UNIT-2

DIGITAL LOGIC CIRCUITS-1

BASIC LOGIC FUNCTIONS:
The three primary logic relationships, AND, OR, and NOT (or inversion) can be used
to express any logical relationship between any number of variables. These simple
logic functions form the basis for all digital electronic devices—from a simple
microwave oven controller to a desktop PC.
LOGIC GATES:
Logic gates are the basic building blocks of any digital system. They are
electronic circuits that perform logical operations on one or more binary inputs
and produce one binary output.
Basic logic gates are 5 types:
AND Gate
The AND gate is a digital logic gate with ‘n’ i/ps one o/p, which performs logical
conjunction based on the combinations of its inputs.

OR Gate

The OR gate is a digital logic gate with ‘n’ i/ps and one o/p, that performs logical
conjunction based on the combinations of its inputs. The output of the OR gate is true
only when one or more inputs are true. If all the i/ps of the gate are false, then only the
output of the OR gate is false. The symbol and truth table of an OR gate with two inputs
is shown below.
NOT Gate
The NOT gate is a digital logic gate with one input and one output that operates an
inverter operation of the input. The output of the NOT gate is the reverse of the input.
When the input of the NOT gate is true then the output will be false and vice versa. The
symbol and truth table of a NOT gate with one input is shown below. By using this gate,
we can implement NOR and NAND gates

Exclusive-OR Gate
The Exclusive-OR gate is a digital logic gate with two inputs and one output. The short
form of this gate is Ex-OR. It performs based on the operation of the OR gate. . If any
one of the inputs of this gate is high, then the output of the EX-OR gate will be high. The
symbol and truth table of the EX-OR are shown below.

Exclusive-NOR Gate
The Exclusive-NOR gate is a digital logic gate with two inputs and one output. The short
form of this gate is Ex-NOR. It performs based on the operation of the NOR gate. When
both the inputs of this gate are high, then the output of the EX-NOR gate will be high.
But, if any one of the inputs is high (but not both), then the output will be low. The symbol
and truth table of the EX-NOR are shown below.
UNIVERSAL LOGIC GATES:

Universal logic gates are logic gates that can be used to implement any Boolean
function without the need to use any other type of logic gate.

Universal logic gates are 2 types:

NAND Gate
The NAND gate is a digital logic gate with ‘n’ i/ps and one o/p, that performs the operation
of the AND gate followed by the operation of the NOT gate.NAND gate is designed by
combining the AND and NOT gates. If the input of the NAND gate high, then the output
of the gate will be low.The symbol and truth table of the NAND gate with two inputs is
shown below.

NOR Gate
The NOR gate is a digital logic gate with n inputs and one output, that performs the
operation of the OR gate followed by the NOT gate. NOR gate is designed by combining
the OR and NOT gate. When any one of the i/ps of the NOR gate is true, then the output
of the NOR gate will be false. The symbol and truth table of the NOR gate with the truth
table is shown below.

FLIP-FLOPS:
Flip flop is a sequential circuit which consist of single binary state of information or
data. The digital circuit is a flip flop which has two outputs and are of opposite states.
It is also known as a Bistable Multivibrator .

Types of flip-flops:
1. SR Flip Flop
2. JK Flip Flop
3. D Flip Flop
4. T Flip Flop

Logic diagrams and truth tables of the different types of flip-flops are as
follows:
1. SR Flip Flop:
SR flip-flop operates with only positive clock transitions or negative clock
transitions. Whereas, SR latch operates with enable signal. The circuit
diagram of SR flip-flop is shown in the following figure.

S-R Flip Flop

J-K Flip Flop:
JK flip-flop is the modified version of SR flip-flop. It operates with only positive
clock transitions or negative clock transitions. The circuit diagram of JK flip-
flop is shown in the following figure.
D Flip Flop:
D flip-flop operates with only positive clock transitions or negative clock
transitions. Whereas, D latch operates with enable signal. That means, the
output of D flip-flop is insensitive to the changes in the input, D except for
active transition of the clock signal. The circuit diagram of D flip-flop is shown
in the following figure.

D FLIP FLOP
T Flip Flop:
T flip-flop is the simplified version of JK flip-flop. It is obtained by connecting
the same input ‘T’ to both inputs of JK flip-flop. It operates with only positive
clock transitions or negative clock transitions. The circuit diagram of T flip-
flop is shown in the following figure.

T FLIP FLOP
Combinational Circuits:
Combinational circuit is a circuit in which we combine the different gates in
the circuit, for example encoder, decoder, multiplexer and demultiplexer.
 The output of combinational circuit at any instant of time, depends only
on the levels present at input terminals.
 The combinational circuit do not use any memory. The previous state of
input does not have any effect on the present state of the circuit.
 A combinational circuit can have an n number of inputs and m number
of outputs.
Block diagram

Half Adder
Half adder is a combinational logic circuit with two inputs and two outputs.
The half adder circuit is designed to add two single bit binary number A and
B. It is the basic building block for addition of two single bit numbers. This
circuit has two outputs carry and sum.

Block diagram

Truth Table
Circuit Diagram

Full Adder
Full adder is developed to overcome the drawback of Half Adder circuit. It can
add two one-bit numbers A and B, and carry c. The full adder is a three input
and two output combinational circuit.

Block diagram

Truth Table
 DIGITAL LOGIC CIRCUITS-||
Shift Registers
Shift Register is a group of flip flops used to store multiple bits of data. The bits stored in
such registers can be made to move within the registers and in/out of the registers by applying
clock pulses.
Types of Shift Registers:
 Serial In Serial Out shift register
 Serial In parallel Out shift register
 Parallel In Serial Out shift register
 Parallel In parallel Out shift register

Serial-In Serial-Out Shift Register (SISO):

The shift register, which allows serial input (one bit after the other through a single data line)
and produces a serial output is known as a Serial-In Serial-Out shift register.
Serial-In Parallel-Out Shift Register (SIPO):

The shift register, which allows serial input (one bit after the other through a single data line)
and produces a parallel output is known as the Serial-In Parallel-Out shift register.

Serial-In Parallel-Out shift Register (SIPO)

Parallel-In Serial-Out Shift Register (PISO)

The shift register, which allows parallel input (data is given separately to each flip flop and
in a simultaneous manner) and produces a serial output is known as a Parallel-In Serial-Out
shift register.

Parallel-In Serial-Out Shift Register (PISO)

Parallel-In Parallel-Out Shift Register (PIPO)

The shift register, which allows parallel input (data is given separately to each flip flop and
in a simultaneous manner) and also produces a parallel output is known as Parallel-In
parallel-Out shift register.

Parallel-In Parallel-Out Shift Register (PIPO)

Binary Counters
In digital electronics, a binary counter is a type of sequential logic circuit which is able
to count in binary numbers. A binary counter can counter from 0 to 2(n-1), where n is
the total number of bits in the counter.

Types of Binary Counters

 Asynchronous Counter − The type of binary counter in which the flip flops do not
receive the same clock pulse at the same time is called an asynchronous counter.
The asynchronous counter is also known as ripple counter. It is the simplest type
of binary counter. In the case of asynchronous binary counter, each flip flop is
triggered by the output of the previous flip flop. Therefore, the asynchronous
counters suffer from propagation delay.
 Synchronous Counter − The type of binary counter in which all the flip flops
receive the same clock pulse at the same time is known as a synchronous counter.
Since, all the flip flops of the synchronous counter are triggered by the same clock
pulse, therefore, their outputs change simultaneously. This will result in the no
propagation delay between the flip flops.
 Up Counter − The type of binary counter that counts upwards from zero to its
maximum count value is known as up counter. In the case of up counter, the count
is increased by one on each clock pulse.
  Down Counter − The type of binary counter that counts downwards from its
maximum count value to zero is known as a down counter. In the down counter,
the count value of the counter is decreased by one on each clock pulse.
 Up/Down Counter − The type of binary counter that can count in both upward
and downward directions is known as a up/down counter. In the up/down
counter, the direction of count is determined by a control input signal.

DECODERS
A decoder is a multiple-input, multiple-output logic circuit that converts coded
inputs into coded outputs, where the input and output codes are different.

• A decoder is a combinational circuit that converts binary information from n input

lines to a maximum of 2n unique output lines
• A decoder is a multiple input ,multiple output combinational circuit which converts
coded inputs into coded outputs where the input and output codes are different.
• If the n bit decoded information has unused or don’t care combinations, the decoder
output will have fewer than 2n outputs

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

Truth table
EX=2*4 DECODER

Truth Table:

Logic Diagram:
Multiplexer
A multiplexer is a combinational circuit that has 2n input lines and a single output line. Simply, the
multiplexer is a multi-input and single-output combinational circuit.

There are various types of the multiplexer which are as follows:

2×1 Multiplexer:
In 2×1 multiplexer, there are only two inputs, i.e., A0 and A1, 1 selection line, i.e., S0 and single outputs, i.e., Y.

Block Diagram:

Truth Table:

Logic Diagram
4×1 Multiplexer:
In the 4×1 multiplexer, there is a total of four inputs, i.e., A0, A1, A2, and A3, 2 selection lines, i.e.,
S0 and S1 and single output, i.e., Y.

Block Diagram:

Truth Table:

Logic Diagram
Programmable Logic Devices

Programmable Logic Devices PLDs are the integrated circuits. They contain
an array of AND gates & another array of OR gates.
There are three kinds of PLDs based on the type of array s:
 Programmable Read Only Memory
 Programmable Array Logic
 Programmable Logic Array

Programmable Read Only Memory

Read Only Memory ROM is a memory device, which stores the binary
information permanently. That means, we can’t change that stored
information by any means later. If the ROM has programmable feature, then
it is called as Programmable Read Only Memory

Block Diagram
Example

Let us implement the following Boolean functions using PROM.

A(X,Y,Z)=∑m(5,6,7)
B(X,Y,Z)=∑m(3,5,6,7)
The given two functions are in sum of min terms form and each function is
having three variables X, Y & Z. So, we require a 3 to 8 decoder and two
programmable OR gates for producing these two functions.

Logic Diagram

Programmable Array Logic

PAL is a programmable logic device that has Programmable AND array & fixed
OR array. The advantage of PAL is that we can generate only the required
product terms of Boolean function instead of generating all the min terms by
using programmable AND gates.

Logic Diagram

Example

Let us implement the following Boolean functions using PAL.

A=XY+XZ,
A=XY′+YZ′
Logic Diagram
Programmable Logic Array

PLA is a programmable logic device that has both Programmable AND array
& Programmable OR array. Hence, it is the most flexible PLD.

Logic Diagram

Example

Let us implement the following Boolean functions using PLA.

A=XY+XZ′
B=XY′+YZ+XZ′

Logic Circuit