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LECTURE 11
GRASP: Designing Objects with Responsibilities.
Muhammad Zeeshan Sabir
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WHAT’S NEXT
• “After identifying your requirements and creating a
domain model, add methods to the appropriate
classes and define the messaging between the objects
to fulfill the requirements.”
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THE CRITICAL TOOL
• Not UML
• A mind well educated in design principles
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OBJECT DESIGN
• What has been done? Prior activities
• How do things relate?
• How much design modeling to do, and how?
• What is the output?
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“PROCESS” INPUTS
• Use Cases—the most architecturally significant, high
business value
• Programming experiments to find show-stopper
technical problems
• Use case text defines visible behavior that objects must
support
• Sequence diagrams
• Operation contracts
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ACTIVITIES
• Start coding, with test-first development
• Start some UML modeling for object design
• Or start with another modeling technique such as CRC
cards
• Models are to understand and communicate, not to
document
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OUTPUTS
• UML interaction, class, and package diagrams
• UI sketches and prototypes
• Database models
• Report sketches and prototypes
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RESPONSIBILITIES
• Responsibilities, Roles, and Collaboration
• Responsibility-driven design
• Doing responsibilities
• Knowing responsibilities
• Low representational gap
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GRASP
• General Responsibility Assignment Software Pattern
• A learning aid for OO design with responsibilities
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RESPONSIBILITIES, GRASP,
UML
• Assign responsibilities to objects while coding or
drawing interaction diagrams.
• Diagram on p. 278: Sale objects create payments,
invoked with a makePayment message.
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PATTERNS
• General principles and idiomatic solutions for creating
software
• If codified in a format describing the problem and
solution, these become patterns
• For example: Information Expert
• Problem: what is the basic principle by which to assign
responsibilities to objects?
• Solution: assign to a class that has the information to
fulfill it
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PATTERN NAMES
• Names give us a way to deal with larger-scale things
rather than describing them
• Facilitates communication
• No “new patterns” Pattern means repetition
• GRASP codifies and names existing patterns
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GANG OF FOUR
• Initial 23 design patterns.
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GRASP PATTERNS
• Creator
• Information Expert
• Low Coupling
• Controller
• High Cohesion
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CREATOR PATTERN
• Who creates a particular object?
• In Monopoly, who creates the Square object?
• Obviously, the Board object. Not the dice, not the
chance cards, but the Board.
• So, in general, containers create the things contained
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CREATOR
• Problem: Who creates A?
• Solution: assign class B the responsibility to create an
instance of A if one or more are true:
• B contains or aggregates A
• B records A
• B closely uses A
• B has the initializing data for A
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CREATOR
• A composite object is usually a good choice for
creating its parts
• If a class has the initialization data for an object, this is
the Expert pattern
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CREATOR--
CONTRAINDICATIONS
• When not to use:
• When creating requires complexity, such as using existing
instances of a class, conditionally creating an instance
from one class or another based upon some external
property, etc.
• In these cases, delegate creation to a helper class called
a Concrete Factory or Abstract Factory (p.440)
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EXPERT
• This is the class that has the information necessary to
fulfill some responsibility.
• If there are relevant classes in the design model, look
there first.
• If not, look at the domain model
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EXPERT
• For example, in NextGen, some class needs to know the
grand total of a sale. Who?
• To determine the grand total, we need all SalesLineItem
instances.
• Sale has these, so it is the logical choice
• SalesLineItem can determine the subtotal for each line
item, so it is the Expert there
• ProductDescription knows the prices
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EXPERT--
CONTRAINDICATIONS
• When there are problems with coupling or cohesion
• For example, Sale has all the sale data, so you could
logically think it would store that in the database.
However, that makes Sale dependent upon database
(third layer) logic
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LOW COUPLING
• Coupling is a measure of how strongly one element is
connected to, has knowledge of, or relies upon other
elements
• An element with Low Coupling is not dependent upon
too many other elements. But how many is too many?
• High coupling is not really the problem; it is high
coupling to potentially unstable (likely to be changed)
objects.
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LOW COUPLING
• Problems with high coupling:
• Forced local changes because of changes in related
classes
• Harder to understand in isolation
• Harder to reuse because it requires other classes
• Assign responsibility so coupling remains low
• This reduces the impact of change
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NEXTGEN EXAMPLE
• If we need to create a Payment instance and
associate it with Sale, who should do it? Since Register
records a payment, the Creator pattern suggests it
• On the other hand, Sale could create Payment and
that would not increase the coupling
• In practice, level of coupling alone is not sufficient
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FORMS OF COUPLING
• X has an attribute of type Y
• A type X object calls on services in Y
• X has a method that references an instance of Y
• X is a direct or indirect subclass of Y
• Y is an interface that X implements
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CONTROLLER
• This is an object just below the UI layer that coordinates
a system’s operation
• For example, the “End Sale” button in a POS system or
the “Spell Check” button on a word processor.
• This is a delegation pattern
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CONTROLLER
• Assign responsibility to a class with one of the following:
• Represents the overall “system,” a “root object,” a
device the software is running within, or a major
subsystem (façade controller)
• Represents a use case scenario within which the system
event occurs, often called <UseCaseName>Handler
• Window, View, and Document are not on the list
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CONTROLLER
• The UI layer gets data and an “Enter Item” message (or
some other message, in the case of the assignment)
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CONTROLLER
• You may want to use the same controller class for all
system events of one use case so it can maintain state.
• Possible problem of over-assignment of responsibility
• It should delegate the work to other objects, not do it
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FAÇADE CONTROLLER
• Suitable when there are not too many system events
• This could be an abstraction of the overall physical unit,
such as PhoneSwitch, CashRegister, etc.
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USE CASE CONTROLLER
• When using a façade controller leads to low cohesion
and high coupling
• When the code in façade controller gets too big
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BLOATED CONTROLLER
• There is only one and it handles too many events
• The controller performs the work rather than delegating
it
• Controller has many attributes and maintains significant
system or domain info
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HIGH COHESION
• Cohesion is a measure of how strongly related the
responsibilities of an element are
• A class with low cohesion does many unrelated things.
It is hard to understand, hard to reuse, hard to maintain,
and delicate
• In the POS system, if Register creates the payment, this
is less cohesive than if Sale does it
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HIGH COHESION
• A class with high cohesion has a relatively small number
of highly-related methods
• It collaborates with other objects
• Modular design
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