TM

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e r Pr i m
 y S i n g a p o r ea n O w n ed
Pr o u d l
TM

Managing Editor: Jevin Lim

Senior English Language Consultant: Editor’s Note:
Lee Sow Ling [B.A. Hons, Dip Ed, M-Phil] Shel Sweeney
Science Editor: Keriner Chan
English Editor: Shel Sweeney (MA, BA, BTeach)
Welcome to SCIENCE ADVENTURES, an inspiring
Senior Story Writer: Anita Sebastian
science magazine. Singapore’s First and Best
Assessment questions from: Home-grown Science Story for young children.
Singapore Asia Publishers Packed with easy-to-read science stories and activities,
SCIENCE ADVENTURES is specifically designed to
initiate learning of science.
Publisher: English Corner Publishing Pte Ltd
Our SCIENCE ADVENTURES series use stories and fun
Singapore: activities to bring basic scientific concepts to children
Block 1003 Bukit Merah Central in a lively way that will feed their natural curiosity and
#03-05 Inno Centre, Singapore 159836 develop a love of reading. Science is FUN and not just a
Tel: (65) 6225 5770 subject taught in school!
Fax: (65) 6377 0890
Hotline: 9002 0322 (after office hours) Anita Sebastian
Email: sales@[Link]
Website: [Link] OR Anita is a local writer and
[Link] graduate of Zoology from the
National University of Singapore.
Hong Kong: Anita’s ranger Anne series of
GF Education (HK) Limited children’s books were launched at
Mr Alan Lee the Singapore Writers Festival.
Tel: +852 90712048 / +852 97351683 Meet Ranger Jack. Jack is a young zookeeper who
Email: alan@[Link] loves taking care of the animals at the Zoo. His focus
is on animals and conservation. In this issue, we
All rights reserved. No part of this magazine may be find out more about crabs and what makes them so
reproduced or transmitted in any form or by means, special.
electronic or mechanical, including photocopying,
Jack’s friend is Olivia, the young naturalist who loves
recording, or by any information storage and retrieval
the earth and treasures the nature around her. In every
system, without permission in writing from the publisher. issue, Olivia will highlight one environmental issue that
Permit No.: MCI (P) 158/11/2017 we are facing now. In this issue, Olivia learns about the
rosemary plant, which has a unique and fragrant smell.
Printed in Singapore You can write to Ranger Jack at [Link]@
[Link] and to Olivia at [Link]@gmail.
com. Both Jack and Olivia will reply to your questions as
soon as they can. Your question may also appear in an
MIX
Paper from issue of SCIENCE ADVENTURES. So remember to include
responsible sources your name and the name of your school.

Xxxxxxxxxxx
FSC 0000000

All papers used by English Corner Publishing from 2017

for Science Adventures magazine Levels 1, 2 and 3 are
natural, recyclable products made from wood grown
in well-managed forests. The manufacturing processes
conform to the environmental regulations of the country
of origin.
 4 Animal Corner
Crab, My Friend
Diversity

11 Fun Math General

Delicious Cakes
Knowledge

12 Math Adventures General

Swimming Exercise
Knowledge

14 Olivia Corner
A Gift From Rosemary
Diversity

20 Science Activity
The Disappearing Colour Wheel Interactions

25 Tell Me Why General

What Is Emailing?
Knowledge

31 Material World
Styrofoam Houses
Energy

37 Quiz Time
By Singapore Asia Publishers
41 My Body
Buck-toothed Shaun Systems

47 Science Magnifier General

Knowledge
It’s So Hot!
51 Wonderful World General

White Fogbow
Knowledge

56 Science Story
Grandpa’s Tractor
Diversity

61 Unusual Riddles General

Black Sand Beach

Knowledge

67 Science Adventure Series General

Wide-Eyed: Megalodon Shark

Knowledge

75 IQ Corner General

Where Are My Anthers?

Knowledge
Animal Corner Diversity

Crab, My Friend
A poor fisherman, named Richard, lived by the sea
with his wife Anna and son Ben…

They planted some vegetables One day, Richard went

near their small house. out fishing...

Hmpf! There are no fish The next day…

in my net today…

Yippee! I
have better
luck today!

SAS – SC No. 51 4
 Oh, it has a broken
leg. That must be
painful!

Yay! One crab is

better than nothing.

Anna, I didn’t catch

much today, only a
crab. But I don’t want
to eat it now.

Oh!

That’s okay. We
Now I can take
have enough
care of you!
vegetables to eat.

Huh? Okay!

Now I Know!

Crabs are *crustaceans. Their *crustaceans: animals with no backbone,

body is protected by their hard such as a crab, lobster or shrimp, that are
part of the mainly aquatic group Crustacea
shell. Crabs breathe with their *gills: the body part used by some water-
*gills. based animals to breathe

5 SAS – SC No. 51
 I’ll make a nice You should
place for be happy in
Crabby. there.

Hi Crabby, I
hope you like
this food.

Dad, look, Crabby has

Crabby’s leg gradually regrows. his leg again! How did
that happen?

Now I Know!

Crabs are *omnivores that mainly feed *corpses: dead bodies

on algae. Sometimes they also eat *micro-organisms: microscopic
organisms
*micro-organisms, small shrimps and *omnivores: animals that eat
even animal *corpses. plants and meat

SAS – SC No. 51 6
 Well, Ben… Crabs
Wow, look! Crabby
can *regenerate
is waving his
their lost limbs.
pincers.

Oh
!

Hee, hee… That’s how A few days later…

a crab communicates.
I think he is saying
‘thank you’! Crabby, let’s see
how you go.

Dad, look!
It’s walking
sideways.

Ha
, ha
…

Now I Know!

Because of their joint *structures, *regenerate: grow again

crabs walk more quickly when *structures: the arrangement
of parts
they walk sideways. This is why
they usually move sideways.

7 SAS – SC No. 51
 It looks like you’ve completely
Mum, Dad, look at recovered. I will take you
ha,
me! I’m walking back to the sea.
sideways too! Ha, …
ha

Goodbye, Crabby.
We’ll miss you!

The next
day…
Bye,
Crabby!
!
Splash

Now I Know!

A female crab can lay many eggs at

a time, sometimes several million
eggs or more.

SAS – SC No. 51 8
 Crabby, it is you!
Thank you, my friend.

Huh?
Knock,
knock!

Hey, look at what

I have today? A few days later, Crabby helps
Richard catch more fish…

Wow!

Cla p!
Thank you,
Wow! Crabby! You are
a good friend!

In this story, we find out more about crabs

and what makes them so special. Crabs
are strange animals. They look funny and
walk in a funny way as well. We should
always be kind to animals (and people),
but be careful around crabs as their
pincers are powerful and sharp.

*aggressive: ready to attack

Now I Know!

Male crabs can be *aggressive. They often fight

with each other over females, food and hiding
places.

9 SAS – SC No. 51
Dear Ranger Jack,
Q: Do crabs really have so many legs?

A: Crabs belong to the Decapod family which has 5 pairs

of walking legs. In the case of crabs, the first pair of
legs are claws. See the huge pincers? Some crabs
can regrow their legs, and even their claws, a year
after losing them.

Q: Where do crabs live?

A: Crabs live all over:

in the sea, in fresh
water, and also on
land. Most crab bodies
are quite flat. This
allows them to crawl
into narrow spaces to
hide from predators.
Q: How do crabs see?
Where are their eyes?
A: Crabs are so fascinating.
Their eyes are found on
the stalks coming out of
their head. They can move
these eyestalks in different
directions. This helps the
crabs look around while
hiding under water, rocks,
corals, sand or mud.

Q: How do you know if a crab is a

male or a female?

A: They are different in size, shape and

colour. The easiest way to distinguish
them is to flip the crab upside down
and look at the ‘apron’ — males have
pointy aprons while females have
rounded aprons.

Do you have a question about animals for Ranger Jack?

Do you have a
Write to Rangerquestion
Jack atabout animals for Ranger Jack? Write
[Link]@[Link] and to
sheRanger Jack at
will answer you
[Link]@[Link] You can even share a
quickly as possible. video with Ranger Jack of you
walking like a crab. Remember
Remember to to include
includeyour
yourname,
name,age
ageandandaddress.
school. You might even
see your questions in the next issue of Science Adventures!
You might even see your questions in the next issue of Science Adventures!

SAS – SC No. 51 10
Fun Math General
Knowledge

Delicious Cakes
Steven has 23 dollars pocket money. At the cake shop, he buys 3
pieces of cake: a piece for himself and his two sisters. Now he has 6
dollars left in his pocket. Which cakes did Steven buy?

Answer: Chocolate cake, cheese cake and fruit cake

11 SAS – SC No. 51
Math Adventures General
Knowledge

Swimming Exercise
Swimming is a kind of exercise that requires full-body
movements. Can you swim? If you can, have you ever timed
yourself swimming? How fast can you swim? If you put in a
lot of effort, you’ll be able to swim faster than your older
brother or sister one day. You’ll also be able to swim faster
than people who are taller than you. Swimming can
increase your lung capacity. Swimming can also
improve the blood circulation in your skin and help
you lose weight. Swimming has many benefits!

SAS – SC No. 51 12
 Attention: The following questions are arranged in order
of difficulty. The more stars a question has,
the more difficult the question.

If you swim for an hour every day on a regular basis, how

1 many hours will you swim in three days? ★

If you swim 100 metres per hour and your elder

2 brother swims twice as fast as you, how many
metres will your brother swim in 15 minutes? ★ ★

It takes you 10 minutes to swim 50 metres and it takes your

3 brother 10 minutes to swim 300 metres. What is the distance
between you and your brother after 25 minutes? ★ ★ ★

Answers: (1) 3 hours (2) 3000 metres (3) 625 metres

13 SAS – SC No. 51
Olivia Corner Diversity

A Gift From Rosemary

Gale, Owen, Felix and Pearl are children in an orphanage…
Hey, Owen, why
are you sad?

Oh, Owen, I’m

sorry. We do not
Hmm… It’s my have any money to
birthday today, buy you a present.
but there is no
celebration.
Hey, why don’t we
play together at the
Yes, Owen! Be
playground. That
pe e!
Yip
will be fun. happy, it’s your
birthday. Let’s play!

Yay!
a , ha…
H

Hee, hee… Felix,

Later… you are always
hungry!
Oh! I’m hungry.
Let’s go to the
?
Huh
pantry and have
something to eat.

SAS – SC No. 51 14
 Owen, why do you Well, I like
always pick that? its taste!

Hurry up! There’ll be

nothing left in the pantry…

Urgh! That boy

always plucks our
leaves!

Oh!
He is a good boy. Okay, I’m
I think he He always removes not angry It is his birthday
likes us. weeds from our pots. anymore. today. I think we
should do something.

Huh? What
can we do?

Now I Know!

Rosemary is native to the *Mediterranean region: countries

*Mediterranean region. It makes that border the Mediterranean Sea
*ornamental: decorative, grown for
an attractive *ornamental plant its appearance
in courtyards.

15 SAS – SC No. 51
 I can sing, but those
kids don’t seem to
like my songs!

Pink robin,
can you sing
a song for the h ! m ...
birthday boy? O h! Ur g Hm

Let’s ask the butterfly

if it can do something
for Owen’s birthday.

h?
Hu

Yes, we do!

Sniff, sniff… Ha, ha, we are often

Hey, you smell used as medicine.
like medicine.

Now I Know!

Rosemary stems, leaves and flowers smell

*aromatic: having a
lovely. *Aromatic oil can be extracted from nice smell
rosemary and used to make perfume, soaps
and cosmetics. Rosemary is a slow growing
plant.
SAS – SC No. 51 16
 Sniff, sniff… Hmm… You are very
You also smell Rosemary oil
interesting *shrubs!
like soap! is made into
soap too.

Come on, let’s think

of a way to make
Owen happy.

We’re
I know! Butterfly and I can back.
find shiny things to hang
on all your branches.

Yes, that’s a good

idea! I am sure that will
make Owen happy!

Now I Know!

Rosemary is an *antioxidant *antioxidant: a substance that

plant and is often placed indoors removes damaging oxidizing agents
*shrubs: small to medium-sized
to purify the air. woody plants

17 SAS – SC No. 51
 Later…

w!
Oh
! Wo
h? !
Hu Oh

Wow! This is !
beautiful! Yay
!
Yay

This is the best

Come on, let’s birthday ever! I am
celebrate my birthday ppy , so happy!
with the lovely Ha thday
rosemary plants! bir en!
Ow

Now I Know!

Rosemary is widely used in western cuisines as

*condiment:
a *condiment. The strong fragrance of the tender something used to
leaves can remove the smell of meat. Fresh flavour food
rosemary is often used to decorate dishes.

SAS – SC No. 51 18
 Rosemary:
The Plant With A Beautiful Name
The rosemary plant is one you can find in the kitchen.
It is an *evergreen *perennial herb; this means that it
does not drop its leaves, but stays green throughout
the year, and can last for many years.

The word ‘rosemary’ sounds

like a girl’s name, doesn’t it?

Rosemary is an aromatic herb that is used

for cooking, just like basil, oregano and
lavender. And just like the lavender plant,
rosemary has small blueish-purple flowers.
In some countries, like
Japan, you can find fields of lavender
which smell lovely!

The rosemary leaves are

what farmers want, whereas
for lavender, they harvest
the flowers.

So we can eat
the rosemary
leaves, but not
drink rosemary
Rosemary is not just for cooking. oils.
An extract of rosemary oil can be
found in bath oil, essential oils, and
even in insect repellent. Be careful:
*evergreen: does not drop its leaves
rosemary oil can be poisonous in *perennial: lasts many years
strong doses.

Look at all the plants in your kitchen. Make a list of the ones used in cooking.
If you do not have plants in your kitchen, write down all the herbs and spices that
look like leaves. Can you identify them from their smell? Write to me at
[Link]@[Link] and share your list with me.
19 SAS – SC No. 51
Science Activity Interactions

The Disappeari n g
C o lo u r W h e e l
This is going to
be a colourful Hamish, look
drawing! at my beautiful,
colourful drawing.

!
Oh

h?
Hu

Ha, ha! A rainbow- I like rainbow colours. That’s

coloured dinosaur! why I coloured the dinosaur
with rainbow colours.

h!
Ur g
, h a…
H a

SAS – SC No. 51 20
 This dinosaur
looks funny!
Ha, ha!

h !
Ur g

Howl… Boo,
hoo... Woo,
woo... h !
Ur g

Hamish, what
happened? Why
is Elle crying? Oh! Elle, don't
cry. Let’s do
something
interesting with
rainbow colours.
!
Oh
Boo, hoo...
What is it?
Woo,
woo...

Nothing, Grandpa! I
just said her rainbow-
coloured dinosaur
looked funny!

Woo,
woo...

Now I Know!

Sunlight is composed of seven colours: red, orange,

yellow, green, blue, indigo and purple. When these
seven colours are painted on a disc, and the disc is
spun, the colour white can be seen.

21 SAS – SC No. 51
 First, draw a
circle. Then
draw lines
across the
centre of the
circle…

Now, Elle, you can

colour this disc with
rainbow colours.
Okay,
Grandpa!

Grandpa, why
Grandpa, are you cutting
I have the disc?
finished!

Patience, my dear!
You’ll see why soon.

Now I Know!

Paint a disc with different colour combinations.

Keep the combinations unchanged, but change the
proportions. These discs will show different colour
effects when turning.

SAS – SC No. 51 22
 h?
Hu

Spin it! What

do you see?

That’s amazing!
The rainbow
colours appear
white!

They do. It is
magic!
Grandpa, that is
a Newton disc!

Uh-huh!
Yes, Grandpa!
You are As long as
fantastic! she is not
crying!

Now I Know!

When a disc is rotated quickly, our eyes send a

message to the brain that says the colour we see
is a blended colour, and that blended colour is
pale white.

23 SAS – SC No. 51
 Colourful Newton Disc
Materials:
White cardboard, water colour paints and brush, compass, pencil and a pair
of scissors.
Steps:
1. Draw a circle on the white cardboard with the compass, and cut it out with the
scissors.
2. Divide the circle into seven equal parts. Use the brush to paint the following
colours on each part. Paint red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo and purple.
3. Insert the pencil into the centre point of the circle, with the pencil nib pointing
down.
4. Spin the pencil and make the disc rotate quickly. Observe the changes of
colours on the disc.

1 2

3 4

Result:
When the disc is rotated, the seven colours on it will become pale white.
Explanation:
When the disc is rotating, we can only see each of the seven colours for a
very short time. The speed of the disc’s rotation is faster than the reaction
of our eyes, and so we only see the disc turning pale white.

SAS – SC No. 51 24
Tell Me Why General
Knowledge

What Is Emailing?

Finally, I have
written my
letter!
w !
Phe

I hope this letter

reaches Professor
Owen quickly!

25 SAS – SC No. 51
 I’d like to send this Do you wish to send
letter to London. it by sea or by air? Huh? What is
the difference?

Sea mail reaches the Hmm…three days…

*recipient in a month, seems too long. Is
while air mail takes there any faster way?
only three days.

Hmm…what
about email?
It’s sent in less
than a minute.
And it’s free of
charge!

*recipient: the person who receives

Now I Know! something (in this case, a letter)

Emailing is a correspondence method that is carried out through

the internet to exchange information. People send their emails by
using computers, mobile phones or other electronic devices.

SAS – SC No. 51 26
 Urgh… The post office
Great! Can you does not provide that
help me email service. You’ll have to
this letter? do it yourself.

!
Ur gh

Oh!

Huh? How do I
email this letter?

Of course! Email
Susan, do is the most widely
you know used service on
what an the internet.
email is?

Oh!

Now I Know!

Emailing is an information exchange mode in

which someone sends electronic mail to one
person or more people.

27 SAS – SC No. 51
 Can you email this Ha, ha… You don’t
letter to Professor need an envelope to
Owen for me? send an email.

?
Huh

You send your letter

to Professor Owen
with the computer.

Type in Professor
Owen’s email address
here. Then type what Finally, press “Send”!
you want to say here. Professor Owen will
receive your email.

Now I Know!

Emails can be sent and received in text

messages, pictures, sounds and other
forms.

SAS – SC No. 51 28
 That is so simple! Will Of course! Sending an
Professor Owen really email is so simple!
receive my email?

Yes, Neil!
Yay! Now I can
keep in touch with
Professor Owen
via email.

Look, Professor Hooray! He has

Owen has replied! promised to visit
us next month!

ha…
Ha,

Now I Know!

Emails can be sent very quickly. Internet

users often have to pay monthly internet fees,
which are relatively cheap, to access email.

29 SAS – SC No. 51
 The short form of electronic mail is ‘E-mail’.
The most commonly used email addresses
are Gmail, Hotmail, Yahoo mail and QQ mail.
The @ symbol is an email sign that means
‘at’. The format of an email is: Username + @
+ domain name.

In today’s emailing system, emails

can be sent even when the senders
and receivers are not online at the
same time. They just need to log into
their email address in order to send
or receive emails. Emails have made
communicating between people all
over the world much easier.

SAS – SC No. 51 30
Material World Energy

Styrofoam Houses
In Japan…

Hi Jiro, Jin!
Hi,Tomi! Welcome to my
new home!

Tomi, why don’t you

Tomi, your new show your friends around
house looks the neighbourhood.
interesting!

Yes! It looks Okay, Dad!

like an igloo.

Yes, it does.

31 SAS – SC No. 51
 Tomi, why
did you Dad said that
move here? these houses
can resist Is that true? I’m not sure.
earthquakes. They look fragile. We just
moved here.

Look, there Yes, let’s

is a builder. ask him. Huh? Yes!

Hello, sir!

They sure
Can I help you?
can!
Can these houses
really resist
earthquakes?

Now I Know!

Styrofoam is mainly made from polystyrene resins

that are mixed with additives such as foaming
agents.

SAS – SC No. 51 32
 These houses are
built with super
light Styrofoam.

Isn’t Styrofoam used to

make boxes…

Really?
?
Huh

Can you use it to

build houses too?

These Styrofoam houses

Well, they are not made of have no beams or pillars,
the usual kind of Styrofoam. they can resist a magnitude
They are made of a harder 7.0 earthquake.
form of polystyrene foam.

Wow, I can’t
believe it!

Sorry kids, I have to get

back to work. See you!

Thanks!

See you!

Now I Know!

Styrofoam houses are made by Japan Dome

House Co. Ltd. The houses are light, each
weighing only 80 kilograms.

33 SAS – SC No. 51
Inside Tomi’s new house… Ha, ha… Are you
hungry? I’ll get you
some cookies.
You’re back! Cool! This house
is dome-shaped,
inside too.

Here you go...

Thanks,
Uncle Tori.

Suddenly…

Oh!

tle…
Rat
Earthquake!

Oh!

Oh, no, the

house is going
to collapse!
tle …
Rat

Now I Know!

Styrofoam houses do not rot or rust

and won’t be invaded by *termites.
*termites: small, pale
Thus, they are very durable. soft-bodied insects,
many of which feed on
wood

SAS – SC No. 51 34
 Get down,
like me.
…
h atter
S

tle …
Rat

A few minutes later… Dad! Has the

quake stopped?

Yes, Tomi!

Wow, your house Yes, I think living

didn’t collapse. This Well…it is safer, but
in a Styrofoam
Styrofoam house is it’s a mess now…
house is much
earthquake proof! safer in Japan,
where earthquakes
occur frequently.

We’ll help!

Now I Know!

It takes three people only a week to finish building a

Styrofoam house. The material is much stronger than
conventional foam.

35 SAS – SC No. 51
 Styrofoam is a plastic
with many small pores
in it. Most plastics
can be made into
Styrofoam after being
processed.

Styrofoam is highly adaptable

to changes in temperature
and humidity. Besides, it has
excellent cushioning and
shock-absorbing properties
that can reduce damage to
packed items.

Styrofoam also has excellent

soundproof properties. Thus,
the wall decoration materials
of cinema walls and ceilings
are made from Styrofoam to
absorb sound and prevent
echoes.

SAS – SC No. 51 36
 Q UIZ TIME
characteristics and classification of living and
non-living things

Complete the C R O S S W O R D puzzle with the help of the clues.

(6)

(7) (8)

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

(5)

C LUES
Down
Across 1 Plants and an
imals need to in
order to ensure the co
1 Carol screamed when George ntinuity of their
own kind.
frightened her. She is to
change. 6 Mike forgot to
bring pocket money to
school to buy to eat.
2 A flowering plant in a box without
any holes will die because there 7 There may
come a time when we
is no . have to say goodbye
to the living
things around us as the
3 Everything is special in its own y will .
way and has its own . 8 Animals will
die of if they do
not drink water for a few
4 The huge variety of things in our days.
fascinating world is called .
5 Non-living things cannot
from place to place by themselves.

37
© Singapore Asia Publishers Pte Ltd
 RUE
ALSE Write ‘T’ for a true statement and ‘F’ for a false
statement in the boxes provided.
a Some animals only need water and air to survive.

b A car can move on its own. Therefore, a car is a living thing.

c Rust occurs in the presence of air. Therefore, rust is alive.

d When the wind blows, tree branches move. The branches are
responding to the environment.

e Wood, fruit, silk, cotton and rubber come from things that were
once alive.

f Corals in the sea that look like rocks are alive.

g Fish spend all their lives in water and so can live without air.

h An organism is a living thing.

C LASSIFY THEM
Classify the following words under the correct columns in the table below.

slug wind millipede corn cooking oil air

star termite rubber duck cotton dress soap
weed sunshine stonefish gold earring candle

Non-living Non-living
Living
( once alive ) ( never alive )

38
© Singapore Asia Publishers Pte Ltd
 A NSWER THESE QUESTIONS
Study this diagram of a section of a public park.
dragonfly
tree

lamp-post

wooden bench stones

plant
twigs

frog

a Classify the things that have been labelled in the diagram into living things
and non-living things in the classification chart below.

Things in the park

Living things Non-living things

b If all the living things in the diagram were placed in an enclosed airtight
area, what would happen to them?

c Identify the two things in the classification chart that were once alive.

39
© Singapore Asia Publishers Pte Ltd
 Answers
Q C A
Across Living Non-living Non-living (a) Living things: dragonfly, plant,
(1) responding (once alive) (never alive) frog, tree
(2) air slug rubber duck star Non-living things: twigs, stones,
(3) characteristics weed corn cooking oil wind wooden bench, lamp-post
(4) diversity termite cotton dress sunshine (b) They would die as there
(5) move millipede soap gold earring would be not be enough air
Down stonefish candle air for all living things to survive
(1) reproduce for a long period of time.
(Additional information: Soap is made
(6) food (c) They are the twig and the
using animal fat or plant oils. We
(7) die can use beeswax or paraffin wax as wooden bench.
(8) thirst ingredients in candles.)

NEW
Find out
(a) F (b) F (c) F (d) F
(e) T (f) T (g) F (h) T All questions more here

taken from:

Learning Higher Order

Skills and Thinking
Processes in Science
Lower Block 3/4

NOW YOU KNO

W
Classification helps us to put things in an orderly way so that we can learn
about the similarities and differences among the things around us.
We can use graphic organisers to show classifications.

A Classification Diagram
Shapes

Circles Triangles Rectangles

Black White Black White Black White

40
© Singapore Asia Publishers Pte Ltd
My Body Systems

Buck-toothed Shaun

Hey, there
is Shaun! Hmm
…

Hi, Shaun. How

are you? It’s
been a long time
since I saw you
How is Shaun, are you okay,
last!
school? you look unhappy?

Hmm
…

Hmm
…

Can I help you?

Oh! Hello, Nikki…

Hmm… I am fine…

Hmm
…

41 SAS – SC No. 51
 My classmates
You can’t help! always make
I don’t like my fun of me.
buck teeth!

Oh!
Oh!

You may want

to get braces
like me!

i kes!
Y

Nikki! What Ha, ha…I got my

happened to braces on last year.
your teeth?

Eeee…

Br ace
s?

Now I Know!

Orthodontics is the science of bringing the teeth and jaws

into a harmonious position on the face. An orthodontist,
the braces specialist, can determine whether you need
braces.

SAS – SC No. 51 42
 Why did Don’t you remember?
you do I used to have a gap
that? between my front teeth.

Ha, ha…yes!

You may want to

My dad told me that ask your parents
braces could correct the for their advice.
gap between my teeth.

Ha, ha… I
think I will.
Thanks, Nikki!

Now I Know!

Braces are the tools used to straighten your

teeth; they play an important role in correcting the
position of your teeth.

43 SAS – SC No. 51
 A week later…
Hi, Nikki.

Shaun,
you’re
here?

My parents agreed Well, that’s

that I should get great!
braces to correct
my buck teeth.

In the dental X-ray room…

Okay, keep still. I’ll Now we’ll get a

take an X-ray of your dental cast done
mouth and teeth. of your teeth.

Now I Know!

With the development of science and technology, there

is less pain when braces are installed. Also, they can
be installed faster and look more attractive.

SAS – SC No. 51 44
 Alright Shaun, that’s all for Three days later…
today. Come back in three
days and I’ll fix the braces
on your teeth.

Thanks.

Shaun, you need to

keep your teeth very
clean while you have
your braces on. You’ll
have to brush after
meals and be extra
careful to remove any
food that gets stuck in
your braces. You also
have to come back for
regular check-ups.

In couple of years, you’ll

Shaun, it looks have beautiful teeth!
like you got your
braces today!
!
Huh

Now I Know!

Getting braces put on your teeth is not the end of

the process, it is just the start. With braces on, you
have to clean your teeth more often. Brush your
teeth every time you eat something.

45 SAS – SC No. 51
 They are small in size, solid and
durable, with accurate grooves
that can help with the perfect
alignment of teeth. They are
reasonably priced.

Their brackets have the same

lustre as real teeth and are
beautiful as well. The brackets
have the same functions as metal
braces.

Orthodontic treatment can

be achieved without wires
or brackets. These can look
good and be worn and taken
off freely. This makes oral
hygiene easier too.

SAS – SC No. 51 46
 General
Science Magnifier Knowledge

It’s So !
I’ll make a … and very hot
delicious taco chilli sauce.
for lunch…with
veggies, meat…

Mmm… I like I’ll just make a

my taco extra phone call first…
hot! then I’ll enjoy my
taco.

47 SAS – SC No. 51
 Oh, my stomach is Wow! There is a
rumbling…I am hungry. delicious looking
I’ll see if there is taco!
anything in the fridge
to eat!

I’ll just have a

bite…
gg h…
Ur g

Oh! Kai, you ate my

taco! My very
hot taco!

!
gh… Hot !
g Hot
Ur g

g,
Glu
…
g lug

Now I Know!

Hotness is not a taste or a sense of taste. It is a

burning sensation on the tip of your tongue that is
caused by spicy hot food.

SAS – SC No. 51 48
 Here Kai, drink
some milk. You’ll
!
Hot feel better.

r n ing
Bu ot!
h
g g h…
Ur g

g gh… g,
Ur g Glu
…
g lug

How are you

I added a lot of chilli
feeling now?
sauce and chilli
powder to my taco.
I like it very hot.

Oh! I am never
h… going to eat
Aaa tacos again!

Phew! Much
better now.

Now I Know!

The foods that have *pungent

substances or seasoning include *pungent: having a
chillies, pepper, ginger and wasabi. strong taste or smell

49 SAS – SC No. 51
 Feeling
Spicy
Lots of people enjoy eating hot
foods, but many do not like the
burning sensation. It can be hard for
us to avoid eating hot foods. Aside
from removing the chillies from our
foods, how can we ever get rid of
the heat in our mouths?

Drinking water is not very helpful

in getting rid of the heat in our
mouths. The best solution is
milk, which has a protein called
casein in it. Casein can perfectly
neutralise the stimulating
sensation of chillies and reduce
the spiciness.

Aside from milk, other

dairy beverages and
yogurt can also get rid
of the hotness in your
mouth.

SAS – SC No. 51 50
 General
Wonderful World Knowledge

White Fogbow
At the morning market...
Hmm…it looks
foggy today!

Hello! Grandma, We are helping you

we’re here! with your stall today!

Thanks,
Jim, Jane!

Yes, Jane, it is! That’s why Oh! That is not

Grandma, it there are not many people good for your
looks foggy coming to the market. business.
today!

51 SAS – SC No. 51
 I am sure it will clear Grandma, the Jim, we’re here to
soon…then people apples look so help Grandma sell her
will start coming to Yes, delicious! fruits, not eat them.
the market. Grandma!

Ha, ha…here, Thanks, Huh?

have one! Grandma!

…
ch
un
h! Cr
nc
Mu

Jane, look Huh? A white

there, a rainbow?
rainbow!

h?
Hu

Now I Know!

Fogbows, or white rainbows, are formed in the same

way as rainbows in that light is reflected inside tiny
water droplets and emerges to form a large circle or
arc.

SAS – SC No. 51 52
 Well, that is
Why is the because it is a
rainbow white? fogbow, not a
rainbow. Rainbows happen
when the air is filled
with raindrops, and
you see it in the
It sure direction opposite
looks like the sun.
a rainbow.
Shouldn’t a
rainbow have
seven colours?

Yes, Grandma,
I know that! Wow, the fogbow
looks stunning!
Doesn’t it, Jim?

Fogbows are much the

same, always opposite
the sun, but fogbows
are caused by the small
Yes, it does!
droplets inside a fog or
cloud rather than larger
raindrops.

Oh, I see!
u n ch!
Cr

Now I Know!

A fogbow not only appears arch-shaped, but sometimes

can also be a 360-degree circle.

53 SAS – SC No. 51
 Kids, help me put
the rest of the Okay,
watermelons up here. Grandma!

Grandma, your fruits look fresh and delicious. I Later…

am sure they’ll sell when the crowd comes! Look, the fog
has cleared!

y !
Ya

Jim, people Come, come,

The fogbow has people! Buy fresh
are coming
disappeared! and delicious fruits
to the market here!
now!

Now I Know!

Fogbows are different from haloes, which form

when light is refracted into multiple dim-coloured
rings. Fogbows are white in colour.

SAS – SC No. 51 54
 The conditions for the formation of
a fogbow are strict. This means that
fogbows are less commonly seen
than rainbows and mostly appear
over hills and mountain areas.

A moonbow is a rainbow that

is formed by moonlight. Since
moonlight is less bright than
sunlight, the moonbow is
usually dimmer than a rainbow
and appears in the opposite
direction to the moon.

A parhelion is a bright spot on

either side of the sun, caused
by refraction of sunlight through
ice crystals. Parhelia (sundogs)
usually occur during sunrise or
sunset.

55 SAS – SC No. 51
Science Story Diversity

Grandpa’s Tractor
Ha, ha, ha! Catch me!

Br um
-r um-r
um…
Caught you!

a , ha!
h
Ha,

Hi, Danny! Huh?

Aaron! Grandpa,
it’s you.

Wow! Aaron,
look! A tractor!

Danny, let’s
go and have
a closer look! Grandpa, why
are you driving
a tractor?

SAS – SC No. 51 56
 Hee, hee… Wow, cool!
This is my I have never
Grandpa has a been so close
new tractor. new tractor! to a tractor!
It is a
convenient
way to farm
my land.

Grandpa, why
Wow, the are the back
wheels are wheels bigger
really big! ? than the front
Huh ones?

Oh!

I’ll explain, Bigger wheels provide

let me get a larger surface area of
off first! contact with the ground.
So the tractor won’t get
stuck in mud.

Now I Know!

Tractors are used to pull machines that cannot move

themselves. Tractors are often used in agriculture to do
farm work such as sowing seeds.

57 SAS – SC No. 51
 A tractor is also used
to pull farm machines
such as a seeder or
transplanter. Larger rear
wheels are needed to
support the weight of
these machines.

The front smaller wheels

generate less resistance to Moreover, the weight
the ground. This not only distribution of the
helps to control the wheels, tractor’s front and rear
it also saves engine power. wheels have to be even
for it to work well.

Oh, I see!

Hmm…that’s a
lot of things to
understand!

Grandpa, can I sit Okay! But

on the tractor? do not touch
anything!

a , ha…
H

!
Yay

Now I Know!

A hand tractor is a small wheeled tractor that has

the advantages of being lightweight, small and
flexible.

SAS – SC No. 51 58
 Wow! This Urgh! That
ha!
Yee…
is cool! I am was a bad
riding a tractor! decision!

…
Ha, ha

Aaron! Stop! Grandpa, don’t

Come down be mad…
now!

ha!
Yee…

Later… Where do
think you
Come with me now! are going? No, we have
Since you two like homework!
farming so much, I
have some work you
can do!

No! h!
Ur g …
Ahh

Now I Know!

A caterpillar tractor consists of wheels and

tracks. This tractor is suitable for use in wet
and soft soil.

59 SAS – SC No. 51
 People living in the countryside
often use tractors as a means
of transportation. Going to the
market or to hang out, they prefer
driving their tractors to driving
their cars or walking.

Tractors have replaced

human and animal power.
Farmers use the farming
devices installed behind the
tractors to flip and loosen
the soil and improve the soil
structures.

The water pump of a tractor

can be used to water the
land. Tractors can also
spray pesticides; this allows
farmers to finish working a
larger area in a shorter period
of time.

SAS – SC No. 51 60
 General
Unusual Riddles Knowledge

Black Sand Beach

Oh, no! The flying
ship has some
problem!

m. ..
Z o o ink ka
-
Ka-ch a - c hunk…
… k
chunk
What? What
are we going
to do? Urgh! We are
going to crash
land!

Luckily
we’re not
Phew! hurt!
Rr
rrr
…r
rrr
r…

Rr r r r… don
k… donk…

61 SAS – SC No. 51
 Huh? Where are
we, Knowly?
Hmm… Bobo, I think
we are on a beach.

h?
Hu

Are you sure,

it is a beach?

Yes, I think so.

Why is the
Bobo, look
beach sand
there! Let’s ask
black?
that lady!

Now I Know!

Black Sand Beach is located near the village Vik in

Southern Iceland. The beach has black and crystal-clear
sand. It was once rated as one of the most beautiful
beach in the world.

SAS – SC No. 51 62
 Excuse me, Madam. You are at
Can you tell us where Reynisfjara
we are? Beach.

!
Oh
!
Ur gh

h?
She is a witch! Hu
We are in big Please, please!
trouble! Don’t hurt us!

!
Ur gh

Ha, ha… Don’t be

afraid! I’m a good
witch. I won’t hurt you.

Promise?

!
Oh

Now I Know!

Black Sand Beach is a purely black beach whose

sand is rather rough. The sand nearer to the sea
is very fine.

63 SAS – SC No. 51
 Ha, ha! Of
Did you cast a spell course not. It
to turn this beach formed naturally.
sand black?

The black sand

Huh?
is made up of the
Naturally?
fragments of lava.
How?

These fragments are mainly

composed of minerals that
are rich in iron. That’s why
ow! the sand is black.
W

Now I Know!

The black sand is made up of high-temperature lava

granules that met seawater and cooled down after
the volcano had erupted.

SAS – SC No. 51 64
 Wow, that’s Knowly, come on, let’s
incredible! make a sand castle
with the black sand!

h?
Hu

Hey, I’ve
Yeah! I’ve repaired your
finished building That really flying ship. You
my black sand looks scary! can fly back
castle! home now.

Yay!
Yay!
Bye! Thanks
Bye! for your help.

Now I Know!

Black sand quickly absorbs sunlight and this can

speed up people’s sun-tanning.

65 SAS – SC No. 51
 Which Photos Don’t Belong?
Bobo and Knowly have taken some photos on Black Sand Beach.
Which of the photos were NOT taken on Black Sand Beach?

A B

C D

E F

Answers :B, C & E

SAS – SC No. 51 66
 General
Science Adventures Series Knowledge

Wide-Eyed: Megalodon Shark

Ahh…
Urgh! I don’t have
Please don’t
time for your
shoot us!
nonsense! Don’t move!
!
Yikes

Oh! Yes, sir! Urrgh! We’re Boo…

Rex, tie them up! really in a tight hoo…I’m so
situation now! sorry…

Look, there’s
a big white
shark!

Let’s go down and warn

it about the hunters!

It’s them!

sh…
Spla

67 SAS – SC No. 51
 White Shark, don’t
swim near that boat. Huh? Who
They are shark- are you?
hunters!

sh…
Spla
It doesn’t matter who we
are! What’s important is
that you’re in great danger!
What happened…
Thanks for your concern. Wow! This shark hasn’t
I know them personally! passed out yet!
They almost killed me once!

Careful!

Oh! Run!

The shark
escaped!

Jump!

!
Splash
Phew… I
escaped from
F lip! F lop! the hunters!

SAS – SC No. 51 68
 I am here to take revenge
for my pals who were
killed by them.
Huh? Then why
are you swimming
towards the boat?

Oh, but the boat is

too big. I can’t do
anything.

What
happened?

h!
Splas Splas
h!

Look, they are going

Wide-Eyed! to start slaughtering
soon. What are we
going to do?

Wide-Eyed! Quick!
Do something to
stop them!
Oh!
Ur gh!

69 SAS – SC No. 51
 Let’s go and tell Well, that
the dolphins to won’t work!
leave the area. It’s useless.

Okay!
Why?

They are eating

their favourite food
now! They won’t
listen to you!

Click! Click! Click!

I have another idea.

Yes, you are right!
I can enlarge Seagull
big enough to scare
Enlarge?
those evil men!

Ha, ha! I’m going

to be a mighty
Yes! My flying saucer seagull!
can not only shrink
things, it can also
enlarge things. But
it only lasts for 3
minutes.

Are you W hir r r r…

ready?

Yes!

SAS – SC No. 51 70
 Urgh! The glare
W hir r r r… is hurting my
eyes!

W hir r r r…

Oh! I think your

*psychokinesis isn’t
Huh? I am not strong enough.
big enough!

Urgh! What has

that got to do
with making me
!
Oh big?

Why don’t Guys, let’s start

you try it on shooting the
me? dolphins on the left!

!
Oh

Maybe it will Hum! You seem to

work better on have a better choice.
White Shark!

h !
Ya !
la sh
Sp
Ban
g!
*psychokinesis: the supposed ability to
move objects by mental effort alone 71 SAS – SC No. 51
 Huh? A shark...
swimming this
h...
Swis sh...
way!
Swi

!
Ur gh ! h...
Ur gh Swis sh...
Swi h...
Swis sh...
Swi

Forget it! Concentrate But… That

on the dolphins first. shark…
es!
Yik …
But …
But

Why are you

stuttering?

But…that is
gigantic!

h...
Swis sh...
Swi

SAS – SC No. 51 72
How gigantic
can it be? It is the legendary
megalodon shark!
!
Wow

h!
Ur g

s h !
S pla

This is
impossible!
h…
Aaa

73 SAS – SC No. 51
 Megalodon sharks were prehistoric
sharks that lived between 15.9 and
2.6 million years ago. Many
*palaeontologists call them the most
powerful creatures in the history of
the earth.

A megalodon shark had

more than 250 teeth with
sharp serrated edges. The
shark had a super strong
bite force that was 6 to 10
times that of a white shark.
Thus, it could easily crush a
whale’s bones.

The megalodon shark had a strong,

*streamlined body. It preyed on any
living creatures in the sea and its
favourite food was the whale. Adult
megalodon sharks would hunt in
wide seas. Young megalodon sharks
liked living in offshore waters.
*palaeontologists: people who study fossils
of plants and animals
*streamlined: a form that presents very
little resistance to a flow of air or water

SAS – SC No. 51 74
 General
IQ Corner Knowledge

Where Are My Antlers?

Yaw Good morning, Huh

n ! ?
Daisy! You are
finally awake.

Daisy, what’s the Dad, when will I

matter? Why are get antlers like
you sad? yours?

Sob
!
Silly girl, only a male
deer have antlers. Ha, ha… I thought I
We female deer would have antlers too.
don’t have antlers.

Really, Mum?
Ha,
ha…

75 SAS – SC No. 51
 Sika deer live in
forest edges or
mountain meadows
and mainly feed on
grass and leaves.

The body of a sika deer is

covered with bright white
spots and its fur colour
changes with the seasons.
Sika deer have a well-
developed sense of smell and
hearing. They can run quickly
and are talented at leaping.
Male sika deer have a pair of
antlers on their heads. Every
year, they shed their antlers
and grow new ones. Male
deer often fight over females
and the antlers on their heads
serve as weapons when they
attack each other.

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