The document summarizes an experiment on diffusion and osmosis conducted by a group of biology students. In the diffusion experiment, the students observed carmine dye particles spreading out in water under a microscope. In the osmosis experiment, potato cylinders were placed in distilled water, a 0.9% salt solution, and a 20% salt solution, then measured after 1 hour. The potato in distilled water increased in length, while the potato in the 20% salt solution decreased in length, showing that the 20% solution was hypertonic and the distilled water was hypotonic to the potato cells. The experiment supported the hypotheses that carmine dye would diffuse down its concentration gradient and that potato
The document summarizes an experiment on diffusion and osmosis conducted by a group of biology students. In the diffusion experiment, the students observed carmine dye particles spreading out in water under a microscope. In the osmosis experiment, potato cylinders were placed in distilled water, a 0.9% salt solution, and a 20% salt solution, then measured after 1 hour. The potato in distilled water increased in length, while the potato in the 20% salt solution decreased in length, showing that the 20% solution was hypertonic and the distilled water was hypotonic to the potato cells. The experiment supported the hypotheses that carmine dye would diffuse down its concentration gradient and that potato
The document summarizes an experiment on diffusion and osmosis conducted by a group of biology students. In the diffusion experiment, the students observed carmine dye particles spreading out in water under a microscope. In the osmosis experiment, potato cylinders were placed in distilled water, a 0.9% salt solution, and a 20% salt solution, then measured after 1 hour. The potato in distilled water increased in length, while the potato in the 20% salt solution decreased in length, showing that the 20% solution was hypertonic and the distilled water was hypotonic to the potato cells. The experiment supported the hypotheses that carmine dye would diffuse down its concentration gradient and that potato
The document summarizes an experiment on diffusion and osmosis conducted by a group of biology students. In the diffusion experiment, the students observed carmine dye particles spreading out in water under a microscope. In the osmosis experiment, potato cylinders were placed in distilled water, a 0.9% salt solution, and a 20% salt solution, then measured after 1 hour. The potato in distilled water increased in length, while the potato in the 20% salt solution decreased in length, showing that the 20% solution was hypertonic and the distilled water was hypotonic to the potato cells. The experiment supported the hypotheses that carmine dye would diffuse down its concentration gradient and that potato
1 Carin Audryna David 2022897434 2 Erica Anak Adison 2022818498 3 Nur’Alia Shahira 2022600528 4 Lynee Titanny anak Albaro Kenidy 2022892418
Date of Submission 31 December 2022
Lecturer Name Madam Hanita Tambi
INTRODUCTION
The net movement of molecules from a location of high concentration to one of low concentration is referred to as diffusion, which is a physical phenomenon. Diffusing substances might be solids, liquids, or gases. Like this, any of the three physical states could potentially be present in the medium where diffusion takes place. The movement of molecules along the concentration gradient is one of the key features of diffusion. While other molecules may help with this, high-energy molecules like adenosine triphosphate (ATP) or guanosine triphosphate are not directly involved (GTP). Simple diffusion is just the movement of molecules along their concentration gradient when no additional molecules are directly involved. It may entail the movement of a particle over a membrane or the dispersion of a substance through a medium. (Editors, 2019)
Osmosis is the net passage of water molecules through a membrane that is only partially permeable. Because it moves downward, from greater to lower concentration, it is comparable to diffusion. But in osmosis, the flow must pass through a membrane that is semipermeable or selectively permeable. Osmosis cannot occur without this component. Osmosis is about the net movement of the solvent molecules (not the solute), whereas diffusion is frequently depicted as the net movement of solutes between two solutions (solvent such as water molecules). The water must migrate to equalize the concentrations of the two areas due to the different concentrations of water molecules on the two sides of the membrane. To determine if a solution is isotonic, hypotonic, or hypertonic in comparison to another solution, the constituent concentrations of the two solutions must be compared. (Editors B. , 2022)
In this experiment, my group carried out an experiment concerning osmosis and
diffusion. The objective of this experiment is to be able to explain the process of simple diffusion and explain the process of osmosis. How does the carmine dye move in water to reach the equilibrium state? What will change if potatoes of the same sizes are put in 3 different solutions? Which solutions are isotonic, hypotonic, and hypertonic? The carmine dye will spread out to a lower concentration in water. If there is a low concentration area in water, then the carmine dye will move to that area to reach equilibrium state. The length of the potato will decrease when soaked in a high concentration of salt solution. If the salt concentration is increased, then the potato length will decrease. The responding variable for diffusion experiment is the movement of carmine dye under microscope respectively. For the osmosis experiment, the manipulated variables and responding variables are the concentration of salt solution and the length of potato.
MATERIALS AND APPARATUS
Glass slides, cover slips, toothpicks, carmine dye powder, light compound microscope, distilled water, forceps, ruler, potato cylinders in containers of: 20% salt (NaCl) solution, 0.9% salt (NaCl), white tile, potato, 3 of 50ml beaker
PROCEDURE
A. DIFFUSION
1. Slides are obtained and two drops of water are placed onto it. The slides are placed on the table. 2. A toothpick is stuck vertically down into the container of carmine dye powder to a depth of about one-half inch. 3. The toothpick is held vertically over the drop of water on the slide. The toothpick was taped gently to shake a light sprinkle of red dye onto the slide. 4. The cover slip was placed onto the slide. The slide is placed down onto the microscope and was observed under low light and high power. 5. The area of the red dye was examined carefully. The vibration motion of the red dye is caused by the collision with one another.
B. OSMOSIS
1. Six pieces of potatoes are cut into 3-cm potato cylinders.
2. Two pieces of the potatoes are placed into beakers containing distilled water, 0.9% salt solution and 20% salt solution, respectively. 3. After one hour, by using forceps, the potato cylinders are taken out of each beaker and are carefully measured with a ruler. The measurements are recorded. RESULTS
A. DIFFUSION
OBSERVATION
Diagram 1 shows the observation of the movement of red carmine dye under 40x magnification. B. OSMOSIS
Initial Length Final Length Increment %
1 2 Mean 1 2 Mean in Length Increment in Length Distilled 2 2 2 2.10 2.20 2.15 0.15 7.5 Water 0.9% Salt 2 2 2 2 2 2 0 0 Solution 20% Salt 2 2 2 1.80 1.75 1.75 0.25 12.5 Solution
Table 1 shows the data collected for the osmosis procedure.
DISCUSSION
a) What is diffusion? The movement of small molecules from an area of high concentration to low concentration.
b) In your experiment, what causes the red powder granule (carmine dye) to move? Simple diffusion. The random movement of water molecules and carmine dye molecules from the region of higher concentration to the region of lower concentration.
c) Do the red powder granules stop moving at equilibrium?
No. The process of diffusion occurs continuously until the system achieves a dynamic equilibrium. When it reached equilibrium, there is equal movement of red powder granules molecules and water molecules because the concentration gradient no longer exists. Both molecules are distributed evenly.
d) What are the factors that affect the rate of diffusion? Explain each of the factors. 1. Concentration gradient – the diffusion takes place quicker when there is greater concentration gradient. 2. Membrane permeability – As the membrane permeability increases, the rate of diffusion increases. 3. Temperature – When the temperature is higher, particles can diffuse quickly across a membrane and gain more kinetic energy.
e) What is osmosis? Is the net movement of water molecules from a region of high-water potential (low concentration of solutes) to a region of low water potential (high concentration of solutes) across a partially permeable membrane. f) Which potato cylinder has increased in length? Potato in distilled water.
g) Which potato cylinder has decreased in length?
Potato in 20% salt solution.
h) Identify which solution is hypertonic, isotonic, and hypotonic to the solute
concentration in the potato cells. Explain your answer. 20% salt solution is hypertonic to the solute concentration in the potato cells. Water leaves the cells by osmosis. The final length of the potato decreases. 0.9 salt solution is isotonic to the solute concentration in the potato cells. The concentration of the solution does not change the mass of the potato. Distilled water is hypotonic to the solute concentration in the potato cells. Water enters the potato cells by osmosis. Therefore, the final length of the potato increases.
CONCLUSIONS
Yes, the hypothesis is accepted for both diffusion and osmosis. For diffusion, the movement of red carmine dye from an area of high concentration to low concentration. For osmosis, the length of potato will decrease when soaked in a high concentration of salt solution. When the high concentration of salt solution increases, the length of potato decreases. REFERENCES
Editors, B. (4 October, 2019). Diffusion. Retrieved from Biology Dictionary:
https://biologydictionary.net/diffusion/
Editors, B. (9 September, 2022). Osmosis. Retrieved from Biology Online:
https://www.biologyonline.com/dictionary/osmosis
Toppr. (5 September, 2022). What are the factors affecting the rate of diffusion? Retrieved from Toppr answer: https://www.toppr.com/ask/en-my/question/what- are-the-factors-affecting-the-rate-of-diffusion/
