Presented to/
Prof.Dr/ Gehad Abo – Elmaaty
Presented by/
Rasha Mohamed El Sayed Abd El Ghany.
Rehab Alaa Fawzy.
Shaimaa Mohamed Nagieb.
Ola Shehata Tobeek Omar.
Amal Shokry Radwan.
Health Belief Model (HBM):
Key elements of the model focus on individual beliefs about health
conditions, which predict individual health-related behaviors:
1. Perceived susceptibility.
2. Perceived severity.
3. Perceived benefits.
4. Perceived barriers.
5. External cues to action.
6. Self-efficacy.
1-Perceived Susceptibility (Introduction):
Diabetes is a disorder of metabolism (the way the body uses
digested food for growth and energy), involving inappropriately
elevated blood glucose levels.
The main cause of diabetes varies by type. But no matter what type
of diabetes, it can lead to excess sugar in the blood. Too much sugar in
the blood can lead to serious health problems.
2- Perceived Severity (Signs & Symptoms):
Some of the symptoms of type 1of diabetes and type 2 of diabetes are:
o Feeling more thirsty than usual.
o Urinating often.
o Losing weight without trying.
o Presence of ketones in the urine. Ketones are a byproduct of the breakdown
of muscle and fat that happens when there's not enough available insulin.
o Feeling tired and weak.
o Feeling irritable or having other mood changes.
o Having blurry vision.
o Having slow-healing sores.
o Getting a lot of infections, such as gum, skin and vaginal infections.
3- Perceived Benefits (Health Education & Health
Promotion):
Type 1 diabetes can't be prevented. But the healthy lifestyle choices that help
treat prediabetes, type 2 diabetes and gestational diabetes can also help prevent
them:
Eat healthy foods. Choose foods lower in fat and calories and higher in
fiber. Focus on fruits, vegetables and whole grains. Eat a variety to keep
from feeling bored.
Get more physical activity. Try to get about 30 minutes of moderate
aerobic activity on most days of the week. Or aim to get at least 150
minutes of moderate aerobic activity a week. For example, take a brisk
daily walk. If can't fit in a long workout, break it up into smaller sessions
throughout the day.
Lose excess pounds. If there're overweight, losing even 7% of body weight
can lower the risk of diabetes. For example, if you weigh 200 pounds (90.7
kilograms), losing 14 pounds (6.4 kilograms) can lower the risk of diabetes.
But don't try to lose weight during pregnancy. Talk to your provider about
how much weight is healthy for you to gain during pregnancy.
To keep weight in a healthy range, work on long-term changes to your eating
and exercise habits. Remember the benefits of losing weight, such as a
healthier heart, more energy and higher self-esteem.
Exercise:
It helps the body use glucose by increasing
Insulin sites.
Lower cholesterol and blood glucose.
Reduce stress and body fat.
Self-injection teaching.
Foot care measures.
Inform him or her about signs of hypo and hyperglycemic coma.
Follow up requirements at least every 3months.
Inform him or her about complications.
4- Perceived Barriers (Barriers & Limitation):
Lifestyle changes are the best way to prevent or delay the onset of type 2
diabetes.
To help prevent type 2 diabetes and its complications, people should:
Reach and keep a health body weight.
Stay physically active with at least 30 minutes of moderate exercise each
day.
Eat a healthy diet and avoid sugar and saturated fat.
Not smoke tobacco.
Early diagnosis can be accomplished through relatively inexpensive testing of
blood glucose. People with type 1 diabetes need insulin injections for
survival.
Limitations:
Some females in Arab countries might not engage in physical activities
after they get married and they tend to eat more, which accordingly
increases their weight.
Cultural concerns, family responsibility, and lack of interests and time.
Persons with diabetes might not wear therapeutic footwear to protect their
feet from injuries due to cultural ideas of footwear. Additionally, cultural
traditions, social restriction.
5- External & Internal cues to action:
External cues to action
Cues to action are the factors that motivate people to change their health
behavior such family, friends, health care providers, and others, resources
including also mass media, books and magazines, Internet and other patients
with Diabetes that encourage me toward prevention and adaptable behaviors of
diabetes mellitus.
Internal cues to action:
Including fear of suffer from complications or dying due to diabetes, also a
sense of inner peace following preventive behaviors.
The perception of susceptibility and seriousness of a disease can be
considered a motivational force the makes the person change his or her behavior
in order to control or prevent the threats of illness.
6- Self-efficacy (Recommendations):
Self-efficacy defined as the persons’ belief about their ability to adhere to
diabetes self-care activities.
Feeling confident in ability to follow their diet, test their blood sugar
regularly resist food temptations, and to follow their diabetes treatment.
