- .

THE COMMUNIST

A MANUAL ON
ORGANIZATION - C:

BY
J. PETERS
T" organhtimd Manual fi a long-felt need
It will be welcomed by thou-&
Party member8 who haye lookad farwnrd to ib
of active

poblfcatioa for a long tima. Much of the m a w

& bg -ad% Peters M the basis for thL M a n t d
~ a itqi~ b, @~dd&t, but it is s~sttefadin
docrrments over a period of yeam Much of the
m p W WM of lab available, M for -PI% the

on the ime8tion af orgm-tm

.
famourn and thorough go- mm1utiona and dedsiona
W b g h
Secwd -0 C o d r a c e of the Communbt
Inkmatid, wbioh WM printed in the I w m m
wma ten pmm ago Proas C ~ n -
e, VoL 6, No. $8).
Camde P-I ha8 s d d d much ta the d a t b g
m a k i d bOth &om more re~emtintermtbal e~
p r h e e nnd especially the mmnt a p d e n e e
oi our own Party, experience that Ia very rich ond
traluabla The Manual embodies, therefore, the best
that iu avdable in the thmry d plctOee of organ-
h*n in our o w n Pa* and the Commpniat Xnter-
nationaL Commde P&m not only Q thomug*
aquainted with the fmdammhl prhdplea of h m h -
irt~aisPtlonbnthashadawideaadvPridex-
~ i n ~ ~ w o * a v c a : 4
germ. It ia thir combination of theory and
pzwkica perme8ting the Manual that m aw it ao
~ t o w r P 8 r t y . I . m ~ t h a t w b 0 n ~
Y d ~ p o g ~ i u t h 4 P u t p m l w i l l
womdca how we wuld have a* wW~orrt,
socli a weapon for m long.
~iromthefaattb*tMmnll8lwinbeofgrert
~~ewerymmnkofourPprtshtheddly
w Q F % ~ w u , i n t h e f h t ~ p
r m ~ i b r ~ b r ~ d o r r r d m m , d h e l p i n
t b ~ U d m * n a ~ w i t h ~ b i e
B
tb&ea are f a c d With 540 skop nuclei, E m
~ n n c l e i , m o r e t h a n e t i O ~ w m e
8O~andhandiedbrrgonhrt~offmu
t h n ia the undoar and other mass o-tb
~ ~ o r e m s n y t h o ~ o f f m c ~ f
~ w u l f t n d t ? k a ~ ~ ' b ItwiUboi l € L
h d d a b l e d u e e q e c U y b the ianetionariee in
W Iowew organhation%the organks, wretarieq

-
Irsstpp d-m, Iibratum agenh, ete., the brveau
msu&uu 4 the sbPp end s t r e d nuclei, the $@on
u p whom ialln the main burden for
the -Ion of the line of the Party in the maw-
work We charsck of which determine# th
of the P*rty in the soIution of its main e.
If we mmmber that, aa a r&dtof the recent
growth of the Party, the majoritg of the Party mem-
bembip b relatively new ( h a than two yearn h the
Pa*), then more emphasb is added tO the value
of #8 Mannd The growth of the Psrtg membr-
shipandItshmeudngactivityhaanotdymul-
tiplied bur organhtional problems but of n w
that many new c o m d e s WW little
o-tioolul srperimca m u m e leading gosikbm
In the h i l p Party o ~ t i and o ~in the
fractions. W4le we have made aome efforts through
the Pu&w O r g a w i m and the "Party Lifen cdtmn
in the W W ~t h , ah b
impart to them our howledge and et-nea, this
hoa not done mtermticdly. Hate, many mir-
h h a m m * d e allover .grin by the new M o m
arb, a in the aalntion of probl- which in
~ ~ a i t b s P a r t g h a v e n k p v l o b e eMed.
n
Now,wlththi8hualathmd,theenttepartawill
hawa-bbIn.~i~fmmthekatar..
perIenes that m haw.
T h 8 t & 8 i m ~ i a m r ~ ~ * w r k
b ~ ~ - 8 ~ ~ t D P t a t
W,1886,nree#ngdtbeambd~tbOffhs
4
 h t h a l work of the Party were examined ,.

,- t h v h b . o n e t ~ o f ~ o l t h s
-. ~ L * e k d ~ t i w o f t h e I o w m c a d m & ~

! to tauka for which they am not fully prepared; &q -.

:
:
am not given help, they ape allowtd b drift, with '
fhedtthatumnftbfonadkbttheirmrkia +

, b not mtidaEtorg and chmga~arm made. Bat IIW ,

'
fmcdonariea who replqca them go through the very ; '1'
lume - g r i n . The d in constant cha- ,
;.
The -tion, however, brought out the fact that
in those unita and d o n a where we w& nome
-;
'
whet in stsbilizing the cadres the work L much :

'
better than in thoae where &are L coastant ehaage.
H the Mannd will but aid in the solution of thia
one blvning qnegtion it will more than f d 3 y ita

The extiminution of the work of the Party dfa-

' '
closed that, in practice, there ia d l an i n s u e e n t
orienhtion in conducting our work along the linea
laid down in the Opm (adopted at the Ertra- ...,..
ordinary ParQ Confere~ee, Jdy, 1933), that ia,
from the viewpoint of eoncentration in tbe main fac- ,
. tori-, industries, bade anions, the placing of the
eenter of gravity of our work in the lower organ- . .

Thia, of course, involva in the first place the con- . .-

-,.centration of our a o r t r tOwarda the building of the -;
. Party h the factories, the creation o f shop nuclei
. and the development of the h o p nuclei into m d :
masa Psm organhtiona in the factories, carrying
. out dl the laalra of tbe Party, -1 the struggles
,
, '
-
of the masses h thewi i a e t o r i e d e akngglerr on
- all hues, emmmic and goIith1. a :.,
The Manual Gkee up fhis q n d m in great detail. ( -

', I t ~ l a i n s w h y w e C o m m ~ m t b e o a J y g o l i t r d, >a:
P*rtg that M L its bPsie o r g d d i o n in the i s : ,+
a;.
1'
I ,-, h
.
u
.- 8
m
: :,$
, -
tmk I t b k e s u p t l m q u ~ d ~
~ t h e r h o p n ~ t h e l r ~ o f w w k n *
v P r g f a g e w d i ~ ~ ~ o n d ~ 0 ~ a r P s
l t o t h e ~ b r r t b e f r a d e P a i o n f m c ~ & .I
amcan~thatthIs~inthehanaaofooar
d e a is tbe uhop litfdd will d d in the h p r w b
m4atofthewdoftheshognncled,aswellasin#e
mare mpid d -tie b u i l d k of shvp nuclei
~hemthey&nOt~ptexiat.
~emtrdqm&iondealtwlthatthaM~
medhg d &a Centrnl C o d - was the work
of & bade anion M o n a . With the & a g t h d
of our Party in the A. F. of L. miom the
m m wm ent of the wwk of the W e mioa f r w

-
wns ham b c m e of incmwhg imgortanea ma
Mhud deals y£th them i m w t qwdons; a

-
mledthefr~howtheyaretobebafl4tsPrir
work thefr relation h the Party orgmhtloms,
*-d-easIngthe-ww=
of the Pa* the methods of ~ i t i n g the , over-
of the high tlnctuatioa of nwmbers, all
pmbhxi that a m a0 c l d y c o d with the work
oi tha 10- organhtiona, the qtlmitiona of metho&
of W eolleetimq initiation of new mabema, tb
dnmklotl of the new msmbsrs, efc., are taken op
a d h t d In grept detail.
It b nmawmq in this intmddon b d h
all the 3mgortant quastions -tad in the MPnaP1.
Thiscmbumnhaglanceatthefiadex. 8-
ah-thatit d e a I a w i t h d l t b v i t a l q n ~ a b
Party o w m h t i o a kt oa mention just two m m
~ d q u ~ d e a l t w i t Firat,bopeningw5+
h .
~ ~ c h ~ l a l n f a a ~ ~ o a d d e t a i l
m a m m k h e ~ i b a I t .Wb.tirtheComm0ni.t
Party; w h a t h i t s r o L e i ~ t h n t o t b e o t b e r ~
i a a ~ o i # 8 ~ w h a t i s f h
po~;whatareQhemaintaetterdthePar&,eta
ItIsafaeEthat~ofourPar~menhrahm
6
 e comrade# charged

mk in relation to t
k whole Party.
N a b r d y , tbeMmnaI willnot by ituelf d w onr '.'
ProbZema Nor will it bring the bet read& if it ,
will be ecraEeived of am a blue print h~be appIied me-
h n i d l y . It will be moat &active if it is properly
understma EU a wida to the dsiIy pmetical prob -
lami. In this respect it ie necsassry not only that- -'

' we emure awry Party member seetlring a copy of .

THE COMMUNIST PARTY ..
A MANUAL ON ORGANIZATI0,N
I. Fundamcl~dmof the Party Program

T"E Communist Pwty ia the organised vanguard

of the working dam, composed of the moat
~ o n a r the, mod cmtmgeoua, the moet &and-
,

ficinp section of the proletariat. The Commrmlst '

Pnrtg does not Btand ahve, but is part and p d of,
the working clam It is the general d of the
proletariat.
The Communist Party is armed with the teach-
ings of Marx, Engela, h n i n and Stalin. Them
teachings are a powerfuI weapon in the handrr -
of the Communist Party. They enable the Party
t o direct the struggles of the working daaa dong
the correct line, and to gain victories while avoiding
unnecessary sacrifice. These teachings enable the
Party to h o w which forcwr are acting in the inter-
ests of the working clam and which againrt it. By
meam o f thew teachiitga the Gommuniet Party ia
able to And the best methods of ~truggleof the
working class against capitalism, and for s o e i a l h

THE ROLE AND AIM OF THE COMMUNIST PARIT

As the leader and organizer of the proletarhf

the Communist Party of the U.S.A. leads the work-
ing cIass in the fight for the revolutionary overthnrw
of capitalism, for the eatablkhment of the dictator-
ship o f the prolebriat, for the esbbkhment of a
Socialist Soviet Republic in the Unitmi S t a b , for
8
mentd~thefiretubmoftb6

_be ia s artate of gwernmental uhia which dm*

even the moat bachard maasel into polities, .. . , $

(Little h n i n Library, Vol. 20, p. 66.)

- T h e a ~two conditions alone are not d e n t for
the m d u l &mggIe of a e working elass. Evan I
i2 the maasea h o w that m U m liberatea the
working claea, epsn if the marmm h o w that 8ocSrl-
ism can be woa only through revolntion, tlnleas there
f a strongly organized C o m m d d Partg which er-
p l h the aimrr and methods of the rrtnzggle fo the '

workem, llnlepe it iW organham them sbnmlui,

and is ibelf in the forefront of them,the r ~ ~ l ~ k
cannot b vietorioaa. h d n m o b about the need '
for a strong Communbt Pam m the advance m r d
 of the working claw that a revolution i
T The Commmiet Psrty con do thia by
the truEt#d YEmpwd, the l m b d or-

the proldriat of the necwity for

of #a old order.
WTbPash&&

hmcbmen of the bomgdaie in the m r h of the

-king dw, they learn the role of the ref& .
W e r s o f tbe M e unions and of the Socfali8t
Pmty. Ia other words, the proletarinn maaaes,learn
through their own experiences that their clam, the
wmkhg c b 6 , haa el- e n e n t i e bosses, 2he
~ h i b r mthe
, cap- and their h-. W
bum art there is only one way out of misery, in-
d B ,unempbymq~t,ek-the way of the b d
overthrow of the old ordm, and the esbbliahment of
the new-the pdehdan dictatomabip,
These cm@emm wiU be learned in the day-Way
&ugglm Inthelightfor hthr ~qndibm,in
for~h~~adebo*hoars,inthe~lea
for adeqw8 m, for anemg-t
- ' " - -

[,. -rhotb*.
~poPicswdthtbedrduhand~lve~~~
' t b e ~ t l * d & & * ~ ~ ~
~dtbabmgdak ((Ku KluxgIan,-
, e.) WMIW Iynch law; the prea with Its poidm
ma and-working e l m grogagsnda; thw wfll mm&
~#laroledtheEhtrmh;thej~wifh~
injmctha d vidm nmtenaes againat w o r w ;
&mnynrof*~ortown,the~oikim
W P m d d d of tbe U n W S h W , al-
. -thempiwi8h ThwrPillwa*r%
&nary leadm ln tha A. F. of L,d m treaeher-
o d y helping the W to msh the stmtmleu of
the m r h fox
~ a Qeceat lbhg snd.~rgbJnstcopitd-
igm, ~wmamtheeiF~of#eBo~iali8t~
~ ~ ~ t h ~ e 8 m o r e a n d m o r e s P i t t r t h
~ 0 f ~ A P : o f L J k TheyWillseathe
a .
cynically w d h & poLIcyofthe~htwi4?d
, 8.P. toward ImurgeoW and A. F. of L.
hmaucrack TheJrwilllmtheroleoftheTroteLp-
itea a4 the odp.snce guard of #e cmt&@reVd1-,
m ppm the cepitalid wfth margummW"mgabt
Communism and the Workera' Fatherland, the hick
Union They will we the b v e d o n e i h , the reme-

' T h c t ~ l e o r n t h m u & t h e i r m ~ ~
L
' that they maat haw a C o m r n d P e , whleh
I d thm in their tdmgglea, which dram the em-
., M& &&am from thepre &mnrlea, and WW
htJwpmpadhfor,andfn~midatd,~
smgghi, d n o u a t y q m e a every move of tbe
esemg*ndteacheathemrkfmutb~hmmthat
& m l d b e ~ i n t k d xThecammu-
~ ~
awm,PlLfbmdPBLtelOf*-blll
ad# hhremt: a betterr We for the eaploiW,
~ ~ , t b e c m d o i r l l ~ ~ WhPe
t i O a
 I

-, it leads p d org*nbm the dgbt of the

maum for batter conditionn now h n w the imhr-'
~afthe~areitaEak&a,andbeca~i
~ O W It h m d a y - e y develop the m k -
em for their linrI ---the overthrow of capitdm.
The commlulht P.rts f q h i n a to the worhm
that even those c o n d o m which are won by them
tbmngh hard-fought battles will be taken back by
the l l m r w d e d 6 S 5 the w o r m h£ld a d
ukmgkm their mass combst organ3saWons, ape-.
dally their d a m In thwe Wbta the ma8ne~wfll
their enemies, will realige that there ia o d y one
Pam they can tnrat, only one Party which mta
-promisingly with them against the enema,
the P a w which is their flab and bload--thefr Party
-tha Commtlnkt P w ,
In this way, the Commrrnirrt Party w4Il w h the,
antldence of the mwaes, and h o m e their recog-
nkad leader, their General Stsft, their vangpard,
which they will follow in the final battle to vkbry.

Comrade W i n in hi^ book, F d t i o n a of h n b

hdvea a vmy clear analysia of the qrr&on of
dietabship and democracy. We qnote a few
pamgrapha:
'The State is an instrument In the hands of

-1
' ' beruling elam for mppremhg the rdsbnce of
ita class d e e . In this reap& the dietatorship of
-the prolariat in no way differs, in emeaee, from
the dictatomhip of any other class, for tha prole-
*tarhn Scab ia an h t m m m t for the atlpwbn
af the bonrgeoiale. NevertheIeas, there L an oms+

,
tkd differmica betwmn the two, which is, that all
' . c W States that haye hembfoma have
18
m , * = *:
,
 - -*

.?. ,t.

*
:bdJebn-wa of an
edoia do*,
d t s
-c~ra~rt*elf,~
w h m w the the-
h ~ t l e
~ ~ a i f 8 s t h e
. "

-* .
pl@iMmqlatlh over miudC. pn
tlra W M p of* pmlehriat e*IlIlDQ
,
~ ' o o m ~ ' d e n t ~ , a d ~ f o r a f o x
ri& and poor alike; a -r&p of the p o l s
tarlPt'mrratkaStaktbstb~tieCa~lero
smw ( f o * & e ~ t a a d t h e p a o r i a ~ )
' amd~torialCaww~(~~uiwttbebwt-

d
u.
t
..'pad demmacy* ...*pedect'....demoCmw
h e ~ ~
tbw Mubitable fact that €qualm be-
~andexpIoitedi~im~Thetheorpd
'pure' -cy
b u t

is the the013 d the upgar strt

~ ~
-- . .
I

- tpapdthewox~elasawhiehirr~ddfd
by ta% imperialist plundmm It wan i n m d to ,
' hide h sores of cupitdirrm, to W U im-
~
perialiam and lend it moral stWlrgth in itn 8tmmIe
tha exploited m a w Under the apftalfst
r&em is true M o m ' for the exphlEedr
nor &an t h e be, if for no &hex reason than that
the hitdm,printing plsnts, @ U P P&, ~
Wimpasable for the actpal W~ymentof thia
dams, are-the privilege of the eqloittrra U n d ~ t h e
capitatiat s p a t e the & td do notr
ean they, m d y partidpate in the ~ s t r a h o n
oftheeom~,lfformHI~rePson~
e v e n w i t h t h e m o s t ~ ~ c ~ t l n- dP sf
~ , t h e ~ e n t s p r e & t t p , ~ b y
people, buk by the E o t b d i U a d Sbbnwm, the
Y
- d Ehchfdera
. ~ - n mt l m t h~- P - m, t = bt h e ~ ~

thls n u f o d ~ , Only andex the *top

proktdat In mad *ire%dam' for tlm
* n d l d ~ ~ t f o n i n t l w ~
 tion of the country by the prolebrhmi end peab.
anb &le. wader the dictatamhip of the pro-
Iecr-t-fsw-
desxloctrey of the exgIoiM maforitJt based upon
the of the rigbb of the exploiting mi-
c e and difacted against Ihia minority?' (P-
chtbm of Lmh- by Joseph Stalin, pp. 61-62.)

The ehied hmtegic aim of our Party in the pms-

e n t ~ f s t o w i n t h e m a j ~ o f t h e
ilwa for the straggle a g a h t capitafism. Thi. fa
an mtial condition for vtctory over the bnr-
g d d e d for preparing the -kern for the d d w
batttm for the diatomhip of the proletnrht
The rewolutionary overthrow of the capitplist
tem b the hhhric mimion of the working c h h t
the workem m o t f a their mimion if they fdl
to win over the wide sectlorn of the toiling
I t f6 eumtial that the proleiwiat wha to it4 csum
dl ib d i m , without whom them cannot be a a-
cmdlsl mvolIlti011.
Wboarethedi~ofthe~nwo~El.rwt
Tka @m httar, adopted by ths Central C m m h h
in July, 2988, very clearly anrrwem thi6 question.

The Opm h#er atr-d the following fa&:

T h nwt important alliw oi the Ammicun w o r m
* a r e t h e ~ d s o l . 1 I ~ Tlreseiilrm-
~
e*r,aawdlosbmad~8oftheddhfamem,
a r e h m b t h i t b y t h e w h o I e M ~ t o fput-war
=Pi- and ba the cmmmic criab.
Thqm-b~=P-b*gov-memt,
bptk8kLh,by*~~andthein8ur~~
Tbefr fa- 8m cmmquently dlreated
o b j d v d y .g*fa*6 W eppihL
ThemafnWkofthe~inihwarkamollg
14
 in the M o p m 8 n t of ths farmem' mowtmamt. bt ,..'
:,I .the mnw time Parb hm the importad trsL of .
winninO wer the poor and mnall farmem, aad dm -

. . b m a d ~ o f ~ ~ f a m m , f o r t p e
'. 8tmgglerrgainet~8pItaliamOntheaidedthepro~
@riat;whileat~eoame#meitmu&striveto '*
other areetions d mlddle farmera, This ia
aa 3mpo-t p M & b for a a u c e d d 8trrrggle
, &mt h ofemiw of capidism, aainst iaselsm - .
md for the ddrmae of the BovIet Union, and for
~ h 8 l v i & r y d t h e p ~
Th. Negro -0

TlaePuty~sngCBlPdatthehdof~~tfonrl
;&&nary drtwgie of tbe'N- m*aaes amhut
, A m P r h imperialism only if it mmcgdkidly E.F
:* tb6 follorpino -:

16
 fDml Oi white chrllvhhm d Jint.cmw pm&cm.
It~gOt*fD~botidewlr,-
dl to the &wing in oi the b t ele-
men~oftheNegropm~b,whointhereoent
yeam have ahown to be aelf+mmiWiag
4i&bruhthemk&~apital. Indew
of Ws, a p t i d mthntlon mast be given fo the
gmm&on of Negro p m ladin8 work
1 fo ~
in #a Party orgnm3zatima In 1111 rmrsa actions,
and m m m p w &ruggles the Party must
pay parUealar attention tbat, in formulating gr-
tical demands,it tsltts iato musideration and gi-
q w a i o n to #a medal forma of exploitstion, o p
p d m and denial of the right6 of the employed
and uaemphyd Negro m m w ~At the same time
tha Party and in the h t place the Negro corn-
muat genuinely Improve the methmb o f
%'
p mk, -tic but p e m t struggle egainst
the ideology ond iduence of petty-bomgeoIs na-
tional* among the Negro workers and toiling
N m masses.n (As O m Let- b AU M d e m
af the Cmtmuniat Par&, pp. 14-15.)

The Commaaiat Party dda the

red- &ration mooement of tb oppressed
peopler of the ~obairrlc o r n h i % (Cuba, Philippine%
lath-, I*, Cbina, e k , a).
The -mist Party mobilks tbe mamm for
i n m n n l d M t y with m g l e of tbe
n o r h a In o t h r =pitallst eclantriea.
The Communist Party raW the massea again&
i m w war and iasdem, and for the deieme
0fttw~VniOn.
The Sod& Unton ilr the only fatherlqad of work-
ers dl ovm &a world. It ia the achhmmt of the
- p r o M k ItimUM3Dmut-t
faeWriwthslibmtionafall.rorkemin~
emmky, TheMom,tbeworkmrllwerthewmId
16
muat help the Soviet Union in building rocialiism,
and must defend it with all their power against the
attaeka of the mpitdist powers.
Tht Petty Bonrgwimie
It is necemary and pomible also to win over fo
the side i f the workers b r d d o n s of the lower
petw bourgeoide and intellectual workers in the
cities and to neutralize other sectiona of the petty
bourgeoisie (municipal and st& employees, lower
oaciala, teachers, intellectuals, students, petty bour-
geois war invalids, artisans, -11 shop-keepers),
who have been brought Into action m r result of the
tremendous pressure of the crisii. T h i s can be
done only if the Party win come out re8oIuteIy in
defense of their intsrests, by organizing and lead-
ing teachers' strikes, students' demonstrationq re-
sistance to reduction of salaries of city and state em-
ployeea, re~iataneeta robbery through idation and
bank craahes, etx.
Bactthenmwew&s&thsnwvmmntmwwth%
nmt-plpok-t b e e m d tha mm d e
ithe task of wit~tingdl&#of the pohhzkt becowm,
tL mre W m e h must &bPad# w k to ex-
*
m d organize poprotstad bmr. Xht 8- s x t m s h
of the m v m e n t of the mmpmkttCkt m ~ a ~ d8 8e a
it iwd& mt t h s P a m ROC t o &w *elf t o be
d e - t m c k s d fmvt its M u tm& m b ,tks
of the & d i v a QfE- in tha factwies, above aU i n
the b& hdQ&dM ( 8 t 4 metal, M&OK$J, d*,
-, 6lb.), d tkB ~ 8 t bw=n#
b W p of
fadm lePsel6-i a d hde-mwn orgunktiom
"If the P I Iinterniftea
~ ithi activity among the
pet@-bourgeois maam without at the same time
and ahve all strengtheniw ita base in the big
factories and among the moat important sections
of the American working class ... tLs the oknrtgw
a+ea that the Party, having only weak con-
17
 with the d&ve sections af American workers,
'IRiU be d r i w uwuy from its proletarian he,and
instead of leading the petty-bnrge& mawsea will
succumb to the influence of petty-bourgeois senti-
menta, illusionar and pet@bourgeois methoh of
work" (Oprn L&m, p. la.)

"The increasingly harp attacks against the

workem raise more insistently than ever the neces-
sity o f the establishment of the working-class
%hting front to reri& these a h c k s and to win
the demands of tbe workera The working class
in the Unitsd States ia still largely unorganized.
That part which is organized ia largely under the
influence of the A. I?. of L. bureaucracy, which
keeps it aplit up in innumerable ways by craft
divisiom, by d i m i m h t i o n s against the Negroes
and foreign-brn, by divisiom between the skilled

I
and unskilled, etc. That smaller section which
han begun to question the -pitaliat sydem is
further divided between the leadership of the
Socialbt Party and the Communist Pa*, while a
considerable saction stands wide, still bewildered
by the- divkions and the problems it does not yet
understand, and further confused by the shoub
of those small but active groups, the renegades
from Cummuniem. the Musteitea, eta'' (Earl
Browder: Report to ths Eighth C m v e n t h of the
Communist Party, USA.,p. 66.)
I
The Communist Party understands that the road
bwards our main strategic aim, the winning of the
maforitg of the working cIam for revolutionary bat-
tlea, leads through a broad u n i t d front of the
mass= The united front is organized by the h-
munist Party for tha united ertruggle of Commtmista
and all other workers, members of other partiw or
of no party whamer, fox the defame of the inter.
ests of the working class against the bourgeoisie,
The Communisb do not make any conditiom fox the
united front except that the unity shall be one of
aka& for the particular demands agreed upon.
The united front i~ therefore, 0rA and foremmt, tbe
coming together of working clasrr form for action
for demands upon which the f- have agfead
For example: In a given factory the workem may
be Democrats, Republicans, BodaIiab, C o m m d ,
or membrs of the A. F. of L. without any political
ailllhtion; Catholics, Proteatants, e t c Whest the
employer inereattea the working honm or reducer the
wag=, the policy of the Comnunist Party is im-
mediately to unite the workem to reaid the em-
ployer's attacks, to organism hop cornmi-, griev-
ance w m m i h , to bring the various miom and the
w o r k who belong to diEerent parties into a aolid
line against the brsee. Thia united front, aeeording
to the situation, will enable the workem in this given
fachry to fight d k d l y againat the bossea In this
action the Communist Pmfq will &ow the workers
that only the Communist method o f waging the
struggle will bring victuxy.
The sy&matic application of the united front in
the big fahries i s of dddw importance, especially
for leading strikes, &abIhhing a united fighting
front, and tearing down the barriers between the
revolutionary workers and the masses of other wmk-
ers. The decisive factor in ~tablishingthe united
front b tireleara, every day activity among the work-
ers in order to prove, in every que~tion,the
new of our slogans and our proposals for action.
Apply to Uniana

This application of the united front of the faetOq

workers in action is vefp easily tmder%hd But
when we pass from the fadories to the unions and
b the parties, the coninsion begins. What is the
18
diflerence between the average trade unionist and
a Communist? The trade unionist thinks only o f tIse
interest of the workers in the particular trade or
occupation embraced by his own union. The Com-
munist tbinka of the interah of the working h
m a whole, and rims to bring the whole working
clam inEo common action for their common inkresh
The method of the united-front action in the factory
must also Be applied ta the union#, which must be
brought together for common action. But the bu-
reaucratic leaders of the unions are against mch a
policy fur obviou~reasons (their role as agents of
the bourgeoisie).
Nevertheleas, we must consider the fact that they
are at the head of the unions of the workers, and
therefore cannot be ignored. In most hstrrnms, if
the rank and fiIa ia approached by us for a united
front, the &st r e i o n is: Did the exemtive com-
mittee of our union fake up thk tio on? la it en-
domed by them? If we have not approached their
leaders, we already find one ohtach againat the
workers even considering our propad. Therefore,
in many -a while approaching the rank-and-file
memberlip directly with our united-front proposals
for action on specific iissuepl, while organizing our
influence through building united-front committees
(shop aommitkes, g r i m n e e wmmikerr, ete), in the
fachien, and in this war i-ing our influence,
we a b appeal, at the same tima, ta the leadera of
the unions and the Soualbt Party who have a mass
following, and we are prepared to negotiate with
them. If they agree to act with us, so much tbe
better, even though we may be mre that at some
a w e of the action they wiU try to betray the
workem. If they refuse to negotiate for the united
front, then we must -pose them and the obstacle
they are putting in the way of tbe nnihd f m L
In this manner, t h e prestige of the bureaucratic
20
OBiciaIdorn in the minds of the rank and 0Ie of the
unions receives a severe blow.
T h e nnited front must not be limited only t o
ngecial campaigns. Nor mu&. we abandon efforts to
achieve s united front because we do not succeed at
once in winning over the workers for struggle, and
beta- they do not at once want to sepamte tbem-
seIvee fram their reformist leaders. The vnited
front must not lead to ~uhrdinationof the rwolu-
timarg policim to that o f the reformist leadere in
the way of a m-callea '%on-aggmion pact". United
front means unintermpted, patient, copvincing work
to destroy the influence of reformi~tsand the bour-
geoisie. The rejection of the united front propods
of our Pam and the immediate urgent demands of
the workers by the reformist leadera muat imp1 us
to make even &onger efforts to organk a common
khting front h the factories, mine+ and among the
unemployed massea, In the locals and branch= of
the A. F.of L. and Socialist Party, with the wo~kem
who are under the inhence of the r e f o h t s .

Ther unitad front wnld and should k built on tJ1

issues concerning the inkeats of the working c k ,
~ u c hm war and f h m , eketiow, unempl-t
insurance, wage cub, wnditiotl~, hours, defense
of political prisonere, ete., beside# the immediate
daily problem of the workers in the factory or in
the industry.
The Communist Partg in the united-front d v i -
ties does not give up for a moment ib independent
political role. Thus, the P e ,in dl phaaea of the
united-front action, while %hting aids by aide with
the mn-Party workera, must politiealim the drug-
gle and show its perspective chrly.
The Party, in its every day work, mu& clarify to
the workers in a porkive and wncreb way the prin-
cipal difference between as and the dormiata The
Party, by its practicd work, mnst prove t o the
workera that we are the Whhm for a united &rug-
gle and that tbe reformiat Iesders are the splitters
and dimpters of the struggle.
We mnst show dearly in d o n that the Com-
mmht Pa* is the only P a m that fig& nacom-
promisingly for the internes of the workers.
I
' II. Basic Prheip1es of Party Organiscation
E Communist Party is organized in such a w a y
as t o gnarantw, fird, complete inner unity of
outlook; and, second, combination of the strictest
discipline with the widest initiative and independent
activity of the Party memhrship. Both o f these
conditions are guaranteed because the Party is or-
ganized w the basis of democratic m b l i s m .
DEMOCRATIC CENTRMJSM
Democratic centralism is the system according to
which :
1. W leading c o m m i k of the Party, from the
Unit Bureaus up to the highest committees, are
elected by the member~hipor delegat- of the given
P&y Q r g a ~ t i o x r .
Z Every elected Party committee must w o r t
regularly on its actiPity to its Pa* organization.
It must give an account of ita work
3. The lower .Party comllliWa lrnd all Party
m+a of the given Party organimtion have the
duty of carrying out fhe decisions o f the higher
Party committees and of the Communist Znbrna-
~ the C.1. and of
tional. h other words, d e d ~ i o nof
the higher Party committees are binding upon the
lower bodies.
A Party dkipline f dmmed by the P m b mem-
h and Party organizations because only tho= who
agree with the program of the Cammunist Par*
and the C.X. can become members of the Party.
6. The minoritg carden out the d e c i 8 i o ~of the
majorie (subordjnation of the mimriw to the mtk
jority). Pam questiouar are discueaed by the mem-
23
bers o f the Party and by the Party organization
until such time as r decision is made by the Party
committee or o r g a h t i o ~ After a decision has
been made by the leading committees of the C.I., by
the Central Committee of the Pam, or by the Ma-
tionaI Convention, thk decision muat be unmervedlg
earried out even if a minoritg of the Party member-
ship or a a o ~ t ofy the local Party organizations is
in disagreement with it.
6. The Party organizations, Units, Sections, and
Districb, have the full initiative, right and duty to
decide on local questions within the limits of tb
general policies and decisionrr of the Party.

L)eEjdons of Higher Bodiw Biding on Lower Wias

On the h s i a of democratic centralism, d l lower

Party organizakions are ~ubordinatedto the higher
bodies; District organizations are subordinated to
the Centrd Committee; Section organhations are
subordinated to the District Committee; Party Unita
(shop, street and town) are subo~diatedto the
Section Commithes.
All decisions of the World Congress and mmmit-
tees of the CJ. must be fulfilled by all parties of
the C.I. AU d d o n of the National Convention
and the Central Committee must be frrlfiUed by the
whole P w ; all decisions o f the District Conpen-
tion and Committee mwt be fnIfilled by the Section
organbations of that Diatriet; all decisions d the
Section Convention and Committee are binding on
the shop, streat and town Unita in that Section.
A Party committee or Unit Bureau, throughout
the whole of ita aetivi* from Conventfon to Con-
vention, from Conference to Conferen- from Unit
meeting b Unit meeting, Q not only under the con-
trol of the higher Pa* wmmitteea, but alao under
the control of the whoIe Party membership in the
24
 given organimtion. In cases where the electad Party
committee is not capable of carrying out its task and

I the correct Party line, t h i s committee can be changed

through the calling of an extraordinary Conference
by decision of the higher committees, or by the initia-
tive of the lower organizations with the approval of
the hiher committees.
The Communist Parky puts the interest o f the
working dass and the Party above everything. The
Party aubordinates all forms of Party organhation
to thew inkere&. From thii it follows that one
I form o f organization is suitable for legal existence of
the Party, and another for the conditions of under-
ground, illegal existence. Under conditions where
there is no possibility of holding open elections or
broad Conventions, the form of democratic central-
ism necensarily has t o be changed. In such a dtun-
tion, it is inevitable that cooption be used as well
I as election. That means that in such a situation the
bigber committees will appoint the lower commitbe9
(for example, the Central Committee may appoint
the District Committee; tbe District Committee may
appoint the Section Committee, ete.). Or, in very
exceptional cases, when the lower committee h to
,act quickly, this committee has the right to w p t
new members to the commithe from among the best
jeaders of the organization; and thin m p t i o n must
%e approved by the higher committee.
But even in the moat d i i t situation, the Party
,finds way8 and means of hoIding elections. The Con-
ventions or Conferences under such conditions w i l l
necessarily be smaller. The organization will be
'tighter ao aal to sliminate aar far aa possible the
danger of the aposnre of delegaiaa to tbe dass
ene~&es. Under knditiona of extreme terror, open
,election of cornmi- would endanger the elected
$lead-s and make it possible for the bo~rgaoisieand
,their poIiee agents to -8pture the lesd@8 of fie
25
Party, and in t h i ~way cripple the revolutiwarg
movement. Therefore, such a method is used by the
Party in electing leading wmmitba daring auch a
period which eliminatea the danger of exposure.
Democratic centralism therefore mpres& a flex-
ible system of Party organization which guarantees
ell the conditions for combining the oollseious and
active participation o f the whole Party membership
in the Party life togsther with the best forms of
centralized leaderehip in the activity and struggle8
o f the Party and the working class.

Tha free discussion on questions of Party policy

in individual Party organizations or in the Party
as a whole, is the fundamental right of every Party
member as a principal point of Party dernoeraeg.
Only on the basia of internal Party democracy ia it
possible b develop Bolshevik df-miticism and to
strengthen Party discipline, which must be con-
scious and not mechanical. There i s complete free-
dom of discussion In the Party until a majorik de-
cision has been made by the Unit or the leading
committee, after which discussion mnat eeaae and
the deei~ionbe carried out by every organization and
individual member of the Party.
It is clear, however, that basic principle8 and de-
cisions, such, as for example, the Program of the
Communist International, cannot be questioned in
the Party.
Wa -mot imagine a dimmion, for example,
questioning the comechess of the leading role of
the proletariat in the revolution, or the necessity for
the proletarian dictatorship. We do not question
the theory of the necessity for the forceful over-
throw of capitalism We do not question the cor-
rectneas of the reooIntimmry theory of the dam
struggle laid down by Marx, En&, Lenin and
28
Swim We do not question the wnnter-revolution-
ary nature of Trowisam
We do not question the political correctness of the
d&ioaa, remlutiona, 6, of the Executive Com-
mittee of the C.?., of tbs Convention of the Pnrty,
or of the Central Committee aftex they are reMed.
Otherwise, every undewover agent of the bonr-
geoiaie and every sympathkx of the renegades
would have an ogportuniQ o f contintially raising
their counter-revolutionary tbeorieai in the Unib,
Se*tiona, etc., and make the mmbers spend time and
energy in d h s s i n g such questions, thus not d y
disrupting the work of the Party, but alro creating
confusion among the lesa w i e n c e d and kained
elements in the Party. (As a matter of fact, this is
what enemies of the Party are always trying to do
in the name of 'bdemocracy".)
However, that does not mean that the problemer
dealt with in such d e c i s i o w n d how best to apply
these d e c i s i o w m not t o be chrEed in the Party
organizations by dimssioa. On the contrary,a mod
thorough discussion for the p u r p o ~of making -erg
Party member undersbnd theaa redutions and de-
cisions and how tu apply them is essential for effec-
tive Party work.
PARTY DXSCTPUNB
Party discipline is baaed upon the dassanaciou+
ness o f its members; upon the conviction that with-
out the minority accepting a d c a w i n g out th@
deelsiom of a h
te majority, without the mbordimtiw
of the lower Party organizations b the higher corn-
mitteeh them can be no strong, d i d , &eeld Par@
abIa to l a d the proletariat. This dkipline ia bared
upon the accephnce of the C.I. and the Party p m
gram and in the eon5dema of the membership in tbs
Communist fnternatlobal and in the Central Com-
mi-
27
 There can be no dbcipIine in #e P e if there
i s no o~nsciouaand voluntary s u b m i e n on the bash
of a through nndershuding or the decisions of the
Par&. ' M y ooo~soiostaddadptine m n be hdg( b u
dwetplioee" (8talin).
Why Do t h o Communitu Attach Sa Mach Importance
ta Xliociplins?

Because witbout discipline there I s no unity of will,

no unity in action. Our Party is the organized and
most advanced section of the working class. The
Party is the vanguard of the proletariat in the o h 5
war. In this class wax there is the capitalist class
with itg henchmen and helpers, the reformist lead-
ers, on one side, and the working clam and its allies,
on the other. The class war is bitter. The enemy
is powerful; it has all the meana of deceit and s u p
gremion (armed forcm, militia, police, c o m b ,
movies radio, press, wbools, churches, a). In
order to combat and defeat this powedul enmy,
the army of the proletariat mu& have a highly
skilled, trained General St& (the Communist
Party), which L united in setion and has om will
s ow ean an ormy fight against the army of the I
enemy If every soldier in the army i s d o w e d to !
question and wen dimbey orders of hie superior I
d e e r s f What wonld happen in a war if, for ex-

1
ample, the Genard Stag orders an attack, and w e
&ion of the army decides to o b y and go h t ~
battle; -&her thinks t h t it is m n g to attack
the enemy at this time end shags away from the
battle; and a third d o n detides to quit the
trenches and retreat to another position instead of
going forward?
unity in Action
Let us take an earample from the class atruggIe.
28
The Di~trictCommitbe dddes tbat s demonstra-
tion l o u l d be held asaimat police tamox and
directives to the Sections to mobilii t h whole mem-
bership to get the greatest p m i l e number of work-
ers to the demonstration. The date and place of the
demonstration are set by the Diskiet Committea
One M o n , after receiving the decisions, works out
plam b mobilim the masms, and aetiviwa the whole
Section to work for the demonstratioa. Another
Section doas not think that the ksue is very impor-
tant and neglects fo mobilk the membership; a
third Section decider4 that the time set by the D i
trict hmmittw is not the best one and inatru& ib
members b mobiiim at a later hour; and a fourth
Section decides b come at an earlier hour. What
kind of a demonstration would it be? What would
workem think and aay h u t such a Party?
Our Party cannot lead the masses if there is not
unity in d o n . Unity of will and action can be
achieved only if all the members of the Party act aa
one-are disciplined. If a h Party member should
decide which decision of the Party he wanted to
carry out; if each mmber would carry out d y
those decisions which he liked and ignored those with
which he disagreed, it would be impomible b Iead
the massel in the &gainst capitalimn. An
m y with that kind of leadership would be Mated
Unified opinion is essential for unity fn action, for
mccessfu1 work of the Communist P a w . What
would happen ii each Party member would inhrpret
a political imue individually and bring his individual
opinion to the masses? The workera in a faetorp,
for example, wonld get us many opinions on certain
gueetions as thm ere Party m m h r 8 in the factory.
The unified opinion which a ir hammemd out in the
Party by d i i s i o n is neessaary in order that the
Party be able to lead the maaaes in their coastant
~trUggle8.
29
 WHAT IS ~ ~ C I S M ?
S e l f d t i c i m is the most important meam for d61-
veloping CommnnfiJt cunaciouaneas and thereb~
strengthening discipline and deanmatic eentrrrlism.
Self-criticism helps to di~covera11 the mistakes, dedi-
atiotm, s h o r t e o m i ~which rrsparate tmm from the
masam, and to c o d them. It help8 nr to discover
and expose the harmful policies or practices of or-
ganizations and individuals who work againart tha
interest of the m a e m . Self4ticism helps us to im-
prove the work of the Party organhtions; to ex-
terminah bureaneracg; to ex- the agenta of the
enemy in our ranka.
"Let us take, for instan* the mattar of gdd-
ance of economic and other organisakions on the
part of the Party orgunizations. b e v m i n g
satisfactory in this mspect? No, it is noL Often
questions are decided, not only in the loeala, but
also in the center, m to speak, 'en famille', the
family circle. Ivan Ivanovitch, a member of the
leading group of mme organhtion, made, let us
sag, a big mistake and made a mess of thinga
But Ivan Federovitch doea not want to critiche
him, show up his mistake8 and correct him, He
doea not want to, because he is not disposed to
'make enemies'. A mistake was made, things went
wrong, but what of it, who does not make mis-
takes?
"Today 1 I U how up I n n Ivanovihh.
Tomorrow he will do the 8eme to me. Let Ivan
Ivanovitch, therefore, not be molested, because
where is the goarmtee that I will not make a
mistake in the future? Tbuar everything remains
wick and span. There is peace and good will
among men. having the mistake uncorrected
harms our great cauee, but that is nothing! As
long as w e can get out of the mess somehow. Such,
comrades, is the tmd attitude of mme of our re-
sponsible people. But what d m that mean? If
80
we, Bohhevib, who criticiw the whole world, who,
in tJm words of Wrx, storm the hesmm, if we
refrain from self-criticism f o r the d e of the pace
of some comrades, is it not clear that nothing but
ruin awaita our great cause and that nothing good
can be expected?
"Marx said that the proletarian rmlution
Mera, by the way, from other revolutions
in the fact that it c r i t i c h itself and thut in
criticizing itself it becomes consolidated. This fa
n very important point Marx made. If we, the
representatives of the proletarian mvolutian, shut
our eyes b our shortcomings, settIe questions
around a family table, keeping mutually silent
concerning our m i s t a k ~ and
, drive our ulcers inta
our Party organism, who will correct these mi+
takes and shorkomingai' Is it not clear that we
cease to be proletarian revolutionaries, and that
we ~ h l mrely
l meet with shipwreck if we do not
extwmiiate from our midst this philbtinim, this
domestic spirit in the solution of imporknt qnes
tiona of our construction? Is it not dear that by
refraining from howst and straighbforward self-
criticism, ref raining from an honest and straight
making good of mistakes, we block our road to
progress, betterment of our cause, and new wccess
for our came? The procem of our development
is neither smooth nor general. No, comrades, we
have clansen, there are antagonisms within the
country, we have a pa&, we have a present and a
future, there are contradictions between them,
and we cannot progreea smoothly, tossed by the
waves of life. Our progress proceeds in the form
of ~truggle,in the f o r m of developing contradie-
tioas, in the form of overcoming these contradic-
tions, in the form of revealing and liquidating
thew contradictiona.
"AR long as there are cl-a we shall neper
IH able to have r situation when we shall be able
t~ say, Thank goodness, everykhing is all right'.
!l%is will never be, comrades. There will always
be something dying out. But that which dies do,-
31
 not want to die; it %hta for fCB &stance, it de-
fends its dying came. There is always something
new coming into Iie. 3ut that which is being
born is not born quietly, but whimpers and
=reams, fighting for its right to live. Struggle be-
tween the old and the new, between the moribund
and that which is being barn-such Is the ba&i of
mr development. Without pointing out and expor-
ing openly and honestly, as Bdshevika rhouldl do,
the shortcolninga and mistakes in o m work, we
block our road t o progress. But we do want to go
forward. And just because we go fornard, we
must make one of our foremost kuks an honest
and revoIutionlvy self-criticism. Without this
there is no progress." (Stulin, Report to the
Pijtemtk Cmgrea8 of b b ~ ~ u n i Part#a t of
the Soviet U n h , pp. 65-66.]

Two Ends of Criticirm

is a natural part of the life of the

Self-criti~sm
Party. How a n the membar~fail to mitiehe the
Bureau or commitbe- if ih work i s poor, if it make#
mishkesf Without a e l f - c r i t i c i i there can be no
Communist Party. But this critiu~mmu& never
depart from the line of the P*, from the princi-
ples of Marxism-l;e- We should make it very
clear that there are two kin& of criticim: one
which, on the basis of the Iine of the Party, on the
basis of revolutionary theory and practice, anal-
mistakes and ~horteominga,and offers collffete prp.
porals for improvement in the work of the organ-
imtion or individual member. Thia kr Bolshm'k #elf-
cri-dive criticim. A good -pie
of wch self-rriticism is the O p m httw, adopted at
the E*uordinarg P W Conf~enee. The other L
the kind of criticism which is baud on d i n af
the line of the Party or d o a not offa any proposal
b improve a e work, or to correct mfsaker. This
is destructive criticism, which, if tolerated, inevitu-
bly leads not only to driving out new members, dia-
eouraging the weaker elements and dimpting the
work of the Party, but also l e h to factionallmn.
WHAT IS FACTIONALISM AND WHERE DUES
IT LEAD?
Comrade Stalin, in his erpeech on the Communist
Party of the U.S.A, in 1929, gave aa ereellent an-
swex to this qu&ion:

.
". . factionalism wakens the Party apirit, it
d u b the revolutionary sense and blinds the Party
workers ta such an extent that, in the factional
paasion, they are obliged to place the intereats o f
faction ahva the interests o f the Paw, aFve the
interests of the Cornintern, above the Interests
of the working class. Factionalism not infre-
quently brings matters to such a pass that the
Party workers, blinded by the factional struggle,
are inclined to gauge all f a h , all events in tho
life of the Party, not from the point of view of
the intereats of tha Party and the working class,
but from the point of view of the narrow interests
of their own faction, from the point of view of
their own factional kitchen.
". . . f a c t i o n a l i interferes with the training
of the Party in the spirit of a policy of principles;
it prevents the training of the cadres in an honest,
prolewian, incorruptible revolutionary spirit, free
from ratten diplomacy and unprincipled intrigu~.
Leninism declares that a policy based on prin-
ciples i~ the only correct policy. Factionalism, on
the contrary, believet that the oaIg correct policy
is one of factional diplomacy and unprincipled
factional in-8. That in why an atmosphere a f
factional etruggle cultivate8 not politicians of
principle, but adroit factionalist manipulators, ex-
perienced m s d s and Memhwiks, amart in fooling
the 'enemy' and covering np traces. It i s true that
83
 ~nci'edncational' work of the factiona1ista is con-
trary to the fundamental Intereab of the Party
and the working e l m But the factionalists do
not give a rap for that-all they care about is
Uleir own factional diplomatic kitchen, their own
group interests. .. .
"It is, therefore, not surprising that pob-
ticims of principle and honest prol&yian
revolntioaariea get no sympathy from the fact~on-
ali~ts. On the other hand, factional trickstem and
manipulahr~, unprincipled intriguers and baek-
stage wire pullem and madrsi in the formation of
unprincipled blocs are held by them In high honor.
**.. . factionalism, by weakening the will for
unity in the Party and by undermining-is iron
dikpline, creaks within the Party a peculiar fac-
tional regime, as a rerrult of which the wbole in-
ternal life of our Psrty Is robbed of its con~piru-
tive protection in the face o f the class enemy, and
the Party itself runs the danger of being trans-
formed into a plaything of the agenh of the
bourgeoisie. This, as a rule, comes about in the
followfng way: Let ur aay that some question Is
being dedded in the Polit-Bureau of the Central
Committee. Within the Polit-Bureau there is a
minority and a majority which regard each de-
cision from their factional standpoint, If a fac-
tional regime prevails in the Party, the wirepullerd
of both factions immediately inform the peripheral
machine of this or that decision of the Polit-
Bureau, endeavoring to prepare it for their own
advantage and awing it in the direction they de-
sire. AB a ruk, this procem o f information becomes
a regular system. It h o m e s r regular syatem
brcause each faction regards it as its duty to in-
form its peripheral machine in the way it tbilrks
fit and to hold its periphery in a condition of mo-
bilimtlon in readiness for a m a p with the fac-
tional enemy. As r result, important wcret de-
cidons of the Party become general knowledge.
In this way the agents of the bourgeoisie attain
accean to the secret decisions o f the Party and
34
make it enay to use the knowledge of the bhrnal
life o f the Party against the inter- of the
Party. True, such a regime threatens the corn-
pl& demoralization of the rauka of the Party.
But the factionali~tado not care a b t that, since,
for them, the interests of their group are suprema
..
". factionalism mnaiarta in the fact that it
completely nullifis all positive work done in fhe
Party; it robs the Partg workers of all deaire to
concern themaelves with the day-to-day needs of
the working dam (wages, hours, the impmvement
of the material welfam of the workers, e k ) ; it
weakens the work of the Party in preparing the
working class for the chaa contficta with the bour-
geoisie and thereby creates a s t a h of affairs in
which the authority of the P a m must inevitably
suffer in the eyes of the workers, and tbe workera,
quit the Party rmh. , ..
instead of ftocking to the Party, are compelled to
What have the fsetlond
leaders of the majorib and the minority been
chiefly occupied with btely? With factional scan-
dal-mongering, with every kind of petty factional
trifle, the drawing up of uaeleaa platforms and sub-
platforms, the introduction of tens and hundreds
o f amendments and aubamendments to these plat-
formar,
"Weeks and month are wasted lying in am-
buah for the factional enemy, trybg to entrap
him, trying ta dig up something in the personal
life of the factional enemy, or, if nothing can be
found, inventing some Retion about him. It i s
obvioua that positive work must suffer in ~ u c han
atmosphere, the life o f the Party becomes petty,
the authority o f the Party declines and the work-
ers, the best, the revolutionary-minded workem,
who want action and not scandal-mongering, are
forced to leave the Party.
''That, fundamentally, is the evil of factionalism
in the ranks of a Communist Party." (Stalin's
Speche8 om t h e A m r k a r Cmmurriet P a r b , pp.
27-30.)
85
 In. S-t~re and F U C of~ the
Party Qrganizatiom

T
taBk
HE moat impodant pohts where the Communist
Party must work untiringly so as to f u U the
of wiming the majority of the working clam
for the struggle againd eapitaIiam are the fo1-
lowing:
1. The big factories, mines, m i h , docks, shipe,
railroads, etc., where the great mar= of the baaic
sections of the proletariat are employed. The Com-
munist Party puts i t s main energy into building
Party organizations in these places.
2. The A. I?. of L. unions and Railroad Brother-
hcmds, where millions of organized workers can be
won for the Party p r m a m and led in decisive atrug-
gles. The Communist Party realizes that one of the
most important tasks in winning the m Joritg of the
decisive sections of the proletariat is gaining illffu-
ence among members of A. F. of L. unions. In order
t o achieve this, roew avvailabls Party m m b w mast
join the union of his W w t ~ f (w,a f t or o c ~ u p a t h
and work there in a real Bolshevik manner, helping
to build the union, fighting f o r better conditions, ex-
posing the bureaucratic, treacherous leaders as the
agenta of the employers and, in this way, proving
to the rank and file what the leadership o f the
Communists means in the labor movement.
3. The independent unions where t h e Cornmud&
must work with the same energy and perspective as
as in the A. F. of L. unions,
4. The organized and unorganized rn-s of nn-
employd. The Communbt Party fighting for unem-
ployment relief and innurance leads and organizes
the unemployed maraw, maintain~fractions im all
3%
organizations of the unemployed and forgear an un-
breakable link Mween the unemployed and emgIoged
workers in the fight for mcid insaranm and better
conditions.
6. The fratemid, cultural and sport o r g a n k t l o ~
in which there are large n u m k a of working people
The Communist Party persistently works in the mtrm
organizations of workers,especially workers in basic
industrim, and through the effective work of &
ciplined fraction Ieads them and wins their c d -
dence in the Communid Pa*.
6. The Nemo organhtions (churches, f r a b r d ,
cultural, etc). The Communist Party through well
functioning fractions in therre Institutions of the
Negro people, leads the light for the specid inter-
ests of the Negroe~(against discrimination, 8egmga-
tion) for the liberation struggle of the Negro people.
7. The huge farms where large numbwa of agrf-
cultural workers are employd. .The Communist
Party through ika farm Unita fighta for the inkwts
of the agricultural workerg (farm laborers) and or-
ganizes them In unions.
The main strategic aim of the Communist Pam irr
b win the rnajmib of the working claae for the
proletarim revoIution. In order to achieve thh aim
the Communist Party establishes closely knit organ-
izations everywhere where workers work for their
living (factory), where they live (neighborhood),
where they are organized for the defense of their eco-
nomic inkreata (nnipna and u n e m p l w e n t o r g m b
tions), or organiwd for satisfying their cultural
desires (clubs, sports and cultural organizations).
These Party organizations which lead the rn- in
the struggIe for their economic and political d+
mands are the following: (1) Shop aria Street Unita.
Both of these f o m of organhatiom are inlt-&dged
Party bodies. (2) Fractions. The Pa* Ieadr the
masses organized in unions and other mass ormni-
87
tions through the fractions which are inhurnenb
in the b n d a of the Perty to carry the policy of the
Party among the masses.

THE PARTY ORGANadTIONS

The k s i c organization of the Party i s the Shop
Unit (Mucleus), which may consist of three nsem-
b r or ~ more in a given place of employment, La.,
factory* shop, mine, mill, dock, ship, railway ter-
minal, oilice, atore, farm, etc.
The other form of membership organization ia the
St*& or Town Unit, compriaring a group of mem-
bers living within a given territory.
The leader~hfpof the Unit is the Unit Bureen,
el-d by the membership of the Unit.
The next higher organization is the Section. The
SeEtion is made up of a numbr of Shop, Street or
Town Unite in a given terxitorg. The size of the
territory of r Seetion is decided nmn by the District
Committee. The Party alwayn strives to make the
territcrry o f the Sections as s m d aa possibIe in order
to be able to carry on work more dectively.
The higheat body in the S&ion Irr the Section Con-
vention. The Section Convention ia a meeting o f
delegates elected by the Shop and Street UniC of the
Section. The leading committee in the Section is the
Section Commit- and is elected by the delegates at
the Section Convention from among the beat mem-
bers of the Section. The Section Commitke is the
highe~fleading body in the Section between Conven-
tiom. It is raponsible for all ih actions and de-
cisions to the Section Convention. The elected Sec-
tion Committee must be approved by the District
Committee. The Section Organizer is elected by the
Setion Committee, subjwt-to the approval of the
Di&rict Committee. Should the District Committee
not approve the election of a Section Organizer the
88
 reammi for this action are dimmsed and eaplana-
tion made ta the Section C o m m b e .
The next highest organiation in the Pa* ia
I District. The District organization ia made up of the
&&OM in a ferz;hry assigned to it by the Centmil
Commitk. TFte met covers a cadah portion of
the country (a part of one, or one, two and #me-
t b e a t k atetea, depending upon the industries, on
I &.).
t h e ~ i - of the membership, The bighe&
I in the DiatriFt Ls the D M c t Convention, which ie a
meeting of delegate^ el& at the Conventiona of
the Sections in the Disfxict. Bebeen Conven-
tions, the higb& committee in the District is the
District Commfth, e-l by the delegate$ of the
Sections at the District Convention. The District
i Committeeiaresponaiblefordlibactiwa~ndda-
cisions fo the District Convention and Central Com-
m i e . The el& District Committee has to b ap-
proved by the Central Committee. The Diatriet OF-
ganizer (political leader) L el-d by the District
Committee subject to the approvaI of the Centrd
Committee.
The high& Party body ia the National Conven-
tion. The National Convention is a meeting of dele
gates elected at the Di6trict Convention& The high-
est committee of the Party in one country irr t b
Central hnunittee, eleckd by the delemtes at the
National Convention. The Central Committee I d s
the Party organizations, with full authority, between
Conventions and i a req~oasiblefor ih actiona and
deei~lionsto the National Convention and fo the
Executive Commit& of the Communist Interna-
tional.
WHAT IS TIIE BASXS OF WRESENTATLON TO
COETYEmoNs?
The number of delegate?to Conventiona is not
find in the Constitution of tbs Par*.
89
 It depends on the conditions in a given situation,
plus the numerid strength o f the given Units, 8-
tiona and Dlatricts.
The &a-ic importance of a Shop Unit, or WE-
centration Section, or of a District ia the governing
factor in deciding the number of delegates to the
Convention. For example, the Section Committee can
decide whether a Shop Unit from a big fmrysem&
groportionately more delegates t~ the Section Con-
vention than a Street Unit with the m e number
of, or perhaps even mom, members.
The conditions under which the Party works are
9so an imparkant factor in deciding the number of
delegatear. For example, a D i r i c t which works part-
ly illegally mi1 have a nmaller number of delegab
to the District Convention than other District with
the =me number of Unita working more openly.
On the other hand, in one District, because o f cer-
tain problems which have to be clarified before the
broadeat possible gathering, the situation may dd,
mand a much larger representation from the Unib
or Sections tp the Section or District Convention
than another District where no such problem d a t a .
At the Eighth Party Convention of our Party, the
general rule of representation was the following:
1. The Units elected m e delegate for each five

I
members to the Section Convention,
2. The Section Conventions elected one delegate
for each 16 members in the Section to the District
Convention.
3. The District Conventions elected one delegate
for each 100 members in the District to the National
Convenkion.
THE PAR271 c O ~ C E 3
The Sections, with the approval o f the District
Committee, and the Districts, with the approval of
the Central Committee, m y call meetingti of dele-
40
gates for a conference batween Conventiom. T W
inferences take np the work of the respective or-
ganizations and dkmsm problems concerning new
taetim necessitated by changed situations. The
difperence between a convention and conference ii~
that t h e d e r e n c e does not elect a new leader~hip
and that all decisions must be approved by the higher
Party committee. The P a m conference has the right
to elect new membem to the Committee if mme old
onear have been removed for one reaeon or another,
and has the right t o remove individual membera
from the committee if for suacient reason it believes
they are not fit to be Ieaders of the organktion.
PARTY COMMITTEE3 AND TEIBI% SIZE
The Party commitkes elected at the Conventions
are c o m p d of the bed, most dadoped comrades
in the given organization. Representation to the
Section Commitb is not on the basis of repreaenta-
tion from each Unit; nor does each Section 81-t a
representative to the District Committee. At the
same time w a must bear in mind that the S d o n
Commitke or a higher Party committee maat have
nmong itil members comrades who are working in the
most important factories, as well as m e m h of the
most important trade unions, in order to maintah a
living connection between the leadership and the
massea at thew Important points.
The size of the Party commitkes always dependti
on the numerical strength of the orgnnktion which
elects it, on the importance o f the organization, and
on the given situation. The approximate average
~ i z aof the committee i~the following:
Unit Bureau - 3-6 membem
Section Committee - 9-11 membera
District Committee-16-19 members
Central C o m m i t h - 3 0 9 6 memberar
41
 WHAT ARE THE PhRTY BUREAUS?
The lurean ia the leading body in the Section,
D i d c f : and Center between committee rn-
ads with full authority during thitr period, and is
respondble to the committee by which it is elected.
Their approximate she is:
W o n Bureau -about 6 membem
Diatrict Bureau -about 7-9 members
Political Bureau of the C.G.-7-9 members
As a general rule the Party committees meet aa
follows :
Unit B a r ~ s u 4 n c ea week
Section Bnrean--once a week
Section Committe-twice, usually, but at least
once a month
District Bureau-nce a week
District Cornmi-nce a month
Political Bureau--once a week
Central Committewnce in t w o months
THB COMMUNIST INTERNATIONAL
(COMIPJTEltW)
. The Communist International is the international
organization of Communid Parties in all countries.
It is the World Communist Party. The Communisr
Parties in the variou~countries affiliated to the
Cornintern are called Sections of the Communist In-
ternational.
The World Congreaa composed of delegates from
all the parties afflliabd to the Communist Interna-
tional (Cornintern) is the highest authority in Com-
munist Party organization.
The date of the Congress and the number of dele-
gates from the various Communist Partiee are de-
cided upon by the Executive Committee of tbe Com-
munist InternationaI [ E.C.C.I.) . But the number of
42
 I. wteg all-ted to each Pam at #a World C o w
: is d d d e d u p n by special d&idon 02 the &II&ZMM
: W, in accordance with the membership oi the
'given Pam and the politid importance of the given
onmaby*
Tho leading body of the Communist Int8rmtiml
d d n g the period between Coagreaws ia the h u -
tive Committee of the Commnnfat In-tbd
(E.C.C.L), elected by the delegate8 at the World
C o m a The decisions of the E.C.C.I. me Mnding
for 21P a w belonging to the ComEnbrn and mud
be promptly cmrried oat. The Communft P &
bve the right to appeal against deciuiom of the
E.C.C.I. to the World Congre-, but must p-d
t to carry out such d&ou pending the final a&on
of the World Co- on the appaL The leader-
ship of the Cornintern (C.X.) is cornpod of the be-&,
most. b l o p d , -ria-, trid, leaders oi the
various Communist Parties.
' The meetinm of the Executive Commith of the
I
Communitrt International are in she aimflar to
a World Congress. Thaw mwtinga are called the
Enlarged PIennms of the Executive Commit& of
the C.I. Besidea the d 4 membera of the Exem-
tive Committee of the C.I. there are hvihd to this
Enlarged Plenum additional delegates from the
various countries, no that these Plenums have 800 w
400 delegates present from the various Padas. The
diierence between a Coqgws and an Enlarged
Plenum e o m i s l in the fact that while dekgate~to
the Congress are elected on the bads of numerical
strength and political imgortanoe o f the Communist
Parties, the numbr of additional invited delegates
from the Commndgt Parties fo the Enlarged
Plenum is decided upon on the basis of the ordm of
bwiness of the Plenum. T h a delegatas are
by the Cenkd Committaa o f the various Commu-
nist Partim. At the Enlarged P h u m of the E.C.
 I
C.X. only the membera of the E.C.G.I. have the right
to vote. The other invited delegatear have the right
to participate in the discussion, but have o d y a con-
su1htive vote.
Tbe E.C.C.I. elects from among its rn-ra a
Presidium which is responsible to the E.C.C.I. The
Presidium meeta at least once a month and acts an
the permanent body carrying out all the b ~ i n m sof
the E.C.C.I. during the period between meetings of
the latter.
The Preaidinm elects from among i t e members the
Political Secretariat, which is empowered to make
decisions between Presidium meetings, and i s re-
sponsible ta the Prmidinm.
STRUCTURE OF THE COMAlUNXST WERNATIONAL
Let ns bridy sum up the stmctra o f the Corn-
m h t Party in the order of mpomibiliW on the
b a ~ i sof the foregoing dewription*:
Unit Bureau
Unit Membership Meeting
Section Bureau
Section Committee
Section Convention fi -
District Bureau
District Committee
District Convention
'\
Political Bureau of the C.C.
Central Committee
National Convention

I
P o l i t i d Secretariat of the C.I.
Presidium of the C.I.
Executive C o d t t e e of the C.L
World Congress of the C.I.
SHOP UNIT (NUCLEUS)
The Shop Unit (Nucleu~)is the basic organization
o f our Party in the place of empIment (factory,
I
s%op, mine, dmk, ship, oflke, store, stc). Shop Units
s h d d be organized in every factory, shop, mine, e k ,
where there are three or more members of the Paw.
The main stxength of our movement ir in tbe
Unih 4 Nuclei) in large f d r i e r because:
I. The large factories and railroad8 are the nerve
centers of the economic and political Jie o f the
country.
2. In the large fadries the workers are concen-
trated in large numbers.
3. Workers in these large factories have great in-
fluence on the workers in smaller shop#.
4. The workers in large factories are better trained
/ and disdplined by the proan. of la-scale
dnction
pm-

6. Workers in large fadries are generally more

militant because, concentrated in large numbera in
one enterprise, they feel their strength.
Comrudn Lenin, in "A Letter to 8 Comrade on
Oar Problems of Organization," s t a h that:
". . . The main strength of our movement lies in
the workers' organizations in large factories, be-
cause in the large factories are concentrated that
section of the working class which is not only
predominant in numbem, but still more predomina-
nant in influence, development and flghthg capaci-
ties. Every factory must be our stronghold."
ADVANTAGES O F SHOP UNIT FORM
Why fa the Shop Unit (Nuclew) the beat form of
basic Party organization?
1. Workers feel the pressurn of exploitation most
in the factory where they are employed. There they
have common intereplts and problems (wages, work-
ing conditions, etc. ).
2. A properly working, well-trained, polltically de-
veloped Shop Unit, although it may have to work
under the most diiffcuIt eonditiom, becam o f the
46
bfghly developed ~ p ysyrrtem, etc, cannot k found
out and gotten rid of by the h In order to stop
the work of such a Unit, the baas must cbae the fac-
tury. That memu dopping prcductlon--sbutting OR
the profits.
8. The Shop Unit is train4 to work in a con-
~pirativemanner, in order to organize and l a d the
other workera, fo aafeguurd the organhation and
prevent its members from being M. Because of
thia method of work the Shop Unit will remain the
most mIid link with the m a a e s under any conditions
(terror, illegality).
4. The Shop Unit regbterar the reaction of the most
decisive elements of the pmletsdat bo every h u a
The reaction, sentiment, opinion of the workem
brought by the Shop Unit to the higher committee af
the Party makes it possible to formulate the be&
policy or to correct and improve dsci~iom.Through
the Shop U n i h Party Committses are in daily con-
tact with the most important strata of the working
claaa.
6. The leadership o f the Party gets its strength
from the Shop Unih by drawing the most developed
comrades into the leading Party committees. In this
way direct contact with factory workers i~eshb
liaed
6. The Shop Units, tbrough their daily activities in
leading and organizing ~truggler in the factories,
gain the conftdence of the workers and ~preridthe
Mum08 of the Party to wider and wider circlea. At
the same time the Shop Unita bring inta the Party
the b& elements of thL decisive stratum of the
proletarist, thna improving the social composition
of the Party.
7. The Shop Unit ir very effective in building real
united fronta of workers on immediate issues (Griev-
ance Committee, Shop Committee) and dao on
broader political ia~nes(terror, election, war).
as
I

8. The Shop UniCa are imtrumentlll in bnildhg

and mengthening well-functioning fractions In the
k F. of L and other unions.
t
9. The Shop Unit b r i m the M y W*, th%~
mighty weapon of our Party, directly to the mt fm-
portant -fa of the working class.
These are the main a r g u e for the necessity of
building the Party in the f d r i e a Them argnmmta
I pmve that in order to win the majority of the de-
cisive strata of the proletariat, the Party must ba
wDted in the faahria, mines, &ips, do&, o%loes,
etc.
"The working class will be in a position to ful-
fiU its role as the m o ~ deoisive
t class in the strug-
gle againmrt finance capital, aa the leader of all
toiling masses, only 8 it is beaded by a Commrr-
ni& Party wbich is closely bound up with the
deciaive strata o f the workers. But a Colnmnnist
Party with a very weak and inadequately func-
tioning organization in the big factories and
among the decisive sections of the American in-
dustrial workers, a Communist Party who^ en-
tire policy, whose entixe agitation and propaganda,
whose entire daily work is not concentrated on win-
ning over and mobilizing these workem and win- .
ning the faetoria, a Communist Party which,
through itn revolutionary tmde union work, does
not build highways to the broadest masses of work-
era, cannot lay claim to a policy mpable of making
it the leader o f the working class within tbe short
eat possible time." ( O p m h b t e r , p. 12.)

WHAT Apa THE BASIC INDUSTRIES?

The Party ehould concentrate all its forces and
energy to build Shop Units, first of all in the U c
industria
Basic industrim are thm upon which the whole
economic 8 y b depends. They include:
 1. Thoae whicb produce material for produetion,
like ateel, mining, oil, &deals.
2. Those which deliver material ta thta plsee of pm-
duction or cmumption, like railroad, trucking, ma-
rine, etc.
3. Those which produce power for running the
whwIs of indww, el- gowar plants, ateam and
hgdro-electric plants, etc.
It is also important to concentrate all our enmgy
to build the Par& in the auto, textile and packing
bourn indndriea becaulre of their strategic importance
in the economic ayetern. Strong Party organizstions
(Shop Unib) in these b i c industries with a mass
following could really iduenm and lead the millions
of workmar engaged in them as well aB in all lemer
industrier in their daily struggles, and deliver de-
cisive blowa to capitalism.
While it is of the utmost importance to conceutr&.a
all energy of the Party to build and strengthen the
Units in the basic induetriw, the other indusklea
cannot be neglected. The Party aystematiealIy builds
Unitn in light industries (clothing, shoe and leather,
ete., in ofljlw, storm, laundries, hotels and restau-
rants, etc.).
HOW TO B U a D SHOP UHlTS
The stronghold, the f o m of the r e d u t i o n ~
movement, b in the factory. But in order to build
the rwolutionary movement there, we must organhe
all Party membem working in w e factory into a
Shop Unit. The main difference between the Com-
munist Pa* and tha Socialist Party form of organ-
ization is that the Socialist Party orgtrnkations
(branchear) are built on the baais of bourgeois elec-
tion wards and diatrich while the Communist Party
built on the baeis d the place of employment.
Party membe~ewho work in the same shop cannot
belong to direrent Street Units. If such forma of
org.n*tion were permitted, Party members work-
49
 w b a r e w o r k i n g i a b i g f a d d ~T h e s e w - '
k s h o u l d b k h a t t h d r m a l n b s k b t o b"~' .
the P- -the facbry. Bat it L not
to a d p fhIa h i e bdc to the= member#. Theb

W w h d i a k h t i o n from ouWde, finanme, &I.

.
a

Them are many good ex~mpleain our Party ~ 3 i i &

I prove that WMI proper help, one m m k in a bbq :
facturyammuit two,thrmamorem~bfmMfOw~?
Unit -
Them are thousan& of VEW cloire mumthkdtb
. ,
r e a d ~ o r w f ~ { D ~ W ~ k s r o r:?#t
'. *-
.
popws), man- of the d o n a and wrhrr
d ~ d e a l t a r a l o r g h W o n ~ , w h ~r f~ c,~
tmportant factorfeu C d e a t i o w effort
un fo d them into the Pa* & thud W $'!*
hdp J q k ,
B
shop u* #- .:. - .q-;!
,
 -ma&
i1
v=mma o- edtm~ver n & l far
~ d w ~ S h o p U n Thebeatnwtldim
h .
t h s ~ o f o u r b e a t f o r e a s s * 0 t m d a ~. .
Thin mncentration work comiats oi - .
d h t l o n and propaganda among the mrkera in the
adect.ed fnct.org through &aWmtIon oi the Da@
W o r k , Party pampbleh, and other libmtrrrs at ;
the factay g a b or at the worked hornet, combined
with the holding d ahop-@a This ma^ ,'
agibtion will help pre- the g m d for the '
ryitlg on of mccessid work by our m b fnside
the factory.
A Shop Unit conaietfng of thrm m e m h can
be -end by adding om or two of the beat,
most developed, most reliable eomradea Pmm the
West or Town Unit. TAW comrades, 8% regular
m e m b of the Shop Unit, help in working out
policies and md&g decidons for activity in tbe fm
tory. They help the Shop Unit keep c o d n with
the W o n h n d t k , and help gnide and partid-
pak in the maas work outdde of the factory. It L
ab1- esarentlal that m m k a (fmn
Strest Units) be always in the sm- in the Shop
unit.

The form of Party orgenization in the faetory,

ahop, h e , dm&, etc., is dehrmined by two fa&rs,
which are very c l o d y liaked to each other:
1. Thst organizational form which will nmke the
P e Unit the most effectiveleader of the worbm;
a d
& That ~ I form whichI will best d i a~ -
gaard the m m b m and the other m l l k n t
workmi from tha boseea' stool-pdgeoas and thags.
The orgunhtional form must h i wch that it be.
conien p o d b k for the Unit C do maas work and at
60
 in which *pe hos

e k ) , it L b d v h b h to bring dl mmbm
togdmratoaemeating. Tharefmethektformob
-ti011 is the delegate wnferencea of the Unit&
The U t h in the various departmanta and &Uh
deetthdrrepH!aenhtivear, amrdbgto the &4nd
imgwknce of the Unit, to a d e r e n c e , w h thew
wh elect the leading body of the P e or-
ganhtion: the factory Unit Bureau. Th£a B ~
w m b fa the same way M a Section Conmi- IC
h a the right to make d&dona for the wbole body
(Pamorganhtion) ,in the factory. These decielwu
are binding for each department mnd shift Unit and
for each hdividud member in the-fa-. The fac-
tory Umt Bureau ir wpo~laiblefor all itm decisiom
and d o n a to the delegate confaenca, which is tha
highest hdy in tka facbry.
SAPEGUARDING THE U N I T S
In order to coordinate the work of khe various de-
g a r h a t units, the Bureau regdsrly meeta with the
deparhent Unit Organbs, recahhg reports abwt
tbe activity d the department Unite, and guides
eir work. It is newwry ta em*
mI n a n order to avoid the danger of spias, the
factory Unit Blrraau should not bring all d e m e n t
Unit Organhem to one meetiag. The b& methd t
to meet with the individual organizemi ~egara*.
T h e lie need for contimow d a n g e of 4-
enmi m n the varioum daparhent U n i h Them
f o r a , i t i a ~ t o d d d e g a ~ ~ c
as adten m posdbla, and at laaut once a month.
dep&mmt and aWt nib meet m larly
5a
 '
Them ia no need to point out that
I*.
~ U n i t ~ ~ u ~ c o
da W t b a and -1- gai- and m ' j '
fmmwbodg.
T A m TEm P I U r n N S rn THE FACfoRP, AND. .
t. WHAT dlPB THuR m u m m TO TWB
!. PAcroRY UNIT?
3t mmarrt be empbarrid ogaia that M r g m g .$
in Mg +ctdw, the e o n f ~ ofs the d d q a b ,
% b a unit^, ia the deciding Party o r g a n h t i w i. * %: !
rf-. I J t 3 s ~ i D l s f o r a U ~ W d!;~
w u a l Pnrb m a m b in the factmy. Itrr & . -.:

~etherighttodetltem.ItienemmryQ -
n p h a b this fact in order fo clarify the relatiom . ,
!twem the Party -tiom in *'fa* and "

b leading fraetion of tbe nnion which h membra

@I the fattow. I
Tof'urther&ifytkjapro~l&ustakean~-
a p k In one eitg them me a n m b r of ateel. f-. &-.
T'henbeelunionhrtlrmemhminallthma ' ' 7

faakiee. Thh union haa r hading fr*dion on 8. .. -

*-wide d t 4 . Thii l d n g fraction has no ri&t
:.
,..
to make d e e i s i o ~for any given fadow WSE tlie . ',
kaddthePartsorganhtioninthilifwbry, W
W e a to coordinate the work of the Udtm in thethe
Y* -8, the SecMOn er Dbkrw corn* '.
*, *
bat&kbrrvemrighttoh.qdd--far.
tSletJdL T h e ~ m i n ~ h e b r y l u e x l l r d e ' l s y
the Unit iw.
m C Z l O N Wim3R FACfORI
Now, Iet ua ae8 how the fractions the f&&
tory are functioning. If t h e is only OM d o n in
the fa-, we face the following problem:
Every member of the Party h or should be a merm-
ber of the anion. In other words, the Party Unit fs
at the aome.tims the Party f r 6 m Pn the I d
mion of their factory. In th3m m~ there is no n d
f o r special h & i o n activities by the Party Unit as a
whole. But wen in this ewe we will have fraction&
How? In the factory there are various eommktees
eIe&d by the member^ of the union (&e~rmee corn-
mfttees, department committea, f a d r y c o r n m i k ,
.
etc.) The= committees are eIected by the workers
\!
in the f a d r y . If the members of the Communfat {
Party are active, are good Qhters, and are r e ~ o g - -
nimi as such by the workers, we will have Party
members on every committee. For example: The
wurkers in the factory el& a factory or hop a m -
d t t a e of fifteen. Out of this number, h e are P w
members. These flve Party members compose the
fraction of the commitbe, and they are tespomible
for all their activities in the committee to the f a d r y
Vnlt or delegate conference.
In fachriea where there is more than one a-
(era* unions), the Party mem- hlonging tg each
c r d t union a o m p m the fraction in that craft d o n .
Tiiem Party members, as the fraction, am rapon-
mile far afl their activities to the factory Unit or
delegate ~ o l l f e ~ ~
Mu~asamethatfnafmtbereareotberm
-tiom, M d e s antonn,mu& aa a dub, e k
The f a c h y Unit appoinb comrades to join these
organhtfons and tbaee c~nu*descompose the frat-
 f the workem with
. of L,S o e i a l ~

UoLta should participate in d I campaigns and

awn initiative, and mast be well acquainted with thm '

general line of the Party. O t b d a e , they will not
be able to apply the line of the Paw in their work,

' talist parties. The Udta then ean

workem that only the CommonisC
Sght for %sir fatme&.

this aim, the Shop Unite mu&

hwes and 6he city, uhte and fderal
the pouth1 m 3 ~ C a t ofi ~the b & 3 Ellrsa m
Unib d u c t skugglcm fm she dally d e m d a of the

Inorder~wfntbponMenwoftheworktw,#a
Unit mu6t be able to give a m e c t amwm b imq
gneetion wbleh bothera the workem Howewer, this h
m i b l e vnIy if the Unit ay&m&idy g rm am
much materiel about the gm%n -tion as W h ,
With the help of the igection Commitbe, the Unit . J +

of a company, 8 4 , the dividends paid out to th&.'Ii

 member of the Unit (2) To control the memhd@..-:
,
- ,

dwa. (,a) To gwt finances for the work of the UyW' --:'
(4) To sea whether the'memberr of the Unit ,a+&':
m e m h of the union; to see whether Party m&m.
bers in the !mion smd other lzmi3B m-tiona
regularly in the Party fractions. (6) To keep, W
w-nt hueb with all aympathbrs. (6) to db-';

every day. (7) To establish and carefully %ward

printing apparatus which p o b l i a b ~papera and I d -
leta (8) To find ~Beclficmethod8 for detectkg @
exposing d l p&eom. (9) AS^ last but not lqb,iG,
constantb to remit new membsrs into the Paw. ':.,
'
a
-' I
, I - -
SHOP PAPEM I I*
1m-~oprhan'we~rsa~~ni2th..hop

on the nholaI-
eoncentration

ra should be trained by the Section Cam-

dit 4 produce the pisper tbemsdvea
Unit should be equipped with a mathine

I '

Who Ediu tho Shop Papar?

Tha shop paper b edited by a committee e k b d

~ m r h m b e d f f f f n t o t h e ~ . s w m 6
~~kindBFBd%Dm5t8*for*
p a w . ,We mrrst make emxy worker fed thnt Um
shop p a w h~hi& The higher commitha r u s k g@a
& atmost belp in educating m m k m for edf#ryg
sbsB pew.

The Shop Unit ibraneea tlw paper by geMng tbg

gr8nteatpoaarmenomberoi~~Inthe
to buy and oth& nupport fhe prim. Kf
~ p a r i r r ~ h t h e b a a

-
n m l r c o q e r p ~ t h e m w e a a e d g i ~
Botheworhat~towhattodoaboutWmn,tBa
workem will a r r p p r t it. A paper which haa rro
~lwppottimidethefnetorgwilliindithard~
keep going. We ma& k r hi mind that u m k am-
&in e~di~(M m fn -y today) ft bs
quib M t to get mweg for *e uhw p a p
the o a d e . It wiU bava h lm rupprted by
*
*
workem t h m d v e a of the fachry. Thb
cid basfs mast be prepad e y + h
Shop Unit (donations, subs, sale of pa-, &I.
The w m h ia &&my provide a p l d d a ~ m -
plea of h d n g h o p papers. Them, under mmt
d m t cmditiwm of terrw, workera +I the rhop
8 a d w a y a a n d m e a n s o i ~ ~ t h e i r g a p e aFar
.
aramplq h v e their aonWbnW for the pa-
either onthekwh oftha eomzalwhotheythinkba
Commmlmt, m in m y caaea put this eontribtrtW
in the pocket d the cotrrrade or leave It on thdr
own bmmh, whrm Um conwade a n pick it tip.

The most dettiv~dhWmkion d a shop pa-. @

the M d e . Eaeh Shop Unit, each idhidbl
mk,ahould tlae the erperieneea af oahar Uaih
mldofotaeramm~~inmethodBddl+
BX
I
tmihtfon. W e ~ h o r r ~ i t i r h f t f t l e r
4hhany b -bate uhop papera and Me#. In
-@te of ma the 8hop Unib do M u t e t h p L
c~ of the Bhog Unib will find t h o d of
~0f~thenhoppsperfntothef.etOrgif
wa properly exg- the importance of doing Th.e
HIHI.

~ 0 d 8nd
d &Odd be &kdbUted irom 0-
mido alslo (9- Unit), bat it mu& be wnphmkd
th+ the workers will maat more fawrrabb to tba
~K~4ysetitfromthejn5id@,fftheyknow
that, the papex is giwm to them by one who may b~
+xWwg in thsh departmat. The workem will have
'p a t r e
eW fpf a Pam which L skilled enough
P lrpresa the pager inaide, in apita of the mnnoun
+fort of the boaa to keep it out, Besidea &is, we
_knowthat &ere wIU be a time when it wilI be more
dffbdt tD diskIbllte P e material at the shop
q t e thsn iuide the factory. We have to kain o m
&q train our forces, i d d a the factories, todat(,
@r&in wwh. The 8hop paper b and will be tbe
e ~ o s thportaat link between tbe m a s m and the

There l a no A d to e m p h a h that the grinthg,

@*, hamins and diatribmthn of the shop paper
mast be owanbad in such a way that the company,
i& at001 pigeons, will not kllow what work-

WZC4TISRiBSREETUNLT?
Unit ie the Pmty o r g d a t f o n in tbe
Unit is compomd of thorre Party mem-
a ce* mm,and m o t be-
to a Shop Unit. (Hmwwhea, profado-
h U &W- rrtlsmolopedworkera who areout
Q t h e & o p # m a l o n g ~ a n d , f o r t h etima being,
em- workers who have not aa get

62
 ba to form Sheet Units.
THB POURCAL TASKS OF THJ2
STREET AND TOWN UMITS?

tionary struggles, and to make them e 0 ~ t 1 cot-

1
lowers of the Commnniat Party.
In order tu achieve tbia b&c h k the Stfeet Unit
mnut first of dl concentrate on organizing and bad-
# ing the &ugg1e for ~ermgloymntrelid and aodal
hurance. In tht~daily work of the Street or Town
Unit, we must alwaya k w in mind that the a&
,, aa th P w t y in th -, must win tha cmfi-
r den# of the maswanmuat become the leader d W
workera of the given skeet, dhtrict or town.
A Partg Street Unit which fa not involved In m q

work of the Unit among the w o r k in the mdgb

borhood wtU bring resulb. The Unit mast m~sotto
every iriane which the w o r k . The g r o b w f
of o n e m p (relief,
~ insurance) ; the high c d -.
Pi li* (high rent, high food prima, hbh el-
$rid&and gae rates, *) ; Bani- cmditiona Ian
the~Inthehomera,in~ols);freelanch,
d o t h 5 n g f o r t h ~ ~ ; ~ v a r h u ~ g m p
~ ~ r a a l % s t i s r I f i r x o n ~ i n ~ ~ )
rw@ (mm#-?*P-);*hw-
 - qdckly~toalltheae~rresandb~i~
the groper dogam for action, Wm rmcceed la gathsp
mrdltallths-khg~.EEainth.mi&-
borhood. The unemployed o ~ t i o will
m grow,

, will be &mgtheaed, and the Unit d I become the

&aMisbed and t r w leader of the-workers in the

*-
'r r ' 'af?n order to gain tbese d t a , the ~ n i aat a whole
%ideve- iadividal member of iha Unit should be
known by the worker8 h the atreet or town as fear-
las @Mars in the hte- of the wmklng h a
Zn the daily *work of the Unit we ahould syatama
gather all relevant h f o m # o n about the
workers and other sectlom of the popalatim in the
Or b W l L W8 & O d d h o w who fai who; We
. abwld know not ody thow workem who volunhri$
g a t k m n n d the a d h i t h e d the Party organ-
W o n , but those who are ineked b IM sympath&c
M well an those pohned by the capitalist propa-
p ~ d ofa the ememis of the working class and by the
mmk+mvolutionary Trot.& renegada We should
h o w thoae w o r k s who are in the $midist Partg
d other o r g e t i o p a led a d Mtfeneed by rn
formist aad reactionary ierrders.
A Skeet or Town Unit acqnaiaw with the h-
W&l%ls fn Ib terrfhw mild iOrmu2ate correct,
most comding a w n s and d o n a for the mobika-
tfon of the masue& Such a Unit would W ham
anygreatdif8etlltierrin~ib~artin.n~
campaign, or any other campaign of the Puts. fn
the W o n camgaign, the Unit Bhonld be able to
64
 A-
La-

- J
9 -D MOTTATIC CENTTALIf'IWm
Y
- h ! h e COMMUNIST P ! W $ . &
 , ,
F
. "
,

-dl--

p&h, and b u l d adjaat ib mcbhltb

4 o m $ . i n * m u r ~ , b u t
dmtnctn.
lf&8wmlersknow,
hmh*aadumm

~ ~ r o l e
~ g a i n k e m m d o n m h U m m e a a d a ~ w #;~
hgele&onampahpmSn&aUnftearrgiaeog
daily mose work (dm&meetlngl,
--mw,-ofl-f@#--
d ~ ~ d t b e L ? d ~ W ~ , ~ t i o
n & & b o l : l t d ~ a m , e k ) , ~ t b e e I e e t l o n a r m .'
~ispl~*~b,notonayia~namber.at

r
~ t m c u t f o r t h e P ~ , b o t i n,' p
d i t i o M f o r t L t e ~ r m d B B l R $; ~
P a r b y , ~ d ~ n e w m d a m f m t W*.
he~
aid#^^
A n o. t h e . I m ' ~ t t u L d U . B ~ d
UnikiutohdptheShopUnlta~Itst6rri~m~

!tforceainthe~Unftthis~cbnbp

h e ~ ~"-;,
d o a o f l ~ o r ~ p a p e x e f m m t :fl&
EbeEtUdt~anateo~~hlbOpUnikdO y;!
. s ~ m k a x o r m d t h s ~ r y , i n t k a m ~L$~
*
w,a*,
T h . ~ ~ p e e t ~ l $ t m u s t n o b
C

a
 .-.-
7 , I f l 1 '-':-:$

the P8ctawIf& It help $ram

in a manner d e h m i i by the- Bhap .
-FinallyI a Street Unit ar Town Unit ~ u l con- d
t e on a Imga f-rp
e in its bmitorg.' The
emcemtmtion point, if fhere ia more than one fat-
. : *, f, tbe &odd & d&dd upon fn
k.
- = - mudtation
a w i t h the Section Committea. The best
d d of erg* the work around the c o n c a h -
.rl : h faebory L to set up a apeeial concentretion
.row irom among the -be~s of t b Unit Thi.
, ! , m u g &odd be composed of membere who nlunteer
to w r y out this very important task and at the
L. . s m e time have the newmmy qualifications for the
work
It ahodd be underhod that aiter the group ia set
up on on s lu m basis, the eatrpfng ont af the
work la mnpuktw~. The Unit, aa a whole, e a r l y
-,dfarmarses and controls the aetipi~erof khb camen-
h ~ o group.
n his work n d patient, spstemstfe
daily attention the whole Unit and aIso by tlae
higher committeas of the m. The Street Unit
appports actively and takw part in the akike strug-
gles of the factory workers, and zu&ihm the
-hmd for aupport, hrniahing r m m for
tbe pi&& lines, conducting demonstratiom, coU&

M w t Ad Manbon Working in P*Mdor

,h'
We have liW the general hiha of the Unit in
~ : & ~ h * d & h , d & e n ,
& h o r d e r t o ~ w t t b b k ~ i m m a m W
that~mermberofa~UnitintheNtlpro
~ b e a ~ ~ d ~ N a p r o o r g . n l . tTlm
l o p
~&tl~fltoUpmblemhforthemrjorityda :
Unit b join one such organiaatiw--the most b-
~tandMOgeatN~mganizationinthe~
tory. The Party m m b r s in thew 0 r g - b
arIll work m a W o n sindew tbe guidance of tbe
8- Unk It ia nnderetood, howmer, that $h&
Unib will not give up the work in the neighborhood
-rally while the main attantion ia dir-
bwarda the work In the organktioas where the
Party members belong.
WHAT IS A FARM UNFf?
The Farm Unit t the basic Party organhtim im
the rural Worm of the country. We have two
kin& of Farm Unita: (I) Farm Unita in big
fama corn- of agricnltaral workera
U&ihavethesamehdnginthePartg~the
facbry units; (2) Farm Units compwed of farm
hands, hmmt farmers, abarecroppers, and d
famm ia. a given territory.
There is no need here for dwelling on the neemi-
of work among the Wing.
2""""
tion. t he question of d i e e of the prole ian rew-
intion, 61 wiuuing over the poor farmera and broad
mationti of the middle farmem to the side of the
p r o h r h n revolution, and o f neutralhiig other m-
tiom oi the middle farmers aa an important factor in
a s n d d revolution, can be anmered in our hvor I

only if we s u c c d in building a strong Party orgut-

hation on the big " i n d ~ l nfarma, among the
agricultrual workers, and alao among the m,mall
farmera, -ta, aharecroppera, ete.
The main trurk o f the P e in ih work in tbs'
w d e eomista first of all in the o r g a n h t h
d t h e ~ a l ~ k e m i a k h e P ~ a n
88
 roads, M a , low pfieea of iarm prod* '

firm Unit mu& tm&le. The Cammdst PaxQ tn

&e wuntryside is in the forefront in fighting for the
In&& of the exploited and poverty-atdckem rural I .
population, against the big landlords, cammiwlon ,
-
h-, mortgage cornpanisst farm implemmt ',

m i n trusts, railroad eompaniea, miIk trust& balm,

government, National Guard, c o d , &). I .I

The Communist Pam haa to show to t h w mrt - i;

I ma- the role of this whole anppreasive set-up, ?
the necessity of flghthg a&ud it, and the only
dwhiehlcrdsontoftbs~cm+hdfatha
by c a p i t a l i d b e road h &vie4 Power. In t h e
'1
, ''

*hb, the poor rural popu~at~on will -1 ~

their own experiences and by the work of the Corn-
g h
"I
monist Party that their place iw an the aids d the -.q
 :#+. - -

T J ~ @ w W m d * ~ * * e * * , .
. I n & ~ i t & p t a ~ ~ w e r a ~ ~ p a t g n #
tae' Pam b the sitoation in 'the b o p 6i
- *ftwg.
The Unit l3nxwu prewnta these well-pregued
p d w €0 the Udt menibemhip m r t i y , with
thorough qlanation by one member of the Unit
! Bureau.
Are the glans or polhi- premntd by the Unit
Bnmaua bfnding on the membemhipP No. The mem-
bewhip diamrasm the repork of the Unit B u m grid
M d e a the policy or activity by a majorib Pate,
Wpking, amending, m rejecting the pmpos.ls of
. the Unit Bureau.
1
HOW a O U L D A UNIT AGENDA (ORDER OF B m -
rrssS) BE DmWN UP2
, The h t point should always be a well-
diaewaion on a Eertain actual political
b -pIe: T h e city administration
through a 4- The reporter d g n e d by t
h
Unit m d r s h i p or Unit Bureau should be given
samciant t h e t o prepare this report-the meanhug
. of the aalas h x , how it will d e c t the workers in
gmeraI, and in the shop or terrifmy w h m the Unit
b mrkiug in particular. Then he given concrete
ptopoaal~ias ta haw h mobike the workera b &ht
ag~instthe saleeta* proposal. In order to have a

a=
more &&ive discurnion in the Unit, it irr neewsary
I not onlg to asarign one comrade to prepare the repart,
buf a h fa ~npplymateria1 for J1 msmbera of the
Unit on the mbject at lead one week in ndvance.
A well-organimd, well-prepared diacuaeion ~hould
'

not last laager than from one to one and a W: :

hours
The n a paint on the agemda rjbould be the ,
up of the aw&meuta of the
I . The Unit medxmhip ae a whole ah~tll&
%
70,
t
. . '/ -
L
 agenda ju& before the dose of the d n g , but the ,
m o b h t i o n md aaaignm~tltson this work mat be :
mPde in mmmtiou with every questIon on the
- . I

nnm P a p a w
The d i w p a m t & o d d take pYaa b e f m the r ;..
meeting opens, a# the comradea w m in one by one
to tbe meeting. A spedaI miod may be allowed
during the meding for dnee pa- if it ia nem- I .'
aaty. The Fiaandal Semehry ahodd report to
every Unit Bureau meeting about the dnag popmen* ,
and the Unit Bureau should prepare a report on .
thia problem at least onae a month for the Unit :.
memkmhip meetings.
IfthepointPlontht3~daarewellprep8x#d,
and the prop& me conerefa, 8 Unit meeting could
.:.
easily be finiehsd in no more than two and a half ,
,,
hourg.
It h necewiry to empbashe the importance of
darting the mwting on time, and not ta wait for one '
or two m a d m who may aome a little Iatet. ' ;
I '..$
now o m SHOULD Twe UNrf MEET?
I '

Only in exceptional csaes, when it is impmsi'ble

p bring together the membem every week, &odd
, .,
1
I
I
n uceptiolu from tha rule of one meeting
p w wwk for each Unit,
. .-
I
Evmy member of the Unit knows a week
vance where the next meeting will be held
bers who are not grweat at the meathg m
 group c am or leader.
The -up a p t a h Q not e b c b d He is appdnkd :
bg the Unlt Bureau.

No. The Unlt Bureau c o d of the beet

4 veloped comaden in the Unit, even if they Iive
, the same block or aeishborhood and below to k l ~ .
same gnag. The gronp leader6 must be 7-
from among the members of the group. In cum af:r
a Unit Bureau consisting of three rn& e*lch- ;

be a I d e r of their group.
w!cW to mbiW the P-nd the -6 organ-
bations a~ weI1, m h the P w nmubra fn
them.
~ A R B ~ O ~ U D L D ~ ~ ~ ~
HOW CAN WZ U-MNGB THE WI'UATION?
Generally in our Party Unh the m b e m work
to sncb an srtent that they have very little time for
r d h g and recreation. Tha main m a m n for thia
~verbprdaningof our m e h is that the detail8
of mry campaign, action, activity, are carried out
by the Party members and Party m m h a only. At
the same t h e we have exceptional cases in same
Ilnibs where certain members o f the Party, b e c a w
of their lack of understanding of the political prob-
h s , are not aa active as the other4 and the Unit
k forced to throw mom and more work on the
ether members of the Unit. To change thla dhm-
tiw, which in many cases retrulta in losing
fqom the Party, we have to find ways and means
al dlstriiutiag the work equally, not only among
Party members, but also among aympathhs around
lthe party ~ n i t s in
i the shop or street.
If every Ilarty member were migned to peraruade
and enliat five or six workers in the b p or neigh-
borhood ta help him carry out his taalta, many burn-
ing organkational problems wonld be on the way
to mhitloa This wonld bring TIE more results, more
proape&ive Party members from among the= d v e
w01.1temand would develop every Party member r s an
organher for d i n wkivitim o f the workers.
Wlw can't we, in canvassing boumn f o dgnatum~
~
in tIw election campaign m for selling literature or
soliciting subs for the Daaw W O I - ~or~ coIlectjng
,
money for the D d t l W m h , or in aome other cam-
paign, draw in the m a t h e t i c workem? Why
ahoafdn't we give them reagonrsibility fi they are
wilIing to tak% it? And tlxq axe. Wby ahoulh't
71
-ugh regular dimmaions of their .etiviWm'h%
maas organhtlons at the Unit meeting. That .i
mt -h rb blong ta -a organisatid%$. 1
wtematically repork ta the Unit Bureau
Unft meethg about their work: How they
,++ > -.. i,

the raxiooa politicsf campaigns o f the P w q ' . ;

their maaa urgan~tions;abut their m m *;
in recruiting members for the Partg; in getting .*:: 1
for the D d u W&r; in strengthening the 't
of the Party by orb- and leading struggh "':
&(

the membem of the unions, Unemployment C* $

I.L.D., or other mass o r g m k d i o a
active msmbefar, the membership will learn from, :
the mewamof thw membem: they wiII b ehe l
m , .'
fo wlve thefr own probIems, while ak the q #a& .,
~ontinuodyehwkiap on the activitim of $%, ,
memh.
How S d d Wm InwIv. Tkorr I l b f / m gb.
Work of th. Unit L dI? T-l
We must realh and ' theiPet#&-&
 :- ,LI -, . > , -
$ 4 1 ..I -
. ,

**rrs &d & &

comrades ta act *a Cornmud& in the
whem they live; make f r h b in t h e t itee
among their neighbors; a r m u n d themmehen r
',,with sympathhm and in tbis way help the Unit
3& 4 0 f l with ~ more workem in the terriw. i
11 Atl d i v e member of a anion or other mami orga*
?Wcannot awtlse hia nqljmnce or failurn to act
:rn a Commmbt in the honm or territwg where he

p'd prepare p r o p o ~for

TO ~ ~activitie~,plicy. &.,
r - :fe% the Unit meetings;
to org~nhethe membership
k* ut the decisions of tbe Unit meeting; to
e carrying out of the decidons; t o ahow
members of the Unit in the daily work how to
M- out decisions, by psrtidpating., organizing
+',:and leading the workers in the daily struggles,
b)Cimtha campaigns, e t c ; t~ see that the unit mcm-
join and are active in unions and other mass
'
iorgrrnizations, and in their fraetionr ; ta me if
the rnembr~are in good standing; t o prepare all
y m -ury idonnation about tbe new appl*lat. ,

. (wcrnits) for the Unit meeting; to build up ay&

& ' b m a W y a financid income other than that from
1r
does; to wakh cmefully the deveIopment of each
.I lmemhr
-' '
,
and train and pmrnota promiling ones-
[F-, -,sagplying them w i t h groper literaturel ~ n d i n gthem
!to Party schoolr, proposing tbem far work in the
-
I icommiaaiona of the higher Party committeal etc.

r:
!'HOWTO ORGAMZB THE M E W B m FOR CARRY-

..'
.,; ma OUT Dl%EXONS
First of all emry important decision muat stma
3
odg after a thorough dincussion in the Unit. If
tbe Unit membre underaha why certain &pa
j , - t b e ~ ~ e n b a t h e ~ a r t p ~, b t in
' 4 g i v esituation
ts
~
- a
are which demand the outl3ned
16
e,
' . ' C
C; w b t t h a p e m ~ o i t h e
~haoti011(wWweInteradtO*)~~
~ t i 0 1 1 m n d m o b i h t I o m o f t b e ~
the carrying out of the dtddon will be mu& e&pl
B t r t ~ ~ h g n a e m b e r a t o e e r t a l n
Uaft Bureau mu8t h o w ewmthing sbwt the
h; ormaidefatfon muat b given, among otbsr
*
thing%towhatrurionor~m~on~
that m& r- whet B~JS- w h
h a m tham, b (or her) mmond we (ho-wm
ehildm~,e k ) , abilitgLdemh for certain t.sL3 hr*p
' h g in* Pa* etc
I i w e P s o w t h e ~ a n d t h e m ~ m b m
the problems and the tmka of the Unit, then tbe
Unit Inrean win not have m d trouble In ofgYn-
hhg the work This em 136 done h the following
way: The Unit Buman, in prep.rfng fie
for activi*, alao prep- propoeale for t h e
meat of the individual r n h The Bureau briaglr
thwepmpwabtothe~,~thededah
i s made. The memberLMore a dedriion b ma&
has the right to e r p r e ~hia o p w n about hh &MW,
or ahte ream- why he c m h t or ~ k
~
w&md to the pi- wmk But a f h &e Unft
meeting dedda on the f h e t , ha m W
it out, In better functionlag Unite, where the U d t
B u m ia thwowhly acquainted with tha m -
thwe ia no n d w for b l s s i o n on tb i a d J M
amigmment. T h e B t u e a t t ~ a t h e ~ a l s d
if ~IIIndividud
B member e h to be e x c u d f&
one reawn or another and the Bureau doae not
to r&we himr only then is the qwation tPken up
at the =eating. We should always have ia mind W
~mostd3siIlusioning~onthe~memberP
. ereabd bg eonstant squabbbng about adgmmm&
Short, M v e r e p o h on &e division of work wbaeh
h k a into accouat the ailnation and ab* at d
hdMdw1 member will c l a m p the dtuwkh~
77
 : HOB 'PO m m THE C d a a r n Q OVT OF'
DEcrsmNs
h he d&aions and wdgmnpmte are to be mtgihmi
&the unit meeting. At meetthg of the Unit
E q a u nU the deci6ions and irsaignmemts l d be
-4, and thm not carried out should be aoted.
:The t a c h Ponld be reporb3 to the Unit me%thg.
@ this report the Unit Burertu &axply the
fit& abut #a activities of the individuals in qw-
- tfon, opening discurnion on thow m m b m who shirk
work The open criticism wiU help the m m b r s W a
assignments more seriously. The membere maat
b m iFom thme dkllas£onar one impor-t organ-
@tion$, principle of o w Pa*, namely, that &
W d n a l member has the reapodbility to b W
Mie tmaa movement of the toiling ma.asa; to blrild
the Commnnirtt Party, the vanpllaxd of the p m
letariat
mm DAXLY WORRW-TXIE INsTRuMKm OP
a THE UNITS FOR RUCHlNCP CP MASSE3
One of the main and mmt important i n s h m m b
d agibtion and propaganda in tbe hands of the
Fsrty Units is the D d g W d w ,the ~ ~ f l i zorgan
al
ai our Prrrty. T b m aomxrrdea who can influence the
muam, who can win over the worker8 in one factom
qr a certain territory, have no &nm of spaking
prwnally and daily to the workma in thoamndar of
factmias,thousands of cia* thoumnda of skeeb.
And even if t h a e comrades- do talk to tbe opor-
in a #ertufn factory occasionally, they can deal .IRitb
only one w two of the moat bmmhg qusatfox~a Bu*
the D& W m b , the colldve ngitata and organ-
*
Mew
of o m Partyand of themwm, arpeakstoib
6very da?. .
The best I d e m of our Party spak to @e
w6rkem #mwh &lea in the DaW W o r k . Tme
b t r d Cornmi* 4bo. the w o r m
78
 J.Ty"&fk'.. -- .< , . <~Wi-"
C,!

I .
M.qpq=q$yg
!
fi , v>
J

. . c w n d r i s ~ - ~ r & l ; m F
b p ~ f m l * f ~ o n d ~
-g t o r i ~ o f ~ l l ~ k h t ~
i . ' t b a ~ v ~ ~ w ~ a w
'_''totrca with the Iead- of our F ,
r

- ~ r a l C o m m i ~ w i t k t b b e & m o e t, -
*,,='

-
, comknM& I a ~ a n y b e -
- w lha W w k for mchiw and -,'*
maamif Ne, thme h not. Therefoq dl@:& '(
Da* Wwku fn the neighborhood, and at t h e w
tory gam, gelmg mbamhm and w o r k ..
s g o d e n b for it, b one 61 the most imprbnt
of the Pa* organhtlom
<

W H A T I S T F m M m H o D O P ~ ~*
DAUff WORKEW
The workem in the big factmi- can be &&&
bydhgtheDuify W w b t o t h e m a t ~ f p t B @
I imidethefm.
In the neighborhopd (Street or Town Unft) - '
~ ~ e c t i v 0 m & l l d 0 f $ e t t i n g ~ ~ a
mfortheDdy W m k u - r i s t h m @ ~
; t h e h o m m o f t h e w o h Xnodertommkeflle
r e a a e r E n ~ i u t b e ~ I Z y W ~ a t t b
.. fmm
"'
dng, we &odd get storiee (workar on^
the faetorfes, neighboxhd, tofftn or dw w h
,

t l " 3 ~ ~ l h , L n t o t h eT~h e~&* d * t 6 k .!

' wdahouldbeIfmikdtoscon~of~'..
worker and hia family a h l d be'- snd W@_
thatsample~ophdtheDp5hWwkrw5UbeM a

' 'witataemi(Balimitedtlme;that~aboPld*.
';
it, and if thw l i b ft, thw nhorrld m h d k
. , M y Wwhandthavidt d t r r l k o f
~ h g ~ w i f l l r l a l t e a g o 4'
;1
o:
*,- "

" . t ? t b ~ r k e r d w # l % n *ma*::& ~
4~Htr&Udt,TownU~oxShopUlJtab
' P e w i t h o ~ ta n t d m oiLWu W o f W .
'm~n thu shag, am -.
<73
, &!.,- ..r
* I

<- ..A+?
,,*r4
. >,,'+&
"

r ' 14 4 . -
 gle~aboapaperhthe~oroand
the ar Town Unit, priakd (mime+
wid)dfrrtrlbtlOed (sold) in the Unit
msdertbe~hipdtbeUaitbytheP~mem-
bers and bs w t h i s e a The neighhrhoad paper
ahoddhtbeaamemleintheIrmallertamitory
.thrt tka % Wi& h has n~tiondly. It in the
8gitrtor and or- of the Pam,dealing wfth the
con& problem of tire population in tbe Unlt kmi-
e, agitsting and progag " ' 3 the -bm for
om: grogram, and -0 them. Simple h-
guage, neat appearance and pi- are mmmary
t~ make the neighbrhd paper popular.
Wesh~stxi~fohuethepaparauoft%amn
m e , and build around it a large drcle of active
sappork6 (eomespondents, ~ b u t o r s ,jiuncid
mpporhrg &.I. We ahodd consider Ehe develop
mght of neighboxhod papers aa of tba great* im-
porkno& If, for the lmt fem yenrar, rn had been
iaauing a paper in the territorg of each Street and
Town Unit, we m d d have today thomands and
thmaads of little Party papers all war the coun-
try, a l a w Party, and a wider circle of aupgorhm.
If eaeh n W b o r h 4 paper would be read by only
200 or 300 people we would have dose to a million
workem clawly m & d with the Party,
We have to bear in mind &at mder more mp-
presshe eonditiona, when a e printing and shipping
of the D d w W w b wiU be made much more ailli-
cult by the clasa enemy, we mu& have t h e hmn-
dze& of thou~andaof Party paperrs syatamatically
gbed in tbe hand8 o f the workem
W R AQITATIONAC AND PROPAGANDA IZTBR&
m - Y TO THE ldASS198
 i, work,
the massea with whom we come in c u n b t in our
to combat
boaks, radio,
the lies of ths botr-h
mod- e k , to
pmm,
and def'eat tbs
! t b d r o i t l w m r m t 4 x d Tmk&+m,~
h s t o n e i t a renegades, and dl tme sodol-f&
*
1 and faseiet demagoguw and o t k agemta of the
1 bonrgebiaie, our Party m e m b e d b should stndy and
spread aa widely as p d b b the mweu &a
teachings of the great k d e ~ of s the m o l u ~
movement, as well aa our current theoretical prtbli-
cation$ and om ngiCaffOm1 pamphleb on the every-
1 day issues and problems whicb confront the =-
The Party has made and ia making av&h the
I mpst important worb d Yaq Etigd~,lrnh a d
Stdin in Iow-priced editions. There can be no
sound rsvolutionary mo~eanent built without the
' didzibfltion of this literatim. This k why the im-
m n c e of litemtum didribution is s t r e d sa
much by the Party.
The C m u r r i s t , the theoretical organ of the Cen-
txal hmmitb, and T b Cmumm&t I P l t m w W d ,
organ of the Executive Committee of the Communist
I ~ t i o m lshould
, be read by all the Party mam-
bers, and d v e a broad d e among the m a s ~ .
There should be no Party pmnhr who does not read
the P e Owm&r, the monthly organ ab #a Cen-
tral Commitka which takes up aU the current or-
ganktional problems of the Party gi* o-
a&encea and W i v e s to aid our Pam rnemkir~
in their every-day wmk.
Beaides the theoretical boob, pamphlets and
magazines, the Central Committee, D W c t Com-
mittee~,and in mme p l m , the Seed011
Lsue pamphlete on vital, m * p r ~ b l wf i a g
tha broad mas-. Theare are caned om a&htionrI
pamphlets beeatme they deal with adfk q w w t h u
. affeEting the broadat mMm& E f l d v e mMa mrk,
bringing the h i g M degree d p a W 4 #d
81
htioaal mults, cannot b condrtcfed without the
distribution of thia literatare. Our Party literature
will help to clarify the minda of the workers on the
problema which fape them, and will help bring them
nearer to our Party. Without 4he broadest distribu-
Uon of our Party literature the Influence which our
Parta gains in its campaigns may soon give way in
the minds of the workere to the influences o f the
bour-is p e e r , radio, moviea, etc. Through distrib-
ution of our Party literature we can consolidate our
influence and recruit thousands of new members
for our Party.

The Unit Organhr ahould be the moat able, most

politically developed member of the Unit. He is the
political leader of the Unit. His duties are aa
follows:
1, As a politicaI leader he directs all the work
of the Unit.
a. Re prepares the material for the Unit Buran
(agenda, proposals for faction, assignments,
e W
b. Helps Me Agit-Prop Director in preparing ma-
terial for discussion in the Unit on political
problem; on the policy of the Party; on rescr-
lutions of the higher commit-.
c. He must react immediately tm any issue that
a r i g ~in the factory or in the territory. If
there is no time to wait for the next Bureau
meeting, he must call together the members of
the Unit Bureau and decide with them what
adion muet be taken. If it is not gossi,ble to
call the Bureau totogher, he mu& take respon-
sibility for the action and notify the indiddual
Party members- of their task*. Taking respon-
aibility for an action is apacially imporknt in
82
 a facbry where the Unit Oxgad= f.cerr
great diil3cnltiea in call- ddng
working hours. In t b cane he aets indepen-
dently, notifies the members and takes the
responsibility at the next Unit m e .

1 2. He is responsble for eontrolling the decisions

of the Unit He is the one rho ahould -dl
cheek ofi whether the aaahmmh are wried out,
I and report hie h d i i without- hesitation to the
I Unit Bnresn and the rnembxship.
3. He aeea to it that the g ~ o n pcaptaim take a m
I af their w o r t
4. H e i s responsible for developing new force6
I from the Unit.
6. H e must be in mhnt touch witb the Section
1 b m i t t e e , to whom he reports on the activities of
' the Unik and from whom he ieeeives directives. In
order to ,be able to make propads and formulate
1 policies for fit unit, if0 must an -ample to the
members of the Unit of how a good Party member
worka among the m a m a

He is the comrade on the Unit Bureau who is rn

sponsible for the aRitational and propaganda work
of the Unit. Him functions are:
1. To carry out the decisions of the Unit Bureau
concerning dimasiolrs in the Unit, by gathering mtl.
terial for the reporter mid by the Unit Bureau
or memberehip meeting. He mast also supply mate-
rial for theae discwiona to the individual member#
of the Unit.
2. He i s in charge of the Editaria1 Board o f the
shop paper or neighborhood paper. H e i s respomi-
ble for organizing open forum, workers' schools,
&,, in the krxitorg.
3. He is also responsible for agitation and propa-
88
g d a work not only ha& the Party, hut among the
non-Party workem
Does this mean that an of thew l o u l d be
taken care of by the Agit-Prop Director alone? Of
course not! A good Agit-Prop Director should be
able to pick comrades in the Unit who will help him
carry out these tasks.
WHAT IS THE FWNCTXON OF THE FINANCIAL
SECRETARYt
He takea care of all the financial pmbIemr of the
Unit. Ee checks on members' dues payments and
r e p r t a to the Unit Burehu regularly on wbo is fall-
ing behind in dues and attendance. He takes steps,
thmugh the group captains, to see that these mem-
bers are visited. Be organizes special fimncial in-
come for the Unit from aympathixers, individual
contributors, various kinds of social affairs. He
should establish a f i n d for the Unit through these
various activities, a fund which wilI enable the Unit
to be able to extend its mass agitation among the
workers in the Bhop or territory.
Be is responsible for the membership list of the
Unit. This task pub great responsibility on the
shoulders of the Financial Secretary. He has t o
see to it that this list i s safeguarded properly m
that agents of the class enemy do not get hold of it.
The Financial Seemhry has under hir leadership
the entire technical and business activities of the
Unit.
We have to emphasize that all these problems have
very impodmt p o l i t i d 9ignimnes. The assign-
ment or election of a comrade b t h t pod w t al-
way8 be mmidsrsd f r m &&I p d ~ of t ~ 1 h .

WHAT IS THE FUNCTION OF THZ UNIT DAItY

WORKER AGENT?
The D d y Worker agent a h d be one of the hat
84
L
developed, most anergetic m m k of the Unit. If
he is n& an e l m member o f the Unit ESnman, he
should .tBd .O B o r r . I-- i.order 0
it pomible for him to garticipata in m&hg phna
! i m t h e a p ~ g a i t h . ~ ~ w ~
I ,d,U,. ,taPJEoitheUoitII~WtWbr
-t m w t be w n s i d d as an important political
functiok His taka are:
I. To mobilhe the mmhmhip of the Unit to d l
the D d y W o r k every duy h fb hretory or in
the territury.
To mobilh the s~nnpathbriaround the Unit
and make them enthusiastic dBtributors of a e D m
Wwk.
3. H e iar responsible for m g d d n g a group of
Dlcflw W d m Bddem from among the memlmra of
the Unit and sympathbm of the Pam in the shop
or territory where tha Unit b omathg,
4. He should cheek up whether the lndivfdnal
. members are getting new readers for the Dui&
Worker in the d o n a or other maw- o w t i -
where they belong.
5. He has the duty of re@ whether the mem-
bers o f the Unit read the Xl- W w k m every day.
6. He should am to it that the e e u c e s of the
individual meznbsra in aelhg the Dud# Wodtiw
should be dscnesed from time to the at Unit meat
ings and in this way impme the method of work
in this respeck

The Unit Literature w r far not m w an

"agent" or "mlesmm" who a e h literature to the
Pa* membem at ah
te Unit meeting, or who covers
street and mass meeting8 for the nale of limb
among the woxkenr; neither ia his ta~k we
of being a "go-bheen*' brinOing l i t a r e from
86
 Section Utersture h q m h e n t to the Unit meetings.
Much of thia work he must alao do. but hi# taska
have a mneh broader aspect whhh'we enumemte
blow:
I. To work in clew collaboration with the Unit
&reau and the unit *Prop Direcbr ia planning
the distribution of literature (*at, where, when,
how, how much, by whom).
2. To familiarize h b I f with our literature and
be prepared ta convince the Party members of the
imporhnce of r e d i g and distributing each piece
of lihrature.
8. To prepare the newaary lihrature at learrt a
week beforehand for political discussiom in the
Units, and tee b it that the Unit menhrship ob-
tsins mame.
4. To check up and control that each Party mem-
ber shall fake out and aell literature in connection
with hi8 or her mignment, and establish regular
distribution in his or her shop, trade union, or masa
omanimation. To urge each member t9 mobilb
workers and ~ymgathizer~ to do likewise, and wher-
ever possible establish a literature table or depart-
ment oflkiallg in their organiation. To mobilize
also for 8ale of libratnre outside the shops particu-
larly tho= in which we have no definite contset, at
m e etm of trade unions under reactionary leader-
i
ship where we may not have organbed contact in-
side, at opponent maw meetings, and at meetin@
of bourgeoiscontrolled fraternal, cultural, and re-
ligious organizations.
6. To check up and report on the reactions of
workere to our literature and what literature k
needed for their further clariflcatim, and to k m n e
familiar witb the conditions in the shops, organhi-
tiom, neighborhood=, &,, and around what iasuea
struggles could be developed and litmature diskib.
uted. To see to it that all valuable experiences,
88
 pmtidarly in &*tion af U k a h inside the
~dtradeunloa~arewritbnngforthaP&rty
gremg or diatrict litemba hiletin.
6. T o bke the initiative in rnganhhig colleetiq
r d k , e k , at Unit m d n g s ond &airs through
whfch funds am be raised for the h£Idingof a Unit
library of our basic theoretical boola
7. To keep a strict account of the Unit literature
h d s ; m to it that all literature is paid for prompt-
ly by tlm Unit members, and that all bills for litma-
tmm are paid promptly and emctlg t o the Section
each week.

' The resolutions and dedrrions of the Communist

. I n ~ t i o n a l ,and the Central, D M & and a
, tiw Commitbaa will remain on paper unless we have
in the Unib well-functioning, developed leaderehip
which is able to rnobibe the membemhip for carry-
ing out these decisionti. Tbia mobilization will be
! m d u l only if the Unit leademhip (Unit Bmuu)
la capable o f clarifying all decisions to the member-
ship. Only tbrough political understanding can the
membemhip be a c t i v k d to apply the decisiohs of the
Party committees in their daily work among the
masses. We should always remember the emphasis
&eased by the Opm Lsttw in dissussing thia
' question :
"The center of grsPity of Party work must be
nhifbd to the development of the lower orgrmiza-
tionu, t h e factory nuclei, Iocal organizations, and
street nuclei." (Opm Letter, pp. 20-21.)
In order to carry out this directive of the Optm
h t t s r we must strengthen and develop the leuder-
ship of the lower organhtion~. The main link of
the masses to the Party b the U n k If this link i n
faulty, if some of the links of the whole chain of
87
Party organisation do not function properly, the
Party will have either very weak or no connections
with the masses. In order to strengthen this link we
m u t have a strong leadership f Unit Bureau).

The Unit Bureau itr the Ieadsr of the Party *d

the mas= among which the Unit operates. h order
to have a ~trong,able leadership in the factDry or in
the neighborhood, we mu& elect the most able, capa-
ble comrades to the Unit B ~ ~ ~ ~ u m o m r awho des
grew up in the Party in struggles and who have been
trained for leadership. To change the loadership in
the Unit frequently is a sign of ~ ~ i e u n d m t
standing of the role of the Unit Bureau. Many
Party Units in our Party fail to d e W p maw activ-
itg, fail in influencing broad strata of the wcrrlrers
in the shop or neighborhood where they -0 operat-
ing because they change their leaderahip (Unit
Bureau) too often. There should be a mle in the
Unit tbat no Unit leader should be changed unless
he is proved to be incapable of leading the Unit, or
ifhe bas developed so well tbat his promotion to a
higher P a w committee is on the order o f the day.
But even in that csse, no comrade should be changed
d m another comrade who ia well developed can
take hi8 place. Stability in the Unit leadership is aar
important as it is in the Section, District, or Center.
The balk of electing any fanctionary in the Party
ia precisely defined in the Opsoa h t t e r :
"Every Party member and especially every
Party functionary must be a real organizer of
mass struggles in hie particular sphere of work.
From this ~tandpointthe Party musk judge the
activity of its. functionaries and must chooae ite
leading bodies?' ( O m Lsttw, p. 23.)
THE SBCTLON c0mrTHH
Whether the Party Unib fulA1l their t ~ s h
88
 I

/
,
among the msa depends to a great utwt on a
well-functioning &&ion The bib
guidance of the Unit Buresnlr, wpecidly of the Shop I
Units, is one of the principal tasks of the S e n
I
: perrronal contact between the S d m Cornmittem and
,I
the unit ~ u - n s . mile the o-ktiona~ lefter
'
can give general guidance- to tha work of the U n h ,
it alone is not a d i c i e n t to develop the Unit Bo-us;
in many eases it curba tbe initiative of the Unik A
]
Section C m i t W should use the foflowing method I
of giving I e a d d p to the Units:
I. Elegplar meetings of the d t t a Unit full01
tiomrim &odd be held where, W i dimwhg
politically the most outstanding h& of the coming
d, a well-prepared discmion fs oondmbd on !
I
basic organhtiunal and politid probhw of the 1

iI
Pam. These dim&ons should take the form of a
r e g a h claw where the role and organizational
principles of the Party are studied. Through these
weekly meethagar we can develop, strengthen and
Wibe the Ieadersbip in the U n i k I
I
2. The Section C o n r m i k should d l m r the
work of om of the Units at each meeting. This
point should be prepamd verg carefully in con-
junction with the Bureau of that Unit. The Section
Committee, discus~ingthe problem of the given Unit,
gives con^ eu@on8* pmpos& to con&. mia
takes and b overcome weahessea

The Section Organizer is the political leader of ai&

Section, and ia responsible for the en& W a
He is the leader not only of the Parb organization
in the territorg of the Section, btrt alao must be or
become n leader of the in the twrirJr where
the Section is operating. In order to be &la to g I ~ e
l e a d d i p to the Party and to the mmser, the Sa-
89
 tion O r g a n k must be in daily touch .with the i
problemrr of the workem. He should b be member of
the local union of hi^ trade. In this way he strivss
,
to become the leader of the organized workers in that -
trade union. The Section O r g a n w has the task
of preparing the agenda for the W i m Bureau
and Section Cornmi- meetinm, and he aeea to it
that the decisions adopted at these mewtings are
carried out by the Units of the Seetion. La order
t o be able fo carry out thie big tmk, other mem-
bers of the Section Committee are made responsible
for the various h l d s of activity of the Party.
But the Section Organizer ip, rs~pondbleto the Sec-
tion Committee also for the activib of thew ~ m -
1
radea. The work in the Section Committee is divided
among the members of the Section Committee,
around whom are built up the various commiaaione.
In the Section Commitha we have the following
leading functionaries: Organizational Secretary,
&$tational-Propaganda Director, head of Trade
Union Commission, head of Daill, W w h Com-
mittee, head of the Literature Commitke, Financial
Secretary, Bead of the Membership Committee.
INITIATIVE OF THE UMTS A N D SECTIONS
From the foregoing we we how the Party is con-
nected organizationally with the workers and their
mass organizations. Let us sum up very briefly:
The basic link between the Party and the decisive
atratu of the working class are the Units in the
industries; the Street, Town and Farm Units in the
territory and the fractions, particularly in the
unions but also in other mass organizations,
The= organizations are the ones through which
the Party leads the m a w s in the place of employ-
ment, or organization, and where they live. On the
efliciency, independence, and initiative of these Party
organbations dependa the ability of the Party to
90
 lead the ma- In the daily straggle againat the
and for final victory.
In tha ~ t u ohf the Communiet PartIerr of the
Commnniat International, we find the following
point: AH Party organizations may decide on local
questions independently hof%t as these decisions
: do not conflict with any dection of the higher Party
mganktiona
. The problem is how a m we to equip our unite
' and Sections to faction independently? How a
p develop the initiative of these organizations to
mch an extant that they won't wait for directiws
from the higher bodies as they too o h do now,
Wt develop their rn campaigns, rewt to eveay
isme in their shop or territory? Naturally, them
actiom will always be baaed on the general. p o l e
or campaigns of the Party.
Why in it so important to develop the initiative
of the lower organhationsf In answering this
question, we have to remember one very important
. fa& The Unita are the organizations which are
in dire& touch with the massea. The Units are the
lmder~of the workers in the faetoriea, neighbor-
hoods,&. In order to be able ta give correct lead-
ership ta these workers, the Unit must raise slogans
which fit the given situation. But the mncreb hmes
are often quite different in each factory or neighbor-
hood The Unit, with its members among the
masses, can react quickly on these issues. If we wait
until the n e w abut a wage cut or worsening of
d i t i o n s reach= the Section, and i s then tranai-
m i t t d to the Units, the issue will have become use-
1-8 in many -, or there is a danger that the
wvrkers will already be following the leaderrhip of
some reformist. Waiting for instructions will not
make a h i t the Ieuder of the masses. Too many
d d ~ i v eNmoman&" have been lost in this way.
In the Unite where there is real initiative there
w i l l be conatant development of the individual
mem.
bera. They will continmdy dincuss problema and
dudg the line of the Party in order to be able to
apply it to the given situation.
Rrnper M a r s h i p Devrlopl Initiative

The "independence" and "initAativew of the Unit

must not be intergrsted to meau that they have
nothing to do with the higher committees of the
Pam. The Section, Distsiet and b b a l Commit-
tees, by the principle of democratic centralism, on
which our Party structure and procedure are based,
always have the right to approve or disapprove
any decision of the lower organiations,
The initiative of the Units developa precisely be-
c a w the propar lead-ship i s given by the higher
Party committees.
What are the best metbods of developing the hi-
tiative of the Units? First of all, the personal
guidance given by the Party committees, through
representatives, or in8tmctor8, who work with the
Unit for wme tima Theae repreaentatives or in-
structors assigned to a Unit participate in all activi-
ties of the Unit rrnd not only heIp prepare propoaab
for actiona, but take part in carrying out the de-
cisions.
There is one more very important reason for
hastening the process of developing the initiative of
the Units to the highest degree. In a comparatively
"peaceful" period, when the Party has the possibili-
ties of working openly, the Units can come for
advice tP the Section or District headquarters. Bnt
in a situation when it may not kw p o ~ ~ i b to
l e have
open headquarters, when it will be quite difficult to
get in touch with the section Committee quickly, the
Unit will have to work independently. If we neglect
to develop the initiative of the Units today, the work
92
of the Party would be hampered in illegal wnditions.
W H A T ~ ~ ~ O N S M ~ ~ r n D N
DIsTRICr, AND CENTaAL C0MxnTEHS
The Commbiona are- tha ipstrurnenta in the h a n b
oi the reppeetive Party Commitkas fur the p t l m
of carrying out the work more flectivdy-
1. The role of the Commi~siomis to prepare ma-
terial for the Committees in their rmpective field of
work.
2. They are mponsibla for carrying mut the de-
cisions of the Party Committee in their 6teld of work
and to see to it that the decisions made in the Corn-
m i t b a are carried out by the lower organhation.
Cammiarsions have no right h make de-
criaions on general policies of the Partg, but they
have tha right to make decirrions in the p r o c s ~of
c a r d u g out the policy of the respective Party Com-
mittees. For rzample: The Section Committee de-
cides that sbp muat be taken to top memhrsbip
fluctuation in the Units. The Organization D e p h
ment, in c a m out this dedsion, examines a nnm-
ber of Units, find5 out the badc weaknesses and in
this way gathere mabrial for a thomugh campaign
for stopping fluctuation. In the process o f the exam-
ination the Organization Department makes dechions
about the composition of the Commission and the
method of work of this Commission which carries on
the invatigation.
The head of the Commiraion should be a m e m h -
o f the Party commitbe. The member^ o f the Com-
missions are appointed by the Party committea from
the best q u d i 0 d m e m h of the Party orgmktion,
not neewarily members of the Partg committee. It
i s advisable to draw in as many comrades from t h s
lower organimtions into thew Commissions an pos-
siila in order to develop them for more responsibh.
WHAT COMMISSIONS WE HAVE IN TEIH PARTY
coMMmlxW?
1. Organbational Commis~ion(Org. Cornmimion),
8. Agitation and Propaganda Commission ( A g i b
Prop),
3. Trade Union Commission,
4. Negro Cornmimion,
5. Wornmi's Cornmimion,
6. Agrarian Commission.
The other phages of activity (Daifv Wwkev, Lib
eratore, Finances, etc.) are -en care of bp one or
t h e other of these Commissions.
WKAT IS THE TASK OF THE ORGANIWnONAI.
COMMISSION M THE -ON O R DISTRICT?
1. To explain and popuhriw the Organizational
decisions of the Conventions, Conferenca (Com-
munist International, Central Committee, Di~trict
or Section Commitbe), and see to it that these
d&sions are carried out.
2. To prepare Org. Directives, outlines for the
Party Committee, for a11 fields of organhtionaI
work in connection with the variour campaigns d
the Party (elections, May First, anti-war, anti-fas-
ciam, recruiting, D a i l ~Worker, ete.) .
3. To control and check upon whether the de-
cisions of the Party Committees are carried out (con-
troI b k s ) .
4. To exchange the organizational experiences of
the Party organizationr through articles in the P w b
Orgadzer, "Party Life" column in the Dailv Wmkm,
epecial Organizational Bulletins, functionaries'
meeting&
6. To watch and contra1 constantly the compori-
tion of the Party and take the necessary steps if
there is any danger of unstable non-proletarian ale-
menta attaining too great numerical and political
influence.
'94
I
[
6, To check on amher m e m h u have fpined the
unions i m their industry.
7. To watch and cheek 0uctuation (turn4ver in
membership).
8. T o promote neroiting.
9. To give apecia1 guidance and os-wa to the
10. To report syebmmticallg. to the higher com- I
i mi* h t due& recrrrithg, Unita, shop I
L papera, M o m , etc.
11. To follow up &maticalIy the behavior and
development of the ftlnctionarla in the Party, a d
to promoh new cadre#.
12. To help the lower organizatiom through in-
: atm&m.
13. To organh the Fractiom in the maws organ-
I izatiom and um that they function.
'I
HOW SHOULD mS ORGAMWTIONAL
COI#MISSION wo-?
Through p e r m d contact with the Iower organ-
k t i o n a Members of the Org. Commission should
train imtmctma to help maintain this contact. These
imtruCtOFB, while helping the lower organizations in
their dailr work, at the same time bring pmblems
up to the higher cotnmitk6, problems which h e
not been solved in the lower organizations of the
Party. These problems, a f k thorough discussion,
should be writtan about in the P w t u Orga*,
"Party LifeJycolumn, etc., in this way giving the ex-
periences of one organization ta the whole Party.
The Org. Commission should also urn the method of
bringing w e r promising comrada from the Units
to clasms, where they can be developed i n h new or-
ganimtionml force# for the Party.
THE TiUDB W O N -ION A N D ITS T
-
There in no need to emphashe again how impor-
bli
tant and vital it is to work In the A. F, of L. and
other unions. This work must occupy om of the
most predominant places in the work of all Party
Commit&s. In order to be able to pay M y atten-
tion to all trade union problems, each Party com-
miwe l o n l d organ* a ~ p e c i dCornmiasion for t b k
work. I@ duties are:
1. To explain the resolntiona of the Convention
and of the Committees concerning the trade union
qnestiom.
2. To prepare materIa1 for the r e ~ p d v eParty
committee when a problem of a particular trade or
industry t put on the agenda.
3. To check on whether the lower organizations
are carrying out the decisions of the Party corn-
mitEee in the trade union field.
4. To give systematic guidance and directiva to
the fractions of the trade union about the poliq, tac-
tics and concrete steps of the Party h the M d of
the trade union movement, and t o see whether they
carry wt the directives of the Party.
5. To coordinate the activities of the fractions in
the various trade unions.
6. To exchange and popularize the experhoe of
the trade union fractions.
7. To lead the work in the field of organizing and
strengthening the fractions in a11 bade union or-
ganizations, City Central Bodies, State Federations
of Labor, &c.
8. To participate in the work of the Fractions in
the preparation for trade union conferences, maven-
tions, etc.
9. To watch carefully the development of Pnrtg
forces- in the trade union movement, w w d aa the
work of the non-party aympathdc l e a d m in the
trade union rnwemenh
The head of the cornmiasion Imld be a mem-
ber of the respective Party committee--Section Corn-
91
' rnittee, Di&ict Committee, Centrd Committee. The
rest of the menabem sbwld k elected by' the Partg
, corn- from among the most developed comrsdea
in the trade union k l d .
WHAT Am3 THE T H E OF THE AGIT-PIC-
CO]#MIssION?
I. T o organize dimmion m o d and golruhrha-
tion of the resolutions of the Conventions and Com-
mitteea.
2. To prepare material for the reapctive Party
committeeis for nre in mass agitation (leaflets,
pamphlets, d & s ) .
3. To help and gnide the lowm o r g a h t i o ~b

-
editing and publishing hop and nigbborhood
paper=.
4. T o help the lower organhations to organize
temakic d i m d o n a on atbud political problem^, cam-
p
-
6. T o help the lower organhtiom organhe drm-
lating libraries.
6. To organha ogen forum& lecture#, studg circles,
workers' schmk
7. To organhe training schools for functionarim
and dudy c k l e s for mwdwa,

I: tain
If, in the other
spsisl
phaws
speeifrc Pa* work,
of
nsusitate other Commik
dtuation.
done, the Pa* committae to meet them
W steps
mr-

up (Negro, Women Commiat60ns, eh).

The Pmty commitbmi h m l d assign one of its
members to handle the financial probIema Around
t b i ~ comrade (Financial Secretary) a eommikh
should be organid, which wiU be a sabmmittee of
the Org. Commkion.
The D d g ( W w k and Lihratnm Cornmi-
&odd a h be & as a subcommittee of the Agib
97
Prop Cornmistion. In order to coordinate the work
of the twb main Commissions, the Org. and Agib
Prop, there mu& be mutual repreaembtion whb
liahed. One member of the Org. Commission mu&
be a member of the Agit-Prop end vice v m a .
WHAT IS THE ON BETWEEN THE C.P.
AND Y.cJ..?
The Young Communist League is a mass organha-
ticn of youth. T h e Communist Party is responai'ble
for building this very importmt mass organization.
The relation between the Party and the Y.C.L. ia
guided by these principles: The Padq Units bear
political responsibility for building the Y.C.L. In
order to carry out thia responsibility, the following
organhatima1 rules are ohmved by the Party:
1. Each Party Unit assigns one comrade for work
in the corresgondii Y.C.L. Unit. This assigned
member is not a forn%ld repre~entativeof the Party
b the Y.C.L.,but a mature comrade who p d c i p a t e a
in all activities of the Y.C.L, helps it to formulata
policies and t o carry out decisions.
In a Party Unit territory where there is no Y.C.L.
Unit, one or two comrades should be assigned b the
epecial taak of building the Y.C.L. organization,
2 In order to coordinate the work between the
Party and tbe Y.C.L., the Party should select one
Y.C.L. member, preferably one who IS a member also
of fhe Party, to attend regularly the meetings of the
Unit Bureau. It t understmd that all Y.C.L. mem-
bere who are membsra of the Party attend ParQ
Unit membership meetings.
3. The same mles are ohemed on a Section ecale.
The Section Committee hag one of its members as-
sign& to the Y,C.L. Section. One member of the
Y.C.L. Section Cornmi- attends mgularlg the
meetings of the Section Party Committee.
98
 THH PARTY m m 0 N
h i d = the baaic organhution of the Party, the
Factory Units, and the other form of o r g h t i o n ,
Street and Town Units, there i s another htru-
ment in the handa of the Party through which we
can influence the broadest sku& of o r g d d work-
ers; that is, the Fraction.
The ~~n f an instrument in the hands of
the Party throngh which the Policy of the Party Q
brought to the organized mswm, and thmugh which
the Party g i v a leadership to members of the maan
organktiom Fractiom are built in all the trade
unions and other mans organizations of the workers.
In all miom and in cultural, fraternal, aport and
unemployed ~ r g m h o~f the o ~workera or farm-
ers, in all united front organi~tions,in all con-
ventions and oonferencea of anch organi=t£onar
where there are at least three Cornmumi&, a Com-
munist Fraction muart be organfxed.
The Party Fraction in the shop c o m b s , ~gort
clubs, ete, are under the jurisdiction of the car-
responding Party organization: tbe Fraction in tr
shop in under the jmidktion of tbe Factorp UniL
The Fractions in organhntions in a Unit territorg
are under the jurisdiction of the Street or Town
Unit. The Fractions in organktiom in a Section
tenitow are under the jurisdiction of the Section
Committea; a Fraction in an crrgaaimtion which
covera a territory belonging t o mom than one Sec-
tion ia under the juridiction of the Distrit. The
Fractions in national organhations are undm the
jurisdiction of the C a l m 1 Committee.
in all questions in which them ia a deciaion of the
mrresponang Party organiation, the h c t i o n s
must carry out these d d i o n s . Tbe policy for a
masa organiation l a made in the Party Commikke,
but before tbe dedaions are made on any Laic ques-
tion w d n g the maw organization, the Party
99
Committee invites the representatives of the given
Fraction to participate in the discussion. The kac-
tion at *this meeting has a coneultative role. After
the discussion, the decision is made by the Psrtg
-ittee. The Party Committee a n dedde that the
Fraction members -preare their o p i h n on the pMb-
lem through comultstive voting. Tbe d e d h , how-
ever, is made by the majority vote of the members
of tbe P e C d t t e e .
Leading Frmctiatu
The Leading Fraction of a Fraction in a given or-
ganization ia compoaed of thorn Party memherli who
are elected by the member8 of this organization to
the leading committees. For example: An organha-
tion with 800 members e1ecta an executive committee
of fifteen. Among the^ fifteen, there are five Party
members These five Party members compose the
Leading Fraction in the organization.
These Fractions are under the control of the car-
mponding Party committee t o which they have ta
report regularly. At the same time, this h a d i n g
Fraction also has the duty of reporting to the gem
eral Fraction of the mars organization abut their
aetivitfea. The candidate8 for election in a maas or-
ganization are selected by the general Fraction, b r t
maat b l apprwed bl( m e om q m dw Pwtg G m b
mitbe before they are proposed to the general mem-
berghip meeting of the organization. In all d ~ b i l e d
questions of the h e r life and the daily work o f the
union and other m w orgmktionrr, the Fraction
acts independently on the bask of the policy of the
party.
me Party committee should cheek up on the daily
work of the Fraction. But this should be done in
aach a way that it helpa to develop ability to act fa-
daendently. In ctlses of a basic controversy b
tween the Party Fraction and the Party commitb
100
[ on a question which otherwise is decided by tbe

I
.
Fraction, a joint meeting of the Party d t t e e and
repremntstivea of the Fraction should be arranged
at which the qoeetion shauld be clruIfied and a d*
cision made by the Party committea. This decision
I must be m i a d out unreservedly by the f e
Fractioa
On problems which wilI be decided by the general
msmbership m e w of the organization, the F r e
tim of thia organhtion must take a stand. Every
individual member of the Fraction must carq out
the decisions of the -.action at the m e m b e r ~ i p
meeting whether he agreear with it or not., At the
present period it ia esg&1ly important to organize
the Fractions and m& them work correctly in tbe
k F. of L. union&
The Unita and the Party committees must take the
responsibility for thh M c task of $ha Parky. T h e
decisions tbat mry Party member who is e l i g f e
, should blow to a union and function there as a
member of the organired Fraction must be carried
out In the ~hortestp o ~ l B htime. It must be am-
p h a s i that without p o d wotldag Fractions, rev*
lutionary mass t~orkis impomibh
HOW mBS THE FMmm FUNCTION?
The P* Fraction in a union or a b m c h of an-
other ma~so r g ~ n h t i o nmeeta regularly before-the
meeting of this orgrmnbation. At thSr me&= the
members uf fithe Party F r d o n d i m = and decide
how to apply the policy of the Pa* in the organira-
lion; how to intmduce the Party campaigns; how to
reeruit new Party members from the union; how to
get new readers for the D d w W m k : and what
things a n be d m to imprwe the cwditiona of t h e
members of the or@mtlon. On the varioua we+
tionar, the d6ciaiom are made by v d . The minorib
must help to cam out the decisions. No Party mem-
101
her has the right ta speak or eet in the uaiw or
other mass organization againat the decisiom of the
Fraction. The Party members must always act a~ a
aoIid unit in the union or other mags orga-tio~
Workers look upon the Party aB a dikplimd body.
If tlmy Aould see that the Party member^ come to
a mesting with diEerent opinions on certain q-
tiom they will lose confidence in the ability of our
Party t o give them leadership. They will inevitably
raiae the question: "How can the Party chim to be
a dimiplined organizational leader of the masaes if
they c&not unih their own member8 on certain
issues?"
If certain members of the Fraction do not agree
with the decision of the majority, they can bring the
problem to the Party c o m m m and a& for a die-
cussion, but this appeal cannot keep back the minor-
ity from carrying out the decision if the mass or-
ganization meeting h a p p a b take place before the
Party committee can act on this appeal.
Whnt I tha Function of the Fraction Secretary
The members of a Fraction elect one comrade aa
s work is ar follows:
Secretary. H
i
I. He maintains cmections between the Party
committee and Frwtion.
2. He is personally re~ponsibleto the Party mu-
mittee for the proper functioning of the kaction.
8. He checks up and sees to it tbat the Party mem-
bers function in the F r d o n .
4. H e wa- the behavior of the Party membexar
in the mass orgrmizntion.
6. He wes b it that the campaigns are brought
into the mass organization (election campaign, May
First, anti-f&, anti-war, recruiting, Dad#
Worker, e k ).
 W. Party Memkmhip and Cadrcs

CONTINUOUS daily recruiting basic

ia the
of every Unit and each individual member of the
task

Party. In the daily struggles of the workers in the

factories and the neighborhood, the Unit mwt con-
scientiously develop ita recruiting d i v i t i e a , ge-
into the Pam the best ehters in thew strtwglcs
WHOM TO RECRUIT
Emphasis in the daily recriting must always be
placed on the basic proletarian elements, ewedally
those from the big factories. Special edDorts must
be made to get the native-born workers and Negmea
into the Party. The necewity of recruiting women
w o r k must a180 be emphasized bacrruse of the
strategic position the women workers have in many
i n d u d e s . Besidea ehh we shall never lo= sight
of the fact that during war the Communist worn-
will play an important role in orgmidng and l a d -
ing the worker~in their revolutionary struggles.
Tha best method of getting new member^ into the
Party is to place individual respomibity for r e
m i t i n g on the Unit membere. Each individual
Party member has friends in the factory where he
works, in the union of which be is a member, in
the nsighbarhood where he liver. Each individual
Pam m& ha8 the Commmbt duty of con-
vincing these friends of his of the mrpeetneaa of
the grogram of the C . 1 and of the Communlat
Party, and in this way, recruiting them i n b the
Party. It is understood that the individnal Party
~~s muat pay sggcirrl attention b those work-
ers who pmve to be f-1- khters on the picket
line, in the unemployed stroggli. The mcaesity
for individual rapomiility of each Party member
103
in recruiting new members into the Party and in
helping and guiding them after they join the Party
cannot be over-emphasized.
While we have to bring into the Party ten8 of
thousands of worker8 in order to build a real masa
Party of the American proletariat, we must bear
in mind always that our Party must be composed of
the most courageous, most developed, most relf-
sacrificing elements of oar clas-the working c h n .
That means that, in recruiting membem, we must
pay special attention not only to the quantity but
also to the quality of the new recruits.
\an0 I!$ ELIGIBLE mu lvIEMBBRSHIP IN THE
COMMUNIST PARTY?
Any p e r m from the age o f eighteen up, who
cepts the program and - t u b of the C.I. and the
Communist Party of the U.S.A.
-
If a worker who is less than 18 y a w of age wants
to join the Party, and there is no Young Communist
League in the town or factory, the Party Unit has
the right to m p t him i t o the Unit, get him a book
and permit him to remain in the Party Unit until,
with the help of the Party Unit, be f able to build
up a Unit of the Y.C.L
WHAT ARE T X E CONDITION FOR MEMBERSHIP IN
TEE COMMUNIST PARTY?
The oonditionar for msmberahip in our Party are
contained in the following pledge read by Comrude
Browder t o 2.000 w o r k e ~who wem Initiated into the
Party in the h ew YorH District in 1936.
"1 ?tow take I ~ L W plum b b h a mnk~of the Corn
maxi& Party, t h e Part31 of t h w w k k g e h s . I
take thia solemn oath to @ive the beet that B in l t s
to tb w d s of mw c h u . I pledge m p d f to sprsre
ISO efmt h u & i g t b m h &z d d b * a m-
gls against f a e h a d war. I p l e d p m~taelfb0
.wwk wnalo~la'oegIy in the w n i m , in the dm,
104
application for aceeptrtnw to hia Unit t a k a full
respomibilitg for the new member.
The =me procedure should b loll& in c a a a
where the new members are recruited by the frau
tiom or members of fractionti Jn unions or other
mass orgmhations. The i n M d d Party member
who m u i t s the new me^^ brings the applica-
tion card to his own Unit. The Unit acts on the
application, holding the endortler responsible for the
new Party member.
WHEFW SHALL THE NEW MEMBER BE ASSIGNED?
1. To the Shop Unit in his phm of work.
2. If there is no Shop Unit where he works, be
should be assigned to the Skeet Unit where he livee.
If the new member wishes, he may be artdgnd to
the Street Unit of the comrade wha recruited him.
MJ3zmmsHIP DUBS
According ta the Constitution of our Party, the
individual Party members pay their dues weekly on
the following bash:
1. Membexs receiving weekly wages o f $16 ox lm
(including housewivm) pay 10 oenta dues weekly.
2. M e m k s receiving weekly wages of over $15
and r?rpto $25 pay 26 cents dues weekly.
3. M m b r a receiving over $26 and up to 880 pay
60 centa dues weekly.
A Yemberzl receiving over $80 and np to W0 pay
76 emts dues weekly.
L Members receiving over $40 and up to $60 pny
$1.00 duea weelay.
6. Mmbenr xeceiving over $60 per week pay, in
addition to their re* $1.00 w d y dues, addi-
tionaI duw (special tax) at the rate of 50 eeate for
each $5.00 (or fraction) o f their weekly eamiw
a h $60.
7. Members who are unemployed pay two cents
dues we*.
106
 I)*rribmtiam of Du-
Dues paid by the individual rn& are divided
among the M y organizations fn the following pro-
,portion: the Unit retains 40 per cent of the amaunt
'wllected from every individual member; 16 per cent
$om tP the Seetion; 15 per cent to the Diatrict and
''80 per Eent b the Center, of which amount one-third
i s for the special national trade-union fund. For
=ample, the unit pays 60 centa to the Section for a
1'$1.00 duea stamp; the Section pays 46 cents to t h
lDistrict;and the District pays 30 cents to the Centet,
ant of which 10 cents goes for the national trade-
anion fnnd.
As we aes from the diviaion of dues papenter, the
largest proportion remains in the Uni-0 per c a t .
The Eighth National Convention of our Party made
this decision in order to enable the Party Units to
intensify their agitation and propaganda among
the masses. Thia amount was intended to be used
Xor producing more leaflets, rrhop papers, neQhbor-
hood p a w s , etc All tendencies t o am this money
for other purposes should be fought by the Party .
Units.
s p o c i n l ~ t a

I No Unit, Section or District has the right to aeaeaa

the h h i p without the permission of the Cen-

i
tral Committee. Special ascrwmt may lm levied
by the National Convention or the C.C. o f the Com-
muniet Party. If such a decision i s made by any
of these Mes, no member ahall be considered in
good standing unless he has each sgecial -meat
Btamg~in hiar book.
Members who are four W ~ inBurreara in puy-
ment of dues mase to be members in good atanding
of the Party. Members who are thre months fa
arrears ahall be dropped from the rolls after all
&ble means to avoid this are exhausted. No mem-
101
ber of the Party =hall pay dues in advance for a
period o f more than six weds Exceptions can be
made for such comrades who secure a leave of ab-
sence from the Party for a longer period.

If a member of the Party mova from one place

to another, he must wcure 8 transfer from the Party
organization before he moves. No Party member has
the right ta lenve his Unit without permission. The
Unita must not accept any member without a trans-
fer. A transfer card must be mured from the
Section Committee in order to transfer from one
Unit to another in the same Section; from one
Section to another in the same Di&rict, the transfer
is issued by the District Committee; from one
District to another, the CentraI Committee iaanea
the trtmafer; from the Commlzniat Party of the
U.S.A. to a Communist Party in snother country,
the Central Committee issues the transfer.

The m e m h of the Party can secure permissfon

for a leave of abwnce in case of sickness or necessity
for travel from the Pa* Unit or committees. If
a member lea- the Party Unit withod parmi~ion,
his c a m will be handled in a dfscipbwy w a ~ .

One of the main conditiom for developing the

initiative of the Units is the systematic d d p m e n t
of fw~18,d m , Zambr8hip. We must realize that
without good leadership in the Unib and Sections
the Party cannot function properly. We must have-
in eaeh Unit of OW Party a core of eomradear who
are politically developed, capable of making, q W y
and boldfg, reapon~ibhdecisions in the most intricate
s i t u a t i o ~ o m r a d e swho are experienced, d e d ,
atable, who will not be w & m d under any eircum-
starms, who will follow the line of the Pam.
108
 -

I
1,
Where are thew forces trahd? They are trained
in militant actions of the masma. These milltent,
courageous members are our future leading forces.
W e must help them, encourage them, adm1 them
in action, h c h them in training schools, persuade
them t~ study and read fundamwtal M a d s b k i n -
ist dussica. We need t h o w n d ~upon thow~ndsof
such foma, in order to ba able to give leadership to
the Leftward movim masses.
There are other imwrhnt p r o b l m to be wn-
d b ~ in d connection with the question of fomw:
Firet, the development and proper ntili&~tion
of the old and new f o r m We have spoken already
about the necmaity of dewdoping forces, about build-
ing up a mighty force of new ~ardrea. This ia done
in our Party by the following methods:
1. Conferences of funetiomriea, where dhuarrions
about basic problems help tu develop our cadma;
2. Regular me- of Unit and Section functiw-
aries. whem the decbions of the Party c o d t t e e s
are jariffed tbrongh diamasion; 3. workers' schools;
4. Section schools; 6. Distrkt achoola; 6. National
&ools; 7. Study circles c o m w d of promising com-
rades; 8. Individnal study witb #e help of R more
developed comrade.
It ~ h o d dbe m p h a d d that im d b n m h g the
que&ion of training forces, we have in mind not
only the new forceq but also the old forma who need
further training, and in some cases d u e a t i o n .
The Party, in electing the mmbera for further
training, examines the comrade for the qtlalifica-
tiom needed for M ~ x y ~ b i p n oonly
t reliab*,
loyalty, capacitg for developmat, but also whether
he fe a maaa worker, or capable of being one. Oar
Party emphasize8 the need of American, proletarian
elemenb, the n w d of Negroes and woman in fie
laadmahip.
109
 Purr Mnst Knew X u Po-
The P w leademh£p must know ita force8, rn&
be able to m i g n each one to the place where he is
mod suitable and most-needed.
Comrade Lenin, dealing with the problem of the
proper utilizutiw of foree~, giveu a splendid ek
ample. To enabh the Party leadership,
".. . not only to ad* (as this has been done
until now), but redly conduct khe orcheetra, w e
muat know exactly who is playing first m aecond
fiddle, and where, what instrument he was -ugh%
where and how, where and why he plays out of
tune (when the music begim to k trying to the
ear), and what change# should be made in the
.
orchestra so as to remedy the dissonance. . ."
The systematic eontrol of the carrying out of
decisions and the proper application of Bolshevik
self-criticism, will help the Units and Sections to
discover who i s occupying a position which witti him,
and who is in the wqng place, or who has no
business to have any responsible position in the
Party. We must know our forces. We must b o w
who we can rely on, who can and who cannot, who
will and who will: not carry out decisions.
The second problem is the continuous control of
the exiating forces. We are mndueting today, and
will lead on a much larger scale tomorrow, mighty
battles. In these atmggles we are in the forefront.
The fighting masms follow na, because they have
confidence in the Party, b m u w the Communists
are brave, mM-sacrificing. But if the workers aee
that one of the Communist leadere is a coward, or
unable b lead them, this will have serious corn
quences. We cannot have in our leaderahip mem-
bers who cannot atand up before the clam enemy,
who get panicky, who lose their heads in a ~erionr
situation. We must know whom we caa trUd under
any-circumstanws, who will k shaken.
110
 Comrade Stalin in h b speatzh in 1929 in the Ameri-
a n CommWw, mid:
*c% struggle for the winning of the millkns of
the working masses to the side of Communism
mud be inteasifid. The @ht muart be =ed
for the forging of r e d rwolrrtionar~rP e cadrw
and for the selection of r e d revolutionary leaders
of the Partg, of individuab ca&h of en-
the fight and bringing the p r 0 1 d a t with them,
individuals who will not w before the of
storm and will not fall Into panic, h t will a d
inta the face of tlm storm. But in order to arm
out this b k , it i~ newtmy at once, withont the
loss of a ~inglemoment, for time dms n ~ dt t ,
to s& about cleaning the C o m m a Pa* of
Right and eoncilia- elements, who o b j d h d y
represent the agency of Sodal-Demmmcy within
the r a h of the Communist Party. And we must
aet abut this matter, not at the mud pace, but
at a acceleraa pace, for, 1 repeat, times doear
not wait, and we must not allow m n t s to catch
us unswares." StdBoea8S p e c k m the A~ltedeu~
Comwu#iat P M g , p. 34.)
What gind of Po- Ik We N d Molt N m ?
We need proletarian forca who grow up from
the massreB, who are popdar leaders of their fellow
workem in a shop, tlaion, block, town, or f m com-
munity, forces who axe in close contact with the
masses and reflect the Peeliuga of the proletariat,
who can k t bring into life the correct Qhting
11ogana of the Party. We need forces, Arst of all,
from a e native-born worHera, from among the
Negro proleturia&from among the women workem
The basic form of the Party should come from the
b i i f-rfe% These membrs should be drawn
leadership, preparing them in the procma o f Pam
work fox the ackua1 camying out of Party task%
training themu politieallg also. One of the main
conditions of becoming 8 real maw Party, lading
111
the revolutionary Btruggles of the American prole-
hriat, is that the Party M d I y be made up of
native American workers, and that itdl cadres wnrrist
of native American rewlutionist~
-0 ARE r n PIIOPBSSIONAL
~ mvawrxomm?
Comrade Lenin in his writings always streszwd
the necessity of developing a core of comrades from
among the best, t e ~ t e dmaas leaders, to such a point
that they would be able to serve the proletariat as
trained, skilled revolutionary leaders. There is a
misconception in the ranks of the Pady as ta what
s profemional revolutioni~t,in the Leninist aeme,
~PJ. Some are of the opinion that a profeasiod
revolutionist ie a comrade whom the Party takes out
of the factory and assigns as full-time functionary;
in other words, that the Party organization (Section
-Di-enter) supports him while he ~pendr
all his time on Party work. This notion is wrong.
A professional rwolntioniat is a highly developed
comrade, trained in revolukionary theory and
practice, tasted in struggl~,who gives his whole
life to the fight for the interests of his own class.
A profeiuional rwolutionist i s ready to go whenever
and wherever the Party sends bim. Today he may
be waking in a mine, organizing the Party, the
trade unions, leading strugglee; tomorrow, if the
Party ao decides, he may be in a &eel mill; the day
after tomorrow, he may be a leadar and organizer
of the unemployed. Naturally, these profeasiml
revolntionists a r e supported by the Party organim-
tion if their assignmant doem't send them to work
fn shops or mines. From theae comrades the Party
demmdr everything. They aecept Pa* assign-
men-he matter o f family d a t i o n s and otber
permnal problems are conaidered, but are not de-
d d n If the clara struggle dmuands it, he WU
leave his family for montha, even years. The pro-
fessional ~ l u cannot w bo d m m a l k d ; he
XI2
 d ~ ~ l a ~ h
Oar- m

~bythe*~mdmtbyonomtmma&
braofhtboQr.
B ~ ~ o f t h e U n f t o r ~ i S f a
~ ~ ~ ~ f O r t a r r p f n O ~ M t *
I

~ ~ r e d t b e * ~ ~ h
i w s d w f t h t h e ~ o i ~ ~
% n f a e a~ t & e m ~ o f a U e I
~ m i t h e d o l l o t ~ ~ i m ~ m m r r r i n g(die
cmt
cuwhg) t h e & e p o t o k ~ b p ~ b u b o n l g f b e
organiserormnotherfuneuwatgmabtha~
t h e c s r r y f n e o u t o f t h f e ~ ~ b e ~
On the other hand, Sf tba meaubrn are not held h
dividaally~~forcspt.aringoatthe~
r a a d e m ~ , t h a ~ * r f l l b e -
d o w D t o o n e @ r ~ ~ o f ~ The U *

The orga- or another d the Unit

erPartgcmmitbpremmntbsprapo#l11anddb
tni~8~them.mongtbe~oithsUnitBU-
xerrq or d t t e s at hast one day b$om tba
mee#ap.:.mem~~fothem~weltpre
P-df~-,brfnOInO-pso&
wmmdmak T b s l l s ~ m r s ~ a g h l y d b
mamd*mdthenQnldddmia~kd~Dt~.
1 0 i r w t ~ ~ m t C ~ * p h a d w m k :
L o V i b m t l h s l b . TBk-rrm&bewmmpddbytbs

-*-&-*-
1l%
w h e e h ~ ~ a m d m d ~ c o r t g o n ~ t h
rtthaa*metimeeaehmmbsrofthaCo~und
Unit mmt fml the r m p d b i i l l t y and mmt 4ght for
thecarrgEDOoatdthe~~
Za order to make it paaai'ble to dfvlda &e r+
rrponaibilitp among the members of the Party Com-
*,thefndi~d~of&eCommmee
uewsigmdb be ~ ~ l e f o r t l w v a r l o r r s p ~
oftheworkdtheCommith. W d m t h e o r g a a b r
o$ a Setion or mitt who ia actually the polltfclJ
ZBlder d We organkition, we assign membexs of
to k mponsilde for organhtionrl mk,
agitmkfona1 and propaganda work, trade union wwk
work among Negroes, work among women, work
!d p
TYd5acipbFRolrldrmahan%mptJrphrue
the Party eomtitution did not for pro*
mrras~ree againid thorn who break f
Breaches of Party discipline by individual members,
such rn iInaneial irmgdmitieh conduct or action
hlvmiuI to the prestige and influence of the P-
among the mmma, failure C carry out dacbhuu ea-

-
peeiallyd-sffikea, etc,mspb by (1)
cmmre; (2) public cenaure; (3) mnmd from com-
mi-; (4) removal from ali respo~filework;
(6) txpuldon from the Parts,
Them Is no ~ u c hU p - mearmre in our PmrQ
M m pemh or probation. For example, 3f n a-
h d t a anacum the Party for whieh
rrrmwaIfromhiare6po~postianota~
p ~ b n t w h e r e t h e r e L ~ n t o ~ h e
canbam&d,thePllrty~mdecidethathehto
be~fromthePartywlththerighttoapplg
for &hip in a cmhin d d of h e l*
monthbowryear). Thpemnisnotconslderedr
~ ~ d a r i n g t h s ~ o i h i 8Xn,~ ~ t
~bk.bletojndgehlsattitudeatthedoi
$he period, tbe Party, In deddlap on hb % . r p d d ~ %
.laodecideaoothewmktowWhhef t o b e -
nignedwteat hla abilih *ad wllhgmm to foilow
t h e h * Q d ~ a f t h % P . r t J IU . the-
pBed member proves to be ahera, b o n d rant revo-
l u t h w y and eorr&a the fadtp for which ha wan
ths Party will W d m hh applIortbn for
mambddp at ths end d the dIedplInorp p d d -
d i n ~ a p t d d ~ b e f o r a
~rintheUBitBoi*P.rEp,orinaaj~
m m d t k ~ 4 o r g h d M d a a lPartamember,orw
or PUEp @tki
C m a w made by one member agsinst au
rule, rrhould L made in wrfting, bat the Putp d -
m any Parb m- mag take up a mm for in-
vc&ig&tiin; even withub debite chargea. A mem-
ber muat submit to eramination by any Party boda
wen when no ddnite charges are commnnioated to
hia L w m arpreadiag of c h m or rnmora fmm
one member to another ia not permitted in our P W *
W charges and mupielom must be taken up onlfr
with the Party unit or the proper Party m t
b ,

-
and are to be acted upon promptly. Thom qua-
tionad 3n the mume of the in-tion or h d n g
&odd b warned rgrInlt -1 talking about the
outsid&

Deddonsl on chargear may be made by any ab the

following organhOns: Unit membership me&,
8ectlon B-P or Section Commfttee, Btt-
reau or D W c t Commitbe, P o I f h l Bureau of ths
1
!
Cemtral Commmee, or Central Commitb. Thw I

Pluty b d m have the right to dedde on any of the

diseiplhry armeanltrea to lm taken against ParLy '
members
Street or shop mita of the Party have the right fo
take dhci.pllnary action up to and including q u l -
aim aga- sny of their memberel not exempting
m~rmbruor f u ~ o n a r who
b ~ are memberr of -bee
commim!eR
A~~tteahostherighttoPetagaiMt
.ngmemberinib ~ ~ ~ A t t h e s ~ m e t i m a i t' m
m f e r t h e ~ t o t h e ~ n i t t. o. ~ h f e h t h a . e c P s e d
&r belongs
A~etCommltteeha8fherightta.ct~
mw'memberiaitl dfitrfFt, o r i t w d e r ' t b e
116
tatuked~ltaaryactIm~a@mtau~~at
~ePartg,orforeierthe~awttothe~ct,~
o r l m i t * w h i o b ~ ~ ~ ~ .
Expdaion d d d o n a of the w i r e the ap-
p m d of * m w l w
muat k apprmd alrmo by the DisMet M
n Commi#%a, w
u d
DistrM CommmeS. No e m or readdmion of
previomb erpelled members can take e f t a t wi-t

-
the a p p d or d M decision of tba mpckh
'DfaMct Bureau or D W c t [3ommittea An e r p n l b
decision pnmad by the D M & Committee ia -1,

-
except in of District Commitbe medmm
~ v e & a n d f n ~ o f a p g e ~ l s t o t h e
CommitM when the final dedidon rab with tbe
Central Cammi-
Exi,&ian d d i o n a of Mit. and of Section Corn-
mitb%es must be promptly r e p d b the
for appruvd, t a g e t k with rnatarhb of the fnv*
tigntlon md 5ndlngs. The member against whom the
w h i m decision hlra beem made &odd be b e
diately notiiied and h n n e e t s d from d t and fm&
tfon. It should be dehitdy&t& that
the find action an the expaldon, which muat be
obtained quickly, rests with the DistriA
H-Mg* 8nd *A
Every acmwd member baa the right to a h d n g
before di8cipIinary action can be talran ag-
h h . TBe main thing in the eaaminatiom L b sti
tablhh the emmial facta in each caae and b give
titao~nityf~th8~sedmsmbertopraeent~
a i d e * h i B w i t m w a n d ~ ~
Evarp m d m wain& whom mg diaci-
mtbnhsbeentakmhhrlehttoadha
&berPartrcmmW&TheagpePl,howm=,~
111
 amI&wB~Ulll)THEPdltTP~

W O r l d n g ~ i s ~ ~
t h . m v -
in any othw war, the e a p i W Me.
one main o b j e t i r b t . at im m m w , th.* Y
~ I l W i n g e lZ y
~ .a ~ f o ~ e t h i s ~ a i m , t h e ~ i -
a we all paa&le methods to d i n o m d8-'J.
~ ~ n d d i p t d e # e r a n l r s d t h e g r ~-?-,
~t. 2

~~Party. . .
The activitiw of thaw human rnta can be listed an
:Mlowa:
L Agenbprovocahura are planted in the Partfr
either by the depaxhent, Dep-t of
Justice, "prrtrtotifl ~~, or eouutep--
tptiOnary~withthe8imoidisrrrptingtbe
work of the h r t y orgmbtfona The methods thw

I
mm are:
(a) Cresting -timat s g M the leademhip of
tbe Parts;
@) &&mat?e d m c t i v e H i m agafrust tb
bdthe-;
- {e) Pmvm8tlYe propodll for c%rtain actba,
w b f e i r , l f d o p t e d , d d ~ t l r e m ~ d ~ d ~
@uwiu the ability d the Communist Fsrty ts
~ h d ~ , ~ l e o f t h
rswrltd~p~tiveaction;
(d) The #pmdhg of rumom abut iadivihd
~ l o f t h e P m t F . ~ ~ * h
 e*poeed very quickly.
s 6 ~ i n t h e r h o f
ken* o x g d z a ~ o n sia fhe

proper adsetion of new mem-

not mate ~ m ~ t l for
e sw o r k s to join the om- I
'the mmthg of the P
& o ~ i i d (Unit,
n mane
bership, Unit Bureau, W o n C m t b , Fr-).
Stop d i m d u g inner Par& qt~estionmon the a t r e d
eornersoroal&&aa,where~~lrn~iLDa

-
not imm Pa* deddona t4 lolww€d
stool gigeona who are waiting for the infomatIoa
W A d d , aa much a% @le, keeping mwnbm&ip
h t a with names and ad- and if yon h v e mch
~doootlreeptheminyorrrhome,orinthehd-
qarbm of h Party Unit or Section, or in your

4, Dmmenb whieh are not far publication &odd

bererrd~byth~fartprnembere~whom~
are addread, md s h o d k deutmwl immediatdy
Pfter madim. Documents which aeed study mast be
mreful4 safeguaded. E* mermber who hrs mch
adommeatmustrehwnitafkre&ingittutha
Pam committea, which d e a h y ~it~immedl8Wy.
HOWSHAUWE~TEIBm'OOtPIGBON?
There h a * d e w among iwms wmrada to hide
from the masses the fact that a a M pigmu ha8
ken dhmered in the organhation. In cer&la
phw, the oomraden develop the theow that if we
the -1 pipone tha workera will be .haid
tojoin*P~w%th~sre~fegfntheor-
m o m . Thfa eonoeption is atirely hmrrl&
The marre -e of a stool p&wn win greatly fn-
~tlwcwttdanmdthemm~~shtheParty,
~it~~PaPtpL8bhtofhdmtwlwthe
 ' P h ~ E s a n l s o h e ~ ~ ~
m d p ~ n d ~ t i r r m
d~&hgawalmW~qahwbthesemG
Ez-

-
~ 0 i t h e C o m m ~ P ~ g r " o o e t b o
mnslraxpasumunotmtbdomt=nreaw8~~
h t have ~ n l t ia
d busdreda of new retrdka to the
Pa*.
The bs11ouhg methoda have k e n used very d*
~ v d y h t m a m y p h c e s a n d a a n s e f f e m a m o M ~'
spies:
I. Photograph tbe apy, and print hh pieture i
D&ty W w k e and in h f l h and atiekera 8-
aia material in the p b where the sgappasopprp
dng*
t ~ ~ ~ t i c a g i t a t f o n ~ t h a w w
em where the mpy w m dirreomred.
8, M d i l b the children and women in the block in
the part of town where the d o 1 pigeon Kvea fo
Ida We *able; let them picket the atore where
hb wife p-l g m ~ d 6 ~ other d h ;
8nd
let the children ia the M &out after him or d W
a~memb8rofhbf~thattbey~api~a,
at001 pigeons.
4. Chalk Ma home w£th the damn: ."W+

EhWien or chiId; organb the cmdxw not to

to hia c h i l h , 4 ? k
Such f- of agitation w3ll gab mound
imue handr%dsof workere who weme onhide of
of the PartJr More, and who wfll
wrmewith~onmneactim.A t t h e m m e k , w e
~ a e t i o n , b a r t ~ h q d d w w m m ~
FOR THE BommvmnoN OF THE PAR=
What is mmt by Bolabedzing fie Partq?
" I t ~ E O ~ s n t h ~ I E m w a h ~
~ t f i r m t ~ P ~ , t
m
 bu- &wim -
a a d l e d b o V i ~ W ~ ~ m w
*~b&&.
1t m m n u t o ~ t b e . p a r t s . ~ ~
;tobeaFutJrwithitastronge&~
the & d i v e in the bah.m+-
~ L b e a P a ~ w h o w r ~ ~
ah- mina and factories, d b
t h e ~ t s n d m o 8 t i m p m k a t ~ ; i t ~ W
k rr P ~ f h s t l d s l r n d o n pthe~
-'~dltheop~geoplm,btiagrrthemhtu~
albmewiththeworkhgclrss; it-tobrsrr
p a r t s ~ t ~ ~ q ~ n o f t l l e ~ l
thrrt w d v e e v problem;
~ ik w to be a
Parkg t&t never shrinks from di&nltiai, that
nePtrrhm8aaIdetohatha4~t~ay;thrf
;lesrnehow tD opercome all deviation# in its m
ra-ht on twa frontu; ft means to become a
*t h w a how to take -ties and d m -
tmmfom them fnto admmhgen and

UUom of Amerfean workera -

going thmwh
~ m b o L o f W d a s s & w g k Maw8ofbpmw
trhedfarmershavehguntobearathrorrghtheiro~n
m a w e m the real role of the *apihht portie&
~naoftbermare~mhiogfotthe~ontof
thafr d i w y and p-. Peeclmt -er,
4 and big, grow like mdmmmn aftm a A
Them fmdd -8, following the mad of El&
Ier and M l l ~ l i n itry
, to cap= on the diMaW-
ttw of the mmm& H w Low, mhh,J-
and Co. are d y epresding the goape1 of f-
b masma T h q will "m

I
the W%IJW 4

withoat hurtlw ~aglhlbmTbey ppspcb

ma, f u d h For &e poor, while pwtectinO the
p r l v a b p r o m b o f t b e b i g ~ 4

The maam in #a UnWl $ t p b a m

~*~ T h a ~ ~ P . r t Y , w W
i B e a a i g g e d t o * ~ t o ~ ~ ~
la
s h o r r ~ t b w l y ~ o u t o f ~ m k y , m a r
=pm the demrrgogg, bhe "didL* pImmn of the
fa@atlendemaudtbebypwrMdprodnmdtha
-pihunt ~ovemmmnt The mmmunw P e , i
~tobeabletogivethisl~p,mrratbeam
h m c h d am- tha workanr and m farmmu We

QoPriaa We muat build and -em

-
must build and &mg&m our Udta in the &

a p d our Party o r g a all~ ~ tha co-.

We must bdId and
A. R a
our Unik ia
toffns, eta, we m e
&El neighborhoods, in the ~ m a u

the Fmdma in the

! L. uniona and other msas o r g m h t h a of
the workers.
Every Commmht mud bemma a leader of the
workers. Every Communid mnst know that ths
Party has a hiatorical midm to MflI1, that it hns
the midon of liberating the oppressed a xpo
lw
masses from the goke of c a p i b l i i , that it has the
miarsion of organking and Ieading the masaea hr ths
revolutionarg overthrow of capitalam, and .for the
establishment of the new world, a Soviet America.
 C o r n p i h i of tht m,
17, 3 6 , 4 3 , +& 103, 30%
11I
Cmemtmtion, 36,49, 66
Conf- 40
G M p t h to b m 2 1
Critich, fr#dom of, 26

-
i m b t r k , +7 114

tY, 122
w-, 113 Ddqabcd Confemcc of
Factory Unit, 52,53
83, 95, 108
-, h e r , 26
lhma&c eznhkn, 23,
mtd 2% 391 92
41, W, 116 Dicktorrbip of tbe p m b
--UP a d -4 5% dt, 12
73,7&83,9+9&110 ~ m - i l ~
ifc&*L'bmxisl,97
95
ww
DirP;et, 118
&
OUCPbPFC Dirdpke, 1 3 , 27# 105, 113
--939114iA@G M o l y 96, 70, 85, 89,
% 97, 989 1141 97, f 03 .
94s Ncg- 92, B i aS, 39
97, I+$ O w - D m -& 4, 1 16
93, 9% 97, *SF I t 4 l ~ t t c c 2, 4, 38,
13- 90, 9% 95, 3g1 41, 99, 113# 116 .
1141 wm%% 971 114 Di& Conyeatiom, 38, 55
&T k I I D u e 39$ 72, 73, 106
1
3
2
--
'24, 42
ommudrr I-
Eighth
-*ppyof*
&I& d *
T& 81 U.S& 16 107, 128
/
1
s
 Mullhahip -:
h k o q Ztnit (m unit, 1w

I ,
.
.
Emdd w,72, w 83, 97, 107
Nudm (rt
90, 97, 114
Fl-tica ia mtmbersbip,
Op*l fomrm, 85,97
p m
Ftaaipnh 37, 47, $3, 67,
O p imw to JU
p-9
6f * -cIh47,*
1% 15, 8&
,. A b 90,95,96, 99, 105, 106 5
*,I 100
8%
orgaaizalhd c e
,I FraafDn m3 102 93, 94, 97, 9&, 114
O ~ ~ o n
Grwp * 73

113

kdt&57, 65, 97, ID7

Lu-of h a , ror
I *hfbRi#@' C-:
+m Id-, 9

P& .9tr t 14

'U
el...
 ' f .
y&& -..r
";.p""?
Urn%37
,

N i l . ,
--
&mce@wth -u* a"4 t... ?
,
66 t -

F~rmUmt,
%& $4,
68,W
9,.' .

h t b d taskr of,,$&, .' ': ,

~ r g ~ n i a a t i m fda r m - e''

Qf, Sl
s u e t n* 3% +as y,
62, 90, 99, 103, &%&
--
@tbl fadcl of, 68& 'i .
oqpidtioa*l d of3
67
T m .Uaih lal b3* 69,
90, 99
Unit Bureau, 23, 3b, 4l,%
67, 69, 72, 73, 7 4 8%
89, 91, t l 3
unit I d d i p , 87, $ue
taption in, 88
Pnit m#titlg, 69, 72, 7%
116
United fmt, I #, *s, 67