Gmpute hekitectie and tatdae Hountenace

The Ayslene. hardure cosislg the

Keyboard
" iplay
Rinte

T
CPU
SH

llane
Hoster Saue
BI
A
IK

Keybond leintes)
AN

BuescoU
the heert Conpute that ctsls the operatis
the compuet and also pergons the data pocAEng fuztes.

Nensy msed to tore data and gams.

1o Modules/ drchitectir
Ho moclules help data betulen eompude and
eth etonal enment. 1t communicatis with a
deniees tat neludes
seeondey mmory, eommuicatins
equiput and atues teminal
bus
pcoides icommanicatisd beliieen puotsos, meny anol
Ho moduloy. t conects the intnal harduhe eices .

CPU ahgani zátuon

he pot compute that

stores itomediot
Regter et e enecain
catiol Hhe instutim.

Aetmete
The Coutiot umt Auperuuek lnil
the
ALU) , The ALU pargns
among te ond the seguired
T
netiulx tue ALÚ as to
fo enleting
SH

wehiih operationd to peye the anstuctis

BI
A

baaio teinelogg
IK

Caitist lnit- handles al euocsseh contiet ignals.

AN

dueti al inpu amd autpt floo tetehes he code for

uinstiuetians amd cotiaolling Aes olata mneS rsnet the

ALU - 4- s that pat the coU thal hemoles al The

ealulatuid the weed. e Addits , Sussthactin,
Gompanisonb

) Accwmulah - Mres the ealla calelatins made

ALU

luogham Countu )- Keps tiack 4 the mmenoy loendin

the nenl instiuelind to oe daatt ith he Pe then
Passes ti ned addness to menmey Addns Regsle (MAR).
 HMAR bs

Qatt

bus
catsed Bus

Accumulato Genenat
Purpoae
Regidtes
CPU

Fiq'- basic Cov sthuctue

3) M
A- 1 stores the memey doeats cnstucti
T
SH

that need to be fetehed goi memoy on stoneot int

BI
A
IK

Sata Ragisten)- de staes instiutiind teteted

AN

Brom dota that is to tbe bansjeeal ts,

and

9 luren Instruetiön Regisle (cR)- r stores te mesl

to e
tethed istueto
enecutd.

«) tustuaton busey Regstes 1BR)-e wittuetàn Hhat net

+o be eueeaded amediaty placed n he suetio

Genenl
ahe
Puspese Registes - ey
he CPU amal
ahe
ae
eutta
uti lized
gitens thal
mgtme
oeation
data a
eyined
Infput Cutput eees- luegams data s ead i t
 under he contiel q coo ustuctio
iput wnstuctisn output
Aage
deuees e waed Qutput tue domputes
thaamitted e ia compteu to
buses - Dalk
anothes, es, eauneting mojon wintimal cmponents to e
the meaA Puses. pes
ata Bud - d+ caies data among the memory uit,
the 1lo deuies and tue pwceAAM.
Addues bus - tt c£ries the adloreu 4 data (nst the
cctual data ) beteen memoy ad iocera.
3) Cantel bus- d caies cmtisl eommands ton the
CoU (and stats gnals tun thei deuieu)
deiees ) nde to
contio lamol coordiata a the actinites nitin the
conptes.
CPU
Memeny nput|
T
Butput
SH
BI

Contil eus
A
IK
AN

Address Bus

Data Buy

CoU
ganikation
Accumulatin" ogonisaton
qenenas Regite ongonidetin

Accumwlate otisn- Iu tus, the accumulatn u

to poss aUthe instuetisns Hhe
wsed
Hhe sesut. The nstinotind tomal
n te cPU ongasiatusn Qne adless
ene address machne
 addy
Add addess 3 laddrAs
teamd(3) Mode
staek The elements Stack
agaizalon
Stäck,
data
Enample peooe
Mov
Moole poodeganizatisn
Mooe cmpten ,
HoV HUL Aded
aea
Rant StoRE DD
A
B
LDA
can
daa
elemeti apoand
apade
that
pant be tuilure
(A+6)
Cc+D)X= A
helds LIÆO Destinatisn anganitin
QestinstinAedesSqenenat
egiata
added (Laat is AN
gistes wa opeanel uaes
? Lneod
IK spermd
deletd A wistuetin
tmat.
by wiet Fust Sousce
BI
n | Adldress
tuo(2)
Addres
SH
theee
nd wuhichmemy
fum SoueeT
aut) STaek Cperad
the memey pineple
opamd
e baed MUL
oddress top
Ataek,
callee CpU Sowree
R2,Ri
X R,
A
B nstiucthan
tomit,
dàt.te tis Ln
q
the wit
Rnec+)

lop
 Slaek, Inmdementatay
Regster stek, Heey stact
Kequtin sthck t a onganized as icoleil) fiite mumben
CPU egista ae Ke n he ferm
stck, it is called as ugutn staek. Ahox, pointe dalds e
address the pounlr to he top the stack
Su A 32 bit
ualue .
wrd
32 bit wnd each doestss cuit biay
hane s bila addess becouAe 232. Stack pointe
whoe walue camnol eneeed ||.
wil be S bil-

Push apentin
SPe- Sp+ ) (Jnemeut atack Re mtei) Read ae
DR &HEse1 ad
s added to tte Tep
M
[SP]< DR Spe Sp- (Deent
Damt AtacK
sce
T
Ip (se= o) then Ful e ) oct fu)
SH

Mark tue Ataek net Full e- o ane

BI

fuu)
A
IK

134
buample
AN

tustuetin (atb)Cc+d)
PUsH a
Push b
add unstuetiso
Puch c

2
Push d
add
asb

No. n imittd and it nestrie

eny dize
Con he estulded upto dize al meme.
y Atack, slouen tthan tat
ngiton menmony
becaoe laek untoal to he c
an des nat ceesd
 Push opeati
P)
(ttim)
(000

AR) |(opermd ) 2000 Pop wpehatn

DRe HSPJ
staex, 2444
294 8
2444
3oo0
3oo|
3o02

Iustuotuy fonati
Canputea pertoms task Sh
an the bas nibuctin puaided
A insteuetin format detuies te' dayout g a
the ail

ainstustun- Compulen has a aniety instuuctisn esde fomát

T
SH

An instuctin made
feloucing feld.
BI

" tode field - specites hes tthe spramd will te seceiued.

A

the operamd.
IK

Aedres
the opetos to
operstin field- 1ikeApueis e
peyoned.
AN

- ¢dd, Subtact ete

Mode tpoode Adleres

Cpehand

There are 4 tustouetm fomáat

1 Thee addess nstuns
Destintti Souee Sowee
Node Gpeode Addre AddheS Addhess

Instbuetiss fomatt caitaind 3

addhesd filds to
speaiby
doeatum:
.mo. hib pe cinstuetin nease

Euample - X =(A+e) + (C+D)

ADD
Regtes
ADD
HUL X, R,,Rz
RyeH[c3+ M[b] Hemóy loatind
2) Tup Addhes Instiuctins
Here Tuo addresses can he Apeeiyieod in the unstiuetins
apede Deatinatn Suuree Mode
adeAs
Addhess
X = (A +6) + C+D)
Moy

ADD
MUL
MoV M[X] R,
) Cne addres insttuetin
umpied aceumulatoA for deta manipulatin
+his, one openomd in te tecumulaton, ano the athe
perand is in doeatto.

Opcode
memog
sole
T
adesess
SH

peran
BI

X= (A+ 6) t (c+D)
A

LoAD
IK

A
AN

ADD
SToRE M[ AC
LoAD C Ace M Cc]
A DD Ace AC+

MuL T AG e Ac * 71

StoRE X

4) Zeo Addre Lwstnetin -

Agamized Compute does not wae on address
Sack
te intueton PuSH aud Pop inatuti need on addres
that Comneicate ih .
to Jhe operomal
task,

PUSH D
ToS- A
PUSH To Se (c +D)
ADD
PUSH
ToSe lA+B)
ToS E(C+S) *(A+)
M[X] &Tos
PusH c
s) R1SC Jnstuato
(Reduced Jnstuctin det Conpten) time ey dinpwio
eeduce the exceutin
u dedigned to weguds mly t etoek
intuetin
the uiatuetion Aet. Eac
eaay to decode .
ydle
lng ugists nathel
rathet tho
RISC architictwe emphaslzes
ohe fostes auaitable
memony
tanduived Data Past
Covtisl Unit

dustuetjn b ata aehe

T
ehche
SH
BI
A
IK
AN

RiSo areiteetue

onol ToRE nstuotios

RISC wistuttn ny ny LOAD
betueen
Eanmple -HA+8) *c+D)
LoAD R A
LoAD
LOAD
Lo AD RuD
A DD

ADD
MUL

.SToRE X,R
 dddhea ing Hocle
Addmsing aole yes to the in wtich the perand
dle t
apeoified. -Tte addessing the acldreu
spreitus
modlify the
th opcole
actaly
pat
ttel Addassng myole t s nó selali
euetl
Mode

nocde- ( Zmplieit addhusimglbe mode),.

epenatid
Jylied Acdhesaing The 'data to Zeeo addess nstuctn
instutim
On is nide the
wniplisd addakding mode.
deauýned with Snstuuctisn A A+
Data Stack

Jn tislkemodlene data s pesen

2) Lumediakz Addresang modde -Sesigued address
T
addrws fld iktutiis
SH

in Tnsbuetisn
BI

uistuctin tomat.
Addres Daa s decetly
apeode
A
IK

dte 3SH nto

AN

Mov lone
Suample
K, So
ualue te nalue
Hhatthe
Here + n the
epereno to be loded
moole In thi moole, data s
contains ddata n
to amothes. It
anol the opeutn pengorned
mieepotessos.
othe
giatens the
No. (Rz operand)
J@peode
tnstuctisn
(opeode
epesamd
Kuample - NOV A,c (opying
 n tis mode, opomd weaides
the
and
adaheAA diiaty ay
address feld q cnstutin
R,e M[tooo)
Accumuato
lweatun

Lo AD
SoooM

Ln ttms modde, the

addess
s) sndiheel Adaresing Moole - . welee the
the
tHe vaddesss
ald the nstuetim gies
Caddness the
the operand)
thectine addres s Atoid. penod
The aolress
Aimila to the tnept
.

speelfd ky egstn pas

the opuamel
cpcode Hemety Adereas/
Regatr, Paiu
T
SH

Euauple - LoAD R, Ciooo)

lOAD R,,@ lorD
BI
A
IK

indiiect adehesing
AN

ue Mode
Addusing Mode Ln tis mode,
Indiee gine te
eose etiu
-the istuctim dpeeitis
operand
CoAD Ri()
kuample
ee the
locatig etinng operand.
Hoe u tud mocle, th eiscteut
Relatine AddussingYPc) w adoled to the addhess pat
eot
der to stain the esheetue vaddresS .
the istiuetn in
ectue addres Pc + Address pat nstiutt
and addhes pant
Enample
A sead tuom loeatino '82S, the PC
the ittuctin s, neement tÙ 826
 E A= 826+s z 8So the spenmd uil tae found
locatiin 8S6; ie. teydoatin towad
meul instiuction.
fun te addrers 9
Mode In tiis mole, the coto.
8) Lnded Aadcsng
added to the ddres par
addess dudo
tain the eectue
the ciauctrn toQn ndeu Addrs hld
uele. cnstuetin
egist stu
addres lbase addres) 4 data ano n

Jueleu giten erennd addrsss Base addres.

hectiue addhes
nstuetisn
indn
Suample) LoaD R,, lorofe1
[] CAspieement)
.bade addes
T
) kaae Regista Addhessng Mode -
SH
BI

added to the addss p t the

atain the ekseetue. oddreas
A

nslustis to
IK
AN

heetu address - aldress + Base

wnstutun

CPU
To enecute nsbuetuns, he cintol nd miat
geeate the kuguired contusl n ae
puapa deguence.
Taro teo 4gpoaches wsed fo geneatng cmbiel
tasd uied Contuel u l
3 Reo- phogammed Cantucl Unit.
ae

hasduahe 'and when had s mo

and genenates conet Augnal Hcalleol handied

werteel ith gates, yip- os ,oecder eno athe lgital icicit.

 Snsthuctin Register (TR)
413| 12
thel dnputa

3*8 Becoler

wit
Tis Gates (contrct

Jneemen-lIR)
lea T irattel
Py - Hardid unit
SH

-than mcopgamned cata.

Gperate ar high sped.
BI

al ises tis appach can

Acansllen we here lange cotasl cnit
A

moditid on changed
elangd,
IK

oiganizatin, if duaiyn hs to ke Hhe aisus

AN

heguies change ánvin the be wey

Compiint . kas, moditeatió
ditfius.
tlandluhecl Cotu lit Cndill

No.

3) Tu decocens
4) 4- bitt begumce contes
s placed n the IR.
- An enstiuctun
eod fan meney
CI5) (astt hi)
1 bl-
dpehatis lsde Cn- 14) (neut 3bitx )

ton diheet Acdes heode

fon dindeet addkess.mole
(2 bib Co -n) ae appied to omtuet logie gates
- The perati6n eode itt Cn-14) ae decodee wih a BK8 docodon
 The 8 outpul (Oo- Da) fum a deeoclen to the lontel
legie gates -to petom speeye peratuin.
laa-(is) tanyewed to
The cauntes sulpu is decoded into dnetng pulses To -Ts.
-The sequence toatie counte tan'e neemeuted
çnput o eleer hy

paogramng appuonch. A deguenee micuo spenatsd ae caeol

Gut pugam icondistang miiuo instuctins.
Nicuo 8 mi0 instuetiin y stond n he
catuel memery -the e t s wnit. Eneculny á micuo
T
SH
BI

Sutoual Neul Contie Coaleie

Znpuls Conlot
A

Address Address Dal

Momoy
IK

Aagili
AN

Nel addhess njonti

u to be euectod
- The adds mico inaluctin that
stoed CAR
- Necno wnitustions coshespording to the address stoheo cin cAR is
tetehed tom cntaet memnog and Bedcstains
in he contol data
eoto wwod to
This micuo instuein
euecuti One o mete meo puatod
euecutin al mico - operatons mcuo instuttio,
neul mibo wmatustisy loeate.
s
the addtss

Reduced Jnsteuctn Aet Computes- 1SC)

to wecluee the Leuti tine, y dinpibag
deaijned
unabutin det. tach instustióa veyuhes Ony 1 elock
the
clecole
aneeeut).
RISC aeiteclae
Datu
Hardued Patth

ata ache
Jnstuctsn
Cache

JIustaucn) (Seta)

Charactestias RISC
1) Abiluty to euecute sne utuzlion pe clock ayele

Cow Lustuictisns (2s0)

aelatiely
T
addreing mode
elitiely tew Tnstustin
SH

amd eay
BI

6) It cmsidta
decoded dustaati tohat.
A

han
IK

contauns tardued contst nit the

4 RIsc poceas
AN

miw puogrammniny
Canplen 1stuctin Aet lompiy - (cIsc )
he man
Loadny emaluatny emd Atoring opeutóns
CISC Aeehitecwre

Mliemapuagtammed
Contud data pot

Catl Mmey Cache

Mau
Memey
 86. x1itl AMD, )Eu 8)
laye uLie ode 1
tineeMectin longen
longe tune6) eneeutin she Very 9)
Aofnne. tmphasis )
memo inApae
lak. to dend wlen ogam tuke4) lnoodo wittn Cuegan
hedung
etreis tewe eyuhes )
cyeles sleK eyele 'ock
lakes eueoutin tustuction 2)
AN

iustuctind. instuetin
IK

neodig demgth naiable cneodung dength tined

A

uistiwction
det puoesson cisc wnsbuctions
ket puscesso RISC
BI
SH
T
CLSC buteen RISC Ayenoe
C
ClS nd RISC n
pelplogen
ined. mieo des thepApelinedun Net e)
memoy opersmek
in manihulat
instuclins itag the
Jbeen CPi
euecit to
yele mattiple winstucisns
take Compleu 4
addnssing mode.
iffeent s ipuealy
2oto fuon modes A 3)
udtid aSo toloo
e. CISC
y aed yormatJnsbuuction dength Vaniable 9
Chanacteties
z
CIC
S Q