ODISHA ADARSH VIDYALAYA KAITHAPADAR,

RAYAGADA, GAJAPATI(ODISHA)

PHYSICS PROJECT
SESSION 2023-24

TO STUDY VARIOUS FACTOR ON WHICH THE

INTERNAL RESISTANCE OF A CELL DEPENDS

PREPARED BY
MANISA BHUYAN
CLASS - XII
ROLL NO-
GUIDED BY
MISS. S.GOUTAMI
INTRODUCTION

Addiction is one of the biggest disease of the world. More than

millions of the individual are struggling against addiction. It takes
away the happiness of the people by avoiding them to get what
they want and many of the people were also not able to take
correct decision. According to the recent studies it has been
found that adolescent are more vulnerable to addiction. Addiction
is that type of diseases whose rehabilitation is very difficult. As
we know prevention is better than cure so we can prevent our self
from getting addicted by not living under peer pressure.
WHAT IS DRUG ADDICTION ?

Addiction is the habitual, physiological, psychological dependence on a

substance or practice which is beyond voluntary control. A person who
is habituated to a substance or a practice, especially a harmful one, is
called an addict. Addiction is a chronic, progressive and sometimes
fatal disorder with both genetic and environmental roots. It manifests
as a compulsion that derives an individual to continue to behave in a
way that is harmful to self and loved ones, despite an intense desire to
halt that behaviour. It is a disease of “more”- an active addict needs an
increasing amount of substance to get high and is unable to cease
usage without painful withdrawal symptoms. This is true whether the
addictive substance is a drug or tobacco or alcohol or a behaviour.
Medically, addiction is of three types : Tobacco Addiction, Alcohol
Addiction, Drug Addiction.
 TYPES OF DRUG ABUSE

Heroin Hallucinogens

Cocaine Cannabinoid

Crack Alcohol
 Heroin

As a destructive opioid, heroin can lead to seizures, psychosis, and

hallucinations when it is abused.
Heroin injections can also spread
diseases such as human
immunodeficiency virus and hepatitis.
This drug is known to cause serious
health issues when it is abused
because it interferes with the brain’s
receptors. Once heroin enters the
brain, it is converted to morphine
and binds rapidly to opioid receptors With heroin, the rush is usually
accompanied by a warm flushing of the skin, dry mouth, and a heavy
feeling in the extremities Opioids can depress breathing by changing
neurochemical activity in the brain stem, where automatic body
functions such as breathing and heart rate are controlled. heroin is
produced from morphine, which is a principal component of opium.
Opium is a naturally occurring substance that is extracted from the
seedpod of the opium poppy.
Hallucinogens

Hallucinogens are a class of

drugs that cause profound
distortions in a person's
perceptions of reality, otherwise
known as hallucinations. PCP
(phencyclidine) and LSD (lysergic
acid diethylamide) are
hallucinogens, which means that
they make users feel, see, and
hear things that are not real.
While they experience hallucinations with these drugs, users lose touch
with reality and enter mental states of disconnection. Atropa belladona and
datura also contain hallucinogenic properties. ypes of hallucinogens: LSD,
mescaline, psilocybin, PCP, cannabis, ecstasy, ketamine, salvia and others.
The term hallucinogen refers to many different drugs, which are often called
“psychedelic” drugs.
Cocaine
Cocaine is a very dangerous
stimulant even when taken in
small amounts. It induces
euphoria, increases blood
pressure, and accelerates the
heart rate. The drug may lead
to fatal strokes or heart
attacks for some users.
Cocaine, also known as coke, is a strong stimulant most
frequently used as a recreational drug. Cocaine, also known
as coke, is a strong stimulant most frequently used as a
recreational drug. Cocaine has a small number of accepted
medical uses such as numbing and decreasing bleeding
during nasal surgery. It is commonly snorted, inhaled as
smoke, or dissolved and injected into a vein.
Cannabinoid

cannabinoids is the most

common illegal drug that is
abused, and many people begin
using it as a recreational drug in
social situations. Continued
abuse of marijuana can lead to
addiction, and the substance can affect the physical coordination,
memory, and mental functions of users over time. In humans,
psychoactive cannabinoids produce euphoria, enhancement of
sensory perception, tachycardia, antinociception, difficulties in
concentration and impairment of memory. The cognitive
deficiencies seem to persist after withdrawal. Although there are
studies that show potential benefits from Cannabinoids, there are
many side effects from taking the drug. This shows that an
addiction to this natural drug can be hazardous.
Crack

A potent form of cocaine,

crack is often smoked and
suddenly creates an intense
euphoric sensation for a short
while. Crack has turned into a
problem because it is cheap
and easy to buy and use. Abusing the substance, however,
can lead to immediate addiction. Abusers are also at risk
of suffering heart attacks and strokes with every use.
Long-term use can cause liver, kidney, and lung damage.
The short-term physiological effects of cocaine include
constricted blood vessels, dilated pupils, and increased
temperature, heart rate, and blood pressure.
Alcohol

Abusing alcohol can cause

psychological, physical, and
social problems, and it can
lead to the destruction of
relationships, friendships,
and marriages. Furthermore,
alcohol abuse can lead to injury or death to the people around
them while they are under the influence. Alcohol withdrawal can
be fatal because of delirium tremens, which is a symptom with
the potential to trigger heart failure or stroke. Refraining from
drinking also is not easy when it becomes a habit because of
mental and physical issues. The liver is an organ which helps
break down and remove harmful substances from your body,
including alcohol. Long-term alcohol use interferes with this
process. It also increases your risk for chronic liver inflammation
and liver disease.
 CAUSES OF ADDICTION

Drug use is often voluntary in the first instance. The

development of a full addiction occurs through a variety of
circumstances. However, the brain changes during a
substance-related disorder in ways that can take a long
time to bring back to a healthy state. A person whose
brain's reward circuitry has not altered as a result of
addiction experiences positive feelings in relation to
generally rewarding behaviors, such as exercising, being
with family, or consuming delicious food. These should all
make a person feel good Some of the causes of addiction
are

 Peer pressure
 Stress and depression
 Lack of education
 Religious rituals
 EFFECTS OF ADDICTION
 Fatigue - the patient is tired most of the time.
 Memory loss - especially the patient's short-term
memory.
 Eye muscles - the eye muscles can become significantly
weaker.
 Liver diseases - the patient has a considerably higher
chance of developing hepatitis, and cirrhosis. Cirrhosis of
the liver is an irreversible and progressive condition
 Heart problems - regular heaving drinking can lead to
cardiomyopathy (damaged heart muscle), heart failure, and
stroke.
 Menstruation - alcoholism will usually stop menstruation or
disrupt it.
 Cancer - alcoholics have a much higher risk of developing
several cancers, including cancer of the mouth,
oesophagus, liver, colon, rectum, breast, prostate and
pharynx.
 Suicide - suicide rates among people who are
alcoholdependent or who abuse alcohol are much higher
than among other people.
EFFECTS ON LUNGS :
Drug use can lead to a variety of respiratory problems.
Smoking cigarettes, for example, has been shown to cause
bronchitis,
emphysema, and
lung cancer.
Marijuana smoke
can also cause
respiratory
problems, including
chronic bronchitis.
Smoking crack
cocaine can also cause lung damage and severe respiratory
problems. The use of some drugs, such as opioids, may
cause breathing to slow, block air from entering the lungs,
or make asthma symptoms worse.
EFFECTS ON BRAIN
Drugs interfere with the
way neurons send,
receive, and process
signals via
neurotransmitters. Some
drugs, such as marijuana
and heroin, can activate
neurons because their
chemical structure
mimics that of a natural
neurotransmitter in the body. This allows the drugs to attach
onto and activate the neurons. Although these drugs mimic
the brain's own chemicals, they don't activate neurons in the
same way as a natural neurotransmitter, and they lead to
abnormal messages being sent through the network. Other
drugs, such as amphetamine or cocaine, can cause the
neurons to release abnormally large amounts of natural
neurotransmitters or prevent the normal recycling of these
brain chemicals by interfering with transporters.
 PREVENTION & CONTROL
“Prevention is better than cure”
is also true here. Tobacco,
drug/alcohol abuse are more
during young age and
adolescence. The remedial
measure should be taken in
time. The following measures
would be particularly useful for prevention and
control of alcohol and addiction during adolescents.
1.Avoid undue Peer pressure. 2.Education and
counselling. 3.Seeking help from parents and peers.
4.Looking for Danger Signs. 5.Seeking Professional
and Medical helps.
TREATMENT OF ADDICTION
Do-it-yourself - experts say about 30% of people with an alcohol
problem manage to reduce their drinking or abstain without seeking
professional help. There is a great deal of material in books and the
internet that may help the self-helper.

Counselling - a qualified counsellor can help the alcoholic talk

through his/her problems and then devise a plan to tackle the
drinking. CBT (cognitive behavioral therapy) is commonly used to
treat alcohol dependency.

Detoxification - the patient takes some medication to prevent

withdrawal symptoms (delirium tremens) which many alcoholics
experience when they give up drinking.
 CONCLUSION
 Drug use and addiction cause a lot of disease and disability in
the world.
 Recent advances in neuroscience may help improve policies to
reduce the harm that the use of tobacco , alcohol, and other
psychoactive drugs act on society.
 This report is concerned with the implications of drug use for
workplace safety and productivity. It examines the prevalence of
alcohol and other drug use by the U.S. work force, the impact of
such use on job-related behavior, and the effectiveness of
workplace drug intervention programs.
 This emphasis on workplace productivity rather than social
consequences affects the purpose, methods, and evaluation
criteria used in this report, just as it often affects researchers
investigating these issues.
 BIBLIOGRAPHY
Special thanks to the following source

• Internet (Wikipedia)

• NCERT biology class XII

• Some diabetic patients

• Online library