating in effect the first smooth-bore personal firearm. In the late 15th
century the Ottoman empire used firearms as part of its regular infantry. In the Middle
East, the Arabs seem to have used the hand cannon to some degree during the 14th
century.[14] Cannons are attested to in India starting from 1366.[46]
 A breech loading matchlock with a plug bayonet from
the Binglu, 1606.
The Joseon kingdom in Korea learned how to produce gunpowder from China by
1372[6] and started producing cannons by 1377.[47] In Southeast Asia, Đại Việt soldiers
used hand cannons at the very latest by 1390 when they employed them in
killing Champa king Che Bong Nga.[48] Chinese observer recorded the Javanese use of
hand cannon for marriage ceremony in 1413 during Zheng He's voyage.[49][50] Hand guns
were utilized effectively during the Hussite Wars.[51] Japan knew of gunpowder due to
the Mongol invasions during the 13th century, but did not acquire a cannon until a monk
took one back to Japan from China in 1510,[52] and guns were not produced until 1543,
when the Portuguese introduced matchlocks which were known as tanegashima to the
Japanese.[53]

Gunpowder technology entered Java in the Mongol invasion of Java (1293 A.D.).[54]: 1–2 [55][56]:
220
Majapahit under Mahapatih (prime minister) Gajah Mada utilized gunpowder
technology obtained from the Yuan dynasty for use in the naval fleet.[57]: 57 During the
following years, the Majapahit army have begun producing cannons known as cetbang.
Early cetbang (also called Eastern-style cetbang) resembled Chinese cannons and
hand cannons. Eastern-style cetbangs were mostly made of bronze and were front-
loaded cannons. It fires arrow-like projectiles, but round bullets and co-viative
projectiles[58] can also be used. These arrows can be solid-tipped without explosives, or
with explosives and incendiary materials placed behind the tip. Near the rear, there is a
combustion chamber or room, which refers to the bulging part near the rear of the gun,
where the gunpowder is placed. The cetbang is mounted on a fixed mount, or as a hand
cannon mounted on the end of a pole. There is a tube-like section on the back of the
cannon. In the hand cannon-type cetbang, this tube is used as a socket for a pole. [59]: 94

Arquebus and musket

 Depiction of a musketeer (1608)
The arquebus was a firearm that appeared in Europe and the Ottoman Empire in the
early 15th century.[60] Its name is derived from the German word Hackenbüchse. It
originally described a hand cannon with a lug or hook on the underside for stabilizing
the weapon, usually on defensive fortifications.[61] In the early 1500s, heavier variants
known as "muskets" that were fired from resting Y-shaped supports appeared. The
musket was able to penetrate heavy armor, and as a result armor declined, which also
made the heavy musket obsolete. Although there is relatively little to no difference in
design between arquebus and musket except in size and strength, it was the
term musket which remained in use up into the 1800s.[62] It may not be completely
inaccurate to suggest that the musket was in its fabrication simply a larger arquebus. At
least on one occasion the musket and arquebus have been used interchangeably to
refer to the same weapon,[63] and even referred to as an "arquebus musket."[64] A
Habsburg commander in the mid-1560s once referred to muskets as "double
arquebuses."[65]

A shoulder stock[66] was added to the arquebus around 1470 and the matchlock
mechanism sometime before 1475. The matchlock arquebus was the first firearm
equipped with a trigger mechanism[12][67] and the first portable shoulder-arms firearm.
[68]
Before the matchlock, handheld firearms were fired from the chest, tucked under one
arm, while the other arm maneuvered a hot pricker to the touch hole to ignite the
gunpowder.[69]

The Ottomans may have used arquebuses as early as the first half of the 15th century
during the Ottoman–Hungarian wars of 1443–1444.[70] The arquebus was used in
substantial numbers during the reign of king Matthias Corvinus of Hungary (r. 1458–
1490).[71] Arquebuses were used by 1472 by the Spanish and Portuguese at Zamora.
Likewise, the Castilians used arquebuses as well in 1476.[72] Later, a larger arquebus
known as a musket was used for breaching heavy armor, but this declined along with
heavy armor. Matchlock firearms continued to be called musket.[73] They were used
throughout Asia by the mid-1500s.[74][75][76][77]

Transition to classic guns

Guns reached their "classic" form in the 1480s. The "classic gun" is so called because
of the long duration of its design, which was longer, lighter, more efficient, and more
accurate compared to its predecessors 30 years prior. The design persisted for nearly
300 years and cannons of the 1480s show little variation from as well as surprising
similarity with cannons three centuries later in the 1750s. This 300-year period during
which the classic gun dominated gives it its moniker.[19]

Pair of Miquelet Pistols, in the Peninsular Spanish style,

made in colonial Mexico, ca. 1757, at the Metropolitan Museum of Art [78]

The classic gun differed from older generations of firearms through an assortment of
improvements. Their longer length-to-bore ratio imparted more energy into the shot,
enabling the projectile to shoot further. They were also lighter since the barrel walls
were thinner, allowing faster dissipation of heat. They no longer needed the help of a
wooden plug to load since they offered a tighter fit between projectile and barrel, further
increasing the accuracy of firearms[79] – and were deadlier due to developments such as
gunpowder corning and iron shot.[80]

Modern guns
Several developments in the 19th century led to the development of modern guns.

In 1815, Joshua Shaw invented percussion caps, which replaced the flintlock trigger
system. The new percussion caps allowed guns to shoot reliably in any weather
condition.[81]

In 1835, Casimir Lefaucheux invented the first practical breech loading firearm with
a cartridge. The new cartridge contained a conical bullet, a cardboard powder tube, and
a copper base that incorporated a primer pellet.[82]

Rifles

The Henry rifle and Winchester rifle

While rifled guns did exist prior to the 19th century in the form of grooves cut into the
interior of a barrel, these were considered specialist weapons and limited in number. [73]

The rate of fire of handheld guns began to increase drastically. In 1836, Johann
Nicolaus von Dreyse invented the Dreyse needle gun, a breech-loading rifle which
increased the rate of fire to six times that of muzzle loading weapons.[82] In
1854, Volcanic Repeating Arms produced a rifle with a self-contained cartridge.[83]

In 1849, Claude-Étienne Minié invented the Minié ball, the first projectile that could
easily slide down a rifled barrel, which made rifles a viable military firearm, ending
the smoothbore musket era.[84] Rifles were deployed during the Crimean War with
resounding success and proved vastly superior to smoothbore muskets.[84]

In 1860, Benjamin Tyler Henry created the Henry rifle, the first reliable repeating rifle.
[85]
An improved version of the Henry rifle was developed by Winchester Repeating Arms
Company in 1873, known as the Model 1873 Winchester rifle.[85]

Smokeless powder was invented in 1880 and began replacing gunpowder, which came
to be known as black powder.[86] By the start of the 20th century, smokeless powder was
adopted throughout the world and black powder, what was previously known as
gunpowder, was relegated to hobbyist usage.[87]

Machine guns

Gatling gun
In 1861, Richard Jordan Gatling invented the Gatling gun, the first successful machine
gun, capable of firing 200 gunpowder cartridges in a minute. It was fielded by the Union
forces during the American Civil War in the 1860s.[88] In 1884, Hiram Maxim invented
the Maxim gun, the first single-barreled machine gun.[88]

The world's first submachine gun (a fully automatic firearm which fires pistol cartridges)
able to be maneuvered by a single soldier is the MP 18.1, invented by Theodor
Bergmann. It was introduced into service in 1918 by the German Army during World
War I as the primary weapon of the Stosstruppen (assault groups specialized in trench
combat).[citation needed]

In civilian use, the captive bolt pistol is used in agriculture to humanely stun farm
animals for slaughter.[89]
The first assault rifle was introduced during World War II by the Germans, known as
the StG44. It was the first firearm to bridge the gap between long range rifles, machine
guns, and short range submachine guns. Since the mid-20th century, guns that fire
beams of energy rather than solid projectiles have been developed, and also guns that
can be fired by means other than the use of gunpowder.[citation needed]

Operating principle
Most guns use compressed gas confined by the barrel to propel the bullet up to high
speed, though devices operating in other ways are sometimes called guns. In firearms
the high-pressure gas is generated by combustion, usually of gunpowder. This principle
is similar to that of internal combustion engines, except that the bullet leaves the barrel,
while the piston transfers its motion to other parts and returns down the cylinder. As in
an internal combustion engine, the combustion propagates by deflagration rather than
by detonation, and the optimal gunpowder, like the optimal motor fuel, is resistant to
detonation. This is because much of the energy generated in detonation is in the form of
a shock wave, which can propagate from the gas to the solid structure and heat or
damage the structure, rather than staying as heat to propel the piston or bullet. The
shock wave at such high temperature and pressure is much faster than that of any
bullet, and would leave the gun as sound either through the barrel or the bullet itself
rather than contributing to the bullet's velocity.[90][91]

Components
Barrel

Rifling of a 105 mm Royal Ordnance L7 tank gun.

Barrel types include rifled—a series of spiraled grooves or angles within the barrel—
when the projectile requires an induced spin to stabilize it, and smoothbore when the
projectile is stabilized by other means or rifling is undesired or unnecessary. Typically,
interior barrel diameter and the associated projectile size is a means to identify gun
variations. Bore diameter is reported in several ways. The more conventional measure
is reporting the interior diameter (bore) of the barrel in decimal fractions of the inch or in
millimetres. Some guns—such as shotguns—report the weapon's gauge (which is the
number of shot pellets having the same diameter as the bore produced from one
English pound (454g) of lead) or—as in some British ordnance—the weight of the
weapon's usual projectile.[citation needed]

Projectile
A gun projectile may be a simple, single-piece item like a bullet, a casing containing a
payload like a shotshell or explosive shell, or complex projectile like a sub-caliber
projectile and sabot. The propellant may be air, an explosive solid, or an explosive
liquid. Some variations like the Gyrojet and certain other types combine the projectile
and propellant into a single item.[citation needed]

Types
Military
 Long gun
o Arquebus
o Blunderbuss
o Musket
 Musketoon
 Wall gun
 Grenade launcher
o Submachine gun
 Personal defense weapon
o Rifle
 Anti-material rifle
 Anti-tank rifle
 Automatic rifle
 Lever-action rifle
 Bolt-action rifle
 Assault rifle
 Battle rifle
 Carbine
 Designated marksman rifle
 Service rifle
 Semi-automatic rifle
 Sniper rifle
o Shotgun
 Double-barreled shotgun
 Sawed-off shotgun
 Pump-action shotgun
 Combat shotgun
 Semi-automatic shotgun
 Automatic shotgun
Handguns
 Handgun
o Derringer
o Pistol
 Semi-automatic pistol
 Machine pistol
 Service pistol

o Revolver IOF .32

Revolver chambered in .32 S&W Long

Smith & Wesson "Military and

Police" revolver
 Service revolver
Hunting
 Air gun
o BB gun
 Elephant gun
 Express rifle
 Rimfire rifle
 Speargun
 Varmint rifle
Machine guns
 Gatling gun
o Rotary cannon
o Rotary machine gun
 The Heckler & Koch MP5 submachine gun is widely
used by law enforcement tactical teams and military forces.

 Ribauldequin
o Nordenfelt gun
 Metal Storm
 Volley gun
o Mitrailleuse
 Machine gun
o General-purpose machine gun
o Light machine gun
 Squad Automatic Weapon
 Infantry Automatic Rifle
o Medium machine gun
o Heavy machine gun

Autocannon
 Autocannon
 Chain gun
 Revolver cannon
Artillery
 Artillery gun
o Cannon
o Carronade
o Falconet
o Field gun
o Howitzer
o Mortar
o Anti-aircraft gun
o Anti-tank gun

Tank
 Tank gun
Rescue equipment
 Flare gun
  Lyle gun
Training and entertainment
 Airsoft gun
 Cap gun
 Drill Purpose Rifle
 Nerf gun
 Paintball gun
 Potato cannon
 Prop gun
 Spud gun
 Water gun
Directed-energy weapons

A Pischal-Pro anti-UAV gun (a.k.a. an anti-drone rifle)

fires electromagnetic radiation at its target
Anti-drone rifle

See also

Look up gun in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

 Coilgun
 Firearm
 Gun control
 Gun cultures
 Gun ownership
 Gun Quarter
 Gun safety
 Overview of gun laws by nation
 Railgun
 Stun gun

Notes
1. ^ The Chambers Dictionary, Allied Chambers – 199, page 717
2. ^ Merriam-Webster Dictionary - gun
3. ^ Jump up to:a b Andrade 2016, p. 51.
4. ^ Jump up to:a b c Needham 1986, p. 10.
5. ^ Jump up to:a b Andrade 2016, p. 104.
6. ^ Jump up to:a b Needham 1986, p. 307.
7. ^ Nicolle 1983, p. 18.
8. ^ Jump up to:a b Andrade 2016, p. 75.
9. ^ Merriam-Webster, Inc. (1990). The Merriam-Webster's New Book of Word Histories. Basic
Books. pg.207
10. ^ Jump up to:a b Kelly 2004, p. 31.
11. ^ Kelly 2004, p. 30.
12. ^ Jump up to:a b Phillips 2016.
13. ^ "Definition of GUN". Merriam-Webster Dictionary. 13 August 2023.
14. ^ Jump up to:a b Chase 2003, p. 1.
15. ^ Jump up to:a b Andrade 2016, p. 37.
16. ^ Jump up to:a b Needham 1986, p. 9.
17. ^ Kelly 2004, p. 17.
18. ^ McLachlan 2010, p. 8.
19. ^ Jump up to:a b Andrade 2016, pp. 103–104.
20. ^ Andrade 2016, p. 106.
21. ^ Buchanan 2006, p. 2 "With its ninth century AD origins in China, the knowledge of
gunpowder emerged from the search by alchemists for the secrets of life, to filter through the
channels of Middle Eastern culture, and take root in Europe with consequences that form the
context of the studies in this volume."
22. ^ Needham 1986, p. 7 "Without doubt it was in the previous century, around +850, that the
early alchemical experiments on the constituents of gunpowder, with its self-contained
oxygen, reached their climax in the appearance of the mixture itself."
23. ^ Jump up to:a b Chase 2003, pp. 31–32
24. ^ Jump up to:a b Needham 1986, p. 222.
25. ^ Chase 2003, p. 31.
26. ^ Lorge 2008, p. 33-34.
27. ^ Jump up to:a b c Andrade 2016, p. 52.
28. ^ Andrade 2016, p. 46.
29. ^ Jump up to:a b Crosby 2002, p. 99.
30. ^ Needham 1986, p. 228.
31. ^ Needham 1986, p. 10
32. ^ Jump up to:a b Andrade 2016, p. 53.
33. ^ Andrade 2016, pp. 52–53.
34. ^ Needham 1986, p. 294.
35. ^ Needham 1986, p. 304.
36. ^ Purton 2010, p. 109.
37. ^ Jump up to:a b Needham 1986, p. 295.
38. ^ Jump up to:a b Norris 2003:11
39. ^ Jump up to:a b Chase 2003:58
40. ^ Chase 2003, p. 84.
41. ^ DeVries, Kelly (1998). "Gunpowder Weaponry and the Rise of the Early Modern State". War
in History. 5 (2):
130. doi:10.1177/096834459800500201. JSTOR 26004330. S2CID 56194773.
42. ^ von Kármán, Theodore (1942). "The Role of Fluid Mechanics in Modern
Warfare". Proceedings of the Second Hydraulics Conference: 15–29.
43. ^ Andrade 2016, p. 77.
44. ^ David Nicolle, Crécy 1346: Triumph of the longbow, Osprey Publishing; June 25,
2000; ISBN 978-1-85532-966-9.
45. ^ Kelly 2004, p. 32.
46. ^ Khan 2004, pp. 9–10.
47. ^ Chase 2003, p. [page needed].
48. ^ Tran 2006, p. 75.
49. ^ Mayers (1876). "Chinese explorations of the Indian Ocean during the fifteenth century". The
China Review. IV: p. 178.
50. ^ Manguin 1976, p. 245.
51. ^ "First use of hand guns in war". Guinness World Records. 2023-01-19. Retrieved 2023-01-
19.
52. ^ Needham 1986, p. 430.
53. ^ Lidin 2002, pp. 1–14.
54. ^ Schlegel, Gustaaf (1902). "On the Invention and Use of Fire-Arms and Gunpowder in China,
Prior to the Arrival of European". T'oung Pao. 3: 1–11.
55. ^ Lombard, Denys (1990). Le carrefour javanais. Essai d'histoire globale (The Javanese
Crossroads: Towards a Global History) Vol. 2. Paris: Editions de l'Ecole des Hautes Etudes
en Sciences Sociales. Page 178.
56. ^ Reid, Anthony (1993). Southeast Asia in the Age of Commerce, 1450-1680. Volume Two:
Expansion and Crisis. New Haven and London: Yale University Press.
57. ^ Pramono, Djoko (2005). Budaya Bahari. Gramedia Pustaka Utama. ISBN 9789792213768.
58. ^ A type of scatter bullet — when shot it spews fire, splinters and bullets, and can also be
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61. ^ Needham 1986, p. 426.
62. ^ Chase 2003, p. 61.
63. ^ Adle 2003, p. 475.
64. ^ Andrade 2016, p. 165.
65. ^ Chase 2003, p. 92.
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67. ^ Petzal 2014, p. 5.
68. ^ Partington 1999, p. xxvii.
69. ^ Arnold 2001, p. 75.
70. ^ Ágoston, Gábor (2014). "Firearms and Military Adaptation: The Ottomans and the European
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72. ^ Partington 1999, p. 123.
73. ^ Jump up to:a b Arnold 2001, p. 75-78.
74. ^ Khan 2004, p. 131.
75. ^ Tran 2006, p. 107.
76. ^ Andrade 2016, p. 169.
77. ^ Andrade 2016, p. 171.
78. ^ "Pair of Miquelet Pistols". Metropolitan Museum of Art website.
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80. ^ Andrade 2016, p. 107.
81. ^ Willbanks 2004, p. 11.
82. ^ Jump up to:a b Willbanks 2004, p. 15.
83. ^ Willbanks 2004, p. 14.
84. ^ Jump up to:a b Willbanks 2004, p. 12.
85. ^ Jump up to:a b Willbanks 2004, p. 17.
 86. ^ Andrade 2016, p. 294.
87. ^ Kelly 2004, p. 232.
88. ^ Jump up to:a b Chase 2003, p. 202.
89. ^ "Captive Bolt Stunning Equipment and the Law – How it applies to you". Archived from the
original on 2014-04-05.
90. ^ Dunlap, Roy F. (June 1963). Gunsmithing. Stackpole Books. ISBN 978-0-8117-0770-1.
91. ^ "How Guns Work". Pew Pew Tactical. 2 April 2021.

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Firearms (list, glossary, and topics)
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