Project ReportEFEWF

i
ANALYSIS OF THERMAL DESALINATION SYSTEM USING

CONDENSER WASTE HEAT
A PROJECT REPORT
(Project Work I – phase II)
Submitted by
MANOJ S – 20MER071
NAGULRAJ V – 20MER079
NAVEEN V – 20MER081
in partial fulfillment of the requirements
for the award of the degree
of
BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING IN
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
KONGU ENGINEERING COLLEGE

(Autonomous)
PERUNDURAI ERODE – 638 060
NOVEMBER 2023
ii

(Autonomous)
PERUNDURAI ERODE – 638060
NOVEMBER 2023
BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the Project report ANALYSIS OF THERMAL DESALINATION

SYSTEM USING CONDENSER WASTE HEAT is the bonafide record of project
work done by MANOJ S (20MER071), NAGULRAJ V (20MER079) AND NAVEEN
V (20MER081) in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the Degree
of Bachelor of Engineering of Anna University Chennai during the year 2023 - 2024.
SUPERVISOR HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT

(Signature with seal)
Date:
Submitted for the end semester viva voce examination held on ______________
INTERNAL EXAMINER EXTERNAL EXAMINER

iii

(Autonomous)
PERUNDURAI ERODE – 638060

NOVEMBER 2023
DECLARATION
We affirm that the Project Report titled ANALYSIS OF THERMAL

DESALINATION SYSTEM USING CONDENSER WASTE HEAT being submitted
in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of Bachelor of Engineering is
the original work carried out by us. It has not formed the part of any other project
report or dissertation on the basis of which a degree or award was conferred on an
earlier occasion on this or any other candidate.
Date: 1. MANOJ S - (20MER071)
2. NAGULRAJ V - (20MER079)
3. NAVEEN V - (20MER081)
I certify that the declaration made by the above candidates is true to the best of my
knowledge.
Date:
Name and Signature of the Supervisor with seal

iv
ABSTRACT
In today's modernized world, purified drinking water is very essential for
human being. Due to industrialization the water became polluted and harmful to
drink. Desalination is a process that removes salt and other minerals from seawater
or brackish water, making it suitable for human consumption or various industrial
applications. It is a technology used to produce fresh or "soft" water from sources
that are high in salinity. In regions where freshwater sources are limited, desalination
is an important method for providing a source of clean drinking water and for various
industrial processes. The water was purified using a variety of technologies,
including mechanical type filtration and sand filtration. However, not all of the
contaminants were eliminated. Thus, various cutting-edge filtration methods like
reverse osmosis, carbon filtration, and ion exchange were implemented. But in these
all-systems Energy consumption plays a major role, which determines its efficiency,
quality of the desalinated water and many more parameters. The problem is that
due to the increasing global demand for freshwater, coupled with the impacts of
climate change, poses a pressing challenge for water scarcity mitigation and Energy
consumption of a process can be reduced by properly utilizing the large amount of
waste heat liberated into atmosphere. The efficient liberation of waste heat in the
condenser of vapor compression refrigeration systems is crucial for energy
conservation and environmental sustainability.
Our work is to improve the co-efficient of performance (COP) of a vapour
compression refrigeration system, by recovering waste heat from the condenser and
the evaporator using humidification and dehumidification desalination process. The
ultimate goal of this experimental study is to analyze the viability of the improvement
of the COP and fresh water production through desalination using condenser waste
heat. Ultimately, this method produces fresh water at the rate of 4.773 kg/hr. The
improvement of COP to 4.52 and the reduction of power of desalination system when
compared to a commercial electric heater to evaporate water for fresh water
production is 73.8%. The findings of this research contribute to the development of
sustainable water desalination techniques that address environmental problems and
promote improved industrial processes.
v
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We thank our beloved Correspondent THIRU. A. K. ILANGO, B.Com.,

M.B.A., LLB., and all the members of Kongu Vellalar Institute of Technology Trust
at this high time for providing us with a plethora of facilities to complete my project
successfully.
We thank our beloved Principal Dr. V. BALUSAMY, B.E (Hons)., M.Tech.,

PhD., who has been a bastion of moral strength and a source of incessant
encouragement to us.
We take immense pleasure to express our heartfelt thanks to our Head of the
Department, Mechanical Engineering, Dr. P. SELVAKUMAR, M.Tech., Ph.D., for
his constant support provided all through the course of our project.
This work would not have been materialized without the great guidance given
by our guide Dr. A. GANESH, B.E., M.Tech., has been a constant source of ideas
and inspiration.
We thank our project coordinators Dr. R. RAJASEKAR, B.E., M.S., Ph.D.,

and Mr. K. V. SATHEESHKUMAR, M.E., MBA., for their valuable suggestions for
completion of the project successfully.
We would also like to thank our former faculty Dr. A. SANTHOSH KUMAR,
B.E., M.Tech., Ph.D., for his invaluable contributions, where his guidance and
expertise have been instrumental in the success of the project.
We also thank the teaching and non-teaching staff members of the

Mechanical Engineering Department and all our fellow students who stood with us
to complete our project successfully.
vi
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER TITLE PAGE

No. No.
ABSTRACT iv
LIST OF FIGURES viii
LIST OF TABLES ix
1 INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 HISTORY OF DESALINATION 1
1.2 EVOLUTION OF VARIOUS DESALINATION 2
SYSTEMS
1.3 HISTORY OF HUMIDIFICATION- 7
DEHUMIDIFICATION DEDSALINATION
SYSTEM
1.4 GROWTH PERSPECTIVE 8
2 LITERATURE SURVEY 10
2.1 SUMMARY OF LITERATURE SURVEY 13
3 PROBLEM DEFINITION AND OBJECTIVES 15
3.1 PROBLEM IDENTIFICATION 15
3.2 OBJECTIVES
3.3 METHODOLOGY 17
4 EXPERIMENTAL SETUP AND PROCEDURE
4.1 EXPERIMENTAL SETUP OF DESALINATION 18

SYSTEM
4.1.1 Isometric view of the system
4.1.2 Front view of the system
4.1.3 Left view of the system
4.2 COMPONENTS OF THE DESALINATION
SYSTEM
4.2.1 Compressor
4.2.2 Condenser
4.2.3 Evaporator coil
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4.2.4 Cooling Fans

4.2.5 Aquarium water pump
4.2.6 Pressure gauge
4.2.7 R-134a Refrigerant gas
4.2.8 Humidifier
4.2.9 Duct
4.2.10 Hand shut-off valve
4.2.11 ¼ Inch copper pipe insulator
4.3 WORKING PROCEDURE
5 COST ESTIMATION
6 RESULT AND DISCUSSION 19
6.1 METRICS OBTAINED FROM THE 23

DESALINATION SYSTEM
6.2 ESTIMATION OF THEROTICAL COP 23
6.3 ESTIMATION OF ACTUAL COP

6.4 ESTIMATION OF MASS FLOW RATE OF AIR
6.5 ESTIMATION OF QUANTITY OF WATER
OBTAINED THROUGH DESALINATION
7 CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE 25
REFERENCES 40
viii
LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE NO. NAME OF THE FIGURE PAGE NO.
1.1 Water Desalination Technique (Ancient method) 2

1.2 Evolution of Desalination over the years 2
1.3 Types of Desalination Techniques 3
1.4 Solar distillation process 4
1.5 Reverse Osmosis process 4
1.6 Electro dialysis process 6
1.7 Humidification – Dehumidification Desalination 7
1.8 Water Scarcity 8
4.1 Working Principle of Proposed Desalination system 15
5.1 P-h Chart of Vapor Compression Refrigeration system 18
5.2 Psychometric Chart l 19
5.3 Desalination system circuit Diagram 23
5.4 Isometric view of the Desalination system 23
5.5 Front view of the Desalination system 24
5.6 Left view of the Desalination system 24
6.1 Refrigeration Compressor 27
6.2 Condenser coil 27
6.3 Evaporator copper coils 28
6.4 Cooling fans 29
6.5 Aquarium water pump 29
6.6 Pressure gauge 31
6.7 R-134A Refrigerant gas 32
6.8 Battery 33
6.9 Humidifier 34
6.10 Assembled Desalination system Setup 36
ix
LIST OF TABLES
TABLE NAME OF THE TABLE PAGE

No. No.
4.1 Bill of Materials 16
6.1 Specifications of THK-1340 CYF Refrigeration 26

Compressor
6.2 Specifications of Single phase Water pump 30
6.3 Specifications of 12 VDC Pressure gauge 31

6.4 Specifications of EP 42-12 Battery 33
x
LIST OF ABBREVATIONS
Psi - Pounds per square inches

P1 - Compressor inlet pressure
P2 - Compressor outlet pressure
Tc - Condenser temperature
Te - Evaporator temperature
Tw - Water temperature
h1 - Enthalpy at compressor inlet
h2 - Enthalpy at compressor outlet
h3 - Enthalpy at evaporator inlet
h4 - Enthalpy at condenser out
1
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
The purpose of this project is to conduct desalination the waste water using
the condenser waste heat as the energy source. Desalination is the process of
removing salt and other minerals from seawater or brackish water to make it suitable
for human consumption and agricultural irrigation. It is an essential technology for
regions that face water scarcity and where access to fresh water is limited. However,
desalination can be an energy-intensive process, and the high energy costs
associated with it can make it less economically viable. The project of desalination
system using condenser waste heat aims to address this challenge by utilizing waste
heat from a refrigerator’s condenser to power the desalination process. This
approach not only reduces the energy required for desalination but also makes use
of a previously wasted resource.
The project involves the design and implementation of a desalination system
that uses a multi-effect distillation process to convert seawater into fresh water. The
system will use the waste heat from the condenser of a refrigerator to heat the
seawater, causing it to evaporate and condense in a series of chambers. The
resulting fresh water will be collected and stored for use. The project aims to
demonstrate the feasibility of using waste heat to power a desalination system and
to evaluate its economic and environmental benefits. It will also contribute to the
development of sustainable water management practices that can help mitigate the
impact of water scarcity and climate change on communities around the world.
1.1 HISTORY OF DESALINATION

Desalination, the process of removing salt and other minerals from seawater or
brackish water to make it suitable for human consumption and irrigation, has been
practiced since ancient times. The earliest evidence of desalination comes from the
ancient Greeks, who used a process called evaporation and condensation to obtain
fresh water from seawater.
2
They would collect seawater in large shallow pans and allow the sun to evaporate
the water, leaving the salt behind. The water vapor would then be condensed and
collected as fresh water. In the Middle Ages, Arab inventors developed the first
practical method of desalination called "solar stills". They used a similar process to
the Greeks but used glass instead of shallow pans to capture the water vapor. The
stills were placed in the sun, and the heat from the sun would cause the water to
evaporate and condense on the glass, producing fresh water. Today, desalination is
used around the world to provide fresh water to millions of people who live in water-
scarce regions. The largest desalination plant in the world is the Ras Al-Khair plant
in Saudi Arabia, which has a capacity of 1.025 million cubic meters per day.
Desalination technology continues to evolve, and researchers are working to make
it more efficient and cost-effective, so that it can be used to provide fresh water to
even more people in the future.
Figure 1.1 Water Desalination Technique (Ancient method)
1.2 EVOLUTION OF VARIOUS DESALINATION SYSTEMS
Desalination systems have evolved significantly over time, driven by

advancements in technology and the need to improve efficiency and cost-
effectiveness. Here is an overview of the evolution of desalination systems:
3
Figure1.2 Evolution of Desalination over the years
Figure 1.3 Types of Desalination techniques

4
In the Solar distillation process solar energy is used to evaporate water and
its condensate is collected within the same closed system. Unlike other forms of
water purification methods like desalination, this methodology can be used to turn
salt or brackish water into fresh drinking water. Solar still is the structure that
houses the distillation equipment. Solar distillation differs from a more energy-
intensive methodology like the reverse osmosis, or simply boiling water due to its
usage of ‘free’ and eco-friendly solar energy. A solar water distiller uses solar
energy that can separate salt or brackish into fresh drinking water through the
method of reverse osmosis. Unlike other methods of water purification, this
technology is simple and energy efficient to use, making it a cheaper alternative
to clean drinking water. Solar water distillation process includes the use of solar
still that separates clean water by the process of vaporization.
Figure 1.4 Solar Distillation process
Reverse osmosis is one of the oldest and most popular separation techniques
used mainly for the purification of water. The process was mainly adopted for the
desalination of seawater in the year 1950 when the whole process was relatively
slow and limited to certain laboratories. However, after a lot of research and
advancements in technology, there were significant developments, especially in the
field of polymers and the production of efficient membranes.
5
Today, this technique is extensively used by many around the world to purify water
for industrial, residential, commercial and scientific purposes. While reverse osmosis
technology is one of humanity’s important scientific innovations, we will develop a
basic understanding of the whole process here on this page.
Reverse osmosis which is also commonly referred to as RO is a type of

filtration method used for the removal of molecules and ions from a certain solution.
Reverse osmosis involves the application of pressure (usually greater than the
osmotic pressure) on one side of the solution where a semi permeable membrane
is placed in between the solutions. This membrane is used to filter out contaminants
down to the smallest particles. The contaminants are often referred to as RO
concentrate. Osmotic pressure is the minimum pressure required to stop solvent
flow through the semi permeable membrane. Therefore, when the solution side (the
side where the solute concentration is high) is subjected to a pressure greater than
the osmotic pressure, the solvent particles on the solution side move through the
semi permeable membrane to the region where the solute concentration is low. Such
inverse solvent movement through the semi permeable membrane is called reverse
osmosis.
Figure 1.5 Reverse Osmosis process

6
Flash Evaporation, also known as Multistage Flash Distillation, is a water

desalination technique that distills saltwater by flashing it into steam in stages.
Before you go for now that multi-stage flash evaporation systems provide over 60%
of the world's desalinated water, with the heat supplied in the brine heater often
originating from an industrial operation co-located with the desalination process.
Moreover, for many years, MSF was the global seawater desalination.
Electro dialysis (ED) is used to transport salt ions from one
solution through ion-exchange membranes to another solution under the influence
of an applied electric potential difference. This is done in a configuration called an
electro dialysis cell. The cell consists of a feed (dilute) compartment and a
concentrate (brine) compartment formed by an anion exchange membrane and a
cation exchange membrane placed between two electrodes. In almost all practical
electro dialysis processes, multiple electro dialysis cells are arranged into a
configuration called an electro dialysis stack, with alternating anion and cation-
exchange membranes forming the multiple electro dialysis cells. Electro dialysis
processes are different from distillation techniques and other membrane-based
processes (such as reverse osmosis (RO)) in that dissolved species are moved
away from the feed stream, whereas other processes move away the water from the
remaining substances.
Figure 1.6 Electro Dialysis process

7
1.3 HISTORY OF HUMIDIFICATION-DEHUMIDIFICATION (HDH)

DESALINATION SYSTEM
The history of the Humidification-Dehumidification (HDH) desalination system

can be traced back to ancient times, where similar principles were employed.
However, the modern development of the HDH process began in the 20th century.
Here is an overview of the history of HDH desalination. The principles of HDH
desalination can be traced back to ancient civilizations, where basic techniques of
evaporating water and collecting condensation were used to obtain freshwater. In
the early 1900s, the concept of utilizing evaporation and condensation for
desalination began to take shape, and experimental setups were developed to
explore the process. The Saline Water Conversion Corporation (SWCC) in Saudi
Arabia played a significant role in the development of HDH desalination. In the
1960s, SWCC initiated research on HDH technology, driven by the need to find cost-
effective desalination methods for arid regions. In the 1970s and 1980s, researchers
and engineers worldwide began to explore and refine the HDH desalination process.
Experimental and pilot-scale HDH systems were developed in various countries,
including Saudi Arabia, Japan, the United States, and Australia.
Research focused on improving the energy efficiency, productivity, and cost-
effectiveness of HDH systems by optimizing the design and operation parameters.
In recent years, research and development efforts have continued to refine HDH
desalination systems. Integration with Renewable Energy: The integration of HDH
systems with renewable energy sources, such as solar and wind power, is being
explored to enhance sustainability and reduce reliance on fossil fuels. Technological
Enhancements: Researchers are working on improving heat exchangers, absorbent
materials, and other components to enhance the performance and efficiency of HDH
systems. Humidification-Dehumidification Technology was derived from
conventional solar stills. Here, humidification, dehumidification and heating occur in
a single unit. During the 1950s, the US Office of Saline Water (OSW) supported
efforts to develop multiple-effect solar stills. It was found, that separation of each
individual process could be advantageous.
8
Figure 1.7 Humidification-Dehumidification Desalination Process
1.4 GROWTH PERSPECTIVE
Water scarcity is a growing global concern, and the demand for fresh water
continues to rise. HD desalination offers a potential solution by using abundant
seawater or brackish water sources and converting them into fresh water through
evaporation and condensation. The HD desalination process has the advantage of
being energy efficient compared to other desalination methods such as reverse
osmosis. It utilizes low-grade or waste heat sources, such as solar energy or
industrial waste heat, to power the process, reducing the reliance on fossil fuels and
lowering operational costs. HD desalination systems can be easily scaled up or
down based on the water demand, making them suitable for various applications
ranging from small-scale community projects to large-scale industrial installations.
Figure 1.8 Water Scarcity

9
Unlike some desalination methods that produce brine waste, the HD process
produces only a concentrated brine stream, which can be further treated or
discharged with minimal environmental impact. Additionally, HD desalination has a
lower carbon footprint compared to conventional desalination technologies,
contributing to sustainability goals. Ongoing research and development efforts are
focused on improving the efficiency, cost-effectiveness, and overall performance of
HD desalination systems. This includes advancements in materials, heat transfer
techniques, process optimization, and integration with renewable energy sources,
which further enhance the growth potential of the technology. HD desalination is
particularly relevant for regions with high humidity levels and abundant heat
resources, such as coastal areas and arid regions. These regions often face water
scarcity issues and can benefit greatly from the implementation of HD desalination
systems. The HD desalination process has a lower environmental impact compared
to some other desalination methods. It produces only a concentrated brine stream,
which can be further treated or discharged responsibly. With growing concerns
about the environmental footprint of desalination, HD's comparatively lower impact
could drive its adoption in the future.
10
CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE SURVEY
Many authors developed a holistic model of Humidification – Dehumidification

Desalination system. And their expertise technology, business and social aspects
through publications and applications.
K Sridhar et al., (2018) Studied that by recovering waste heat from the
condenser and evaporator using a humidification dehumidification desalination
process, this research aims to increase the coefficient of performance (COP) of a
vapour compression refrigeration system. In order to recover the heat, water is
sprayed over the gunny bag that is positioned in the air route when the air from the
blower passes through a humidifier chamber. The hot, humid air is created by the
humid air moving around the condenser coil, which sub cools the refrigerant and
also absorbs heat from the condenser. After that, the hot, humid air is passed over
a dehumidifier coil, which warms the refrigerant exiting the evaporator to enhance
the quality of the vapour. Condensation happens concurrently in the warm condition.
Dahiru U Lawal et.al., (2019) Proposed that the innovative heat pump
technology gives the HDH system's humidifier with the necessary warmth, and the
dehumidifier with the necessary cooling. Through water heated or cooled heat
exchange units, the suggested integrated unit is capable of providing freshwater as
well as cooling effect for space conditioning. On the general assessment metrics,
such as gain output ratio (GOR), recovery ratio (RR), coefficient of performance
(COP), and productivity, the impact of various operating parameters, such as feed
water flow rate, feed water temperature, and chilled water flow rate, is assessed.
The proposed desalination unit's anticipated cost of producing freshwater.
G Prakash Narayan et al., (2012) proposed that recent years have seen a lot
of interest in humidification dehumidification (HDH), a method that has promise for
small-scale seawater desalination. This technology's rather high energy
consumption is the main obstacle to its widespread use. The thermodynamic
11
balancing of the humidifier or dehumidifier by mass extraction and injection is

suggested in this research as a potential method of lowering the energy consumption
of these systems. Balance reduces the amount of entropy produced by driving
temperature and concentration disparities.
X. Hu et al., (2022) Reverse osmosis (RO), multi-stage flash (MSF), low-

temperature multi-effect distillation (LT-MED), and mechanical vapour compression
(MVC) are some traditional seawater desalination technologies. In contrast, the HDH
process has the advantages of a simpler configuration, a relatively lower working
temperature, milder evaporation, easier control, and atmospheric operation. An in-depth
analysis of the development of HDH desalination technology is provided in this research.
From a practical standpoint, ensuring that the HDH desalination system produces fresh
water effectively, steadily, and constantly is of paramount importance. On the basis of the
introduced system configurations and state fluctuations of process air during the HDH
process, efforts to enhance system performance and stability as well as reduce energy
consumption are examined and evaluated.
Adewale Giwa et al., (2016) proposed the compatibility of an air-cooled PV

system with an ambient saltwater intake into an HDH desalination plant in terms of
both technical viability and environmental friendliness. The modelling of the physical
and thermodynamic properties involved in the recovery of PV thermal energy and
the assessment of the impact of this recovery on water produced under the
environmental conditions of Abu Dhabi, UAE, were used to conduct the technical
analysis of the PV-HDH desalination process. The findings demonstrated that a daily
average of 2.28 L of fresh water per m2 of PV was produced as a result of the heat
recovered from the PV. On the other hand, in order to examine the practicality of this
PV-HDH power and desalination system, an environmental impact assessment was
also done for the first time.
W.F. He et al., (2016) Key parameters are set in order to complete the
performance study of the HDH desalination system and to achieve the pertinent
waste heat recovery findings. These calculations are based on the governing
equations of the component parts and the fixed-effectiveness model. Even if the
12
dehumidifier achieved its best performance at this moment, the simulation results
show that the balancing condition of the device is inaccessible because of a negative
specific entropy generated by the device. In conclusion, high component
effectiveness, beginning temperature, and vacuum environment values are
advantageous for improving desalination system performance and lowering PHE
heat transfer surface area.
Meysam Faegh et al., (2019) Two of the most important challenges that
people must address to achieve sustainable development are the availability of
water and electricity. The use of humidification-dehumidification technology has
been shown to be a practical way to meet the need for freshwater. To improve the
efficiency of the combined cycle and to increase the amount of produced freshwater,
cooling effect, power, etc., special attention has been paid to coupling the
humidification-dehumidification cycles with refrigeration, power, and other
desalination technologies. This article gives a thorough analysis of recent studies on
humidification-dehumidification technologies and how they integrate with the
aforementioned cycles.
M. Sarai Atab et al., (2018) The production of large quantities of a) water for
agriculture and b) high quality water for residential use is examined in this study as a result
of the hybridization of brackish water reverse osmosis (BWRO) desalination technology
with an adsorption cycle (AD). It has been tuned to produce fresh water and cooling using
the RO process and the AD cycle, which are both represented as numerical models. An
existing RO plant can be converted to a RO-AD process in order to reduce its overall
energy consumption and create a cooling effect that can be used for air conditioning or
local process cooling. To recover the refuse from the RO, an AD and pressure exchanger
(PX) are combined, which reduces electricity usage.
Kalpesh V.Modi et al., (2018) In the current global period, there is increased
emphasis on finding more effective techniques to offer cooling or air conditioning in
enclosed spaces without harming the environment. This is due to the constant
increase in energy demand, its associated cost, and pertinent climatic challenges. A
large portion of the electrical energy produced normally in hot and humid climates is
used for air conditioning. The lack of pure water is a problem that
13
the fast-expanding world faces just as much as the greenhouse effect and ozone
layer loss. As a result, potable, clean water and dehumidified air are now available
at the same time for human comfort.
R. Santosh et al., (2019) proposed that in the current study, the effectiveness
of a hybrid humidification-dehumidification (HDH) desalination system that uses
waste heat from a vapour compression refrigeration (VCR)-based home air
conditioner is examined. In order to assess the performance of the desalination
system under hot and moderate climatic circumstances, the article looks at design
and simulation elements while taking into account several ranges of space
conditioning temperatures (20 °C, 24 °C, and 28 °C, respectively). With experimental
validation of the key desalination system components, the heat and mass transport
processes in the various system components were established using the TRNSYS
software.
2.1 SUMMARY OF LITERATURE SURVEY
• The hot humid air is then passed over another heat exchanger (dehumidifier
coil) which heats the refrigerant coming out from the evaporator so the quality
of the vapour improves. At the same time, condensation occurs in the hot
humid air along the surface of evaporator coil and the distilled water is
collected.
• The integrated water desalination system can simultaneously provide
freshwater and cooling effect. A gained output ratio as high as 4.07 and the
recovery ratio of 4.9% is achieved from the proposed desalination system.
• It is observed that this state of complete thermodynamic balancing (in
humidifiers and dehumidifiers) is closer to a state of constant local humidity
ratio difference than to that of a constant stream-to-stream temperature
difference.
• Enhanced dehumidification can be carried out by means of increase in the
times of dehumidification procedures or adding other devices (e.g., heat
pump evaporator). The latter method is more difficult to implemented than
14
the enhanced humidification methods for the reason that increasing the
humidification temperature by making full use of solar energy or waste heat
is easier than by further lowering the dehumidification temperature.
• It was observed that utilizing the multistage and bubble column humidifiers
and dehumidifiers enhanced the HDH system performance. In addition, it is
shown that the HDH cycles are capable of being powered by various solar,
biomass, geothermal and waste heat resources.
• The cooling effect of refrigeration cycles has been used for a variety of
purposes, including a decrease in the temperature of inlet saline water for
more air dehumidification and freshwater production, recovering the waste
heat of brine, decreasing the freshwater temperature in direct contact
dehumidifiers and more efficient air dehumidification.
• The freshwater yield of the designed system is highly dependent on ambient
air temperature and relative humidity. Freshwater production is higher during
summer season as the atmospheric air has lower relative humidity and higher
temperature which results in higher moisture holding capacity during
humidification and subsequently higher freshwater yield during
dehumidification process.
15
CHAPTER 3
PROBLEM DEFINITION AND OBJECTIVES
3.1 PROBLEM IDENTIFICATION
Various technologies like sand filtration and Mechanical type filtration were
used to purify the water. But they did not remove all the pollutants. So other
advanced filtration techniques like Ion exchange, Carbon filtration and Reverse
Osmosis came into effect. But in these all-systems Energy consumption plays a
major role, which determines its efficiency, quality of the desalinated water and many
more parameters. Energy consumption of a process can be reduced by properly
utilizing the large amount of waste heat liberated into atmosphere.
Due to heavily increased population the water need is going on increasing,

and we also know due to the growing population the need of electric current is also
increasing simultaneously, So the energy consumption of the water desalination
plays a major role in desalination, which can greatly increase the revenue and which
can decrease the water scarcity.
Since there is a huge demand for electrical energy production and

distribution, the available energy must be used efficiently. In India, nearly 42% of the
electric energy in every house is utilized for operating refrigeration systems and
Heating Ventilation and Air Conditioning (HVAC) systems. These HVAC systems
liberate an enormous amount of heat to the atmosphere as waste. Recovery of this
waste heat could improve significantly the efficiency of the HVAC systems along with
a reduction of their environmental impact.
3.2 OBJECTIVES
• To Increase the Coefficient of performance (COP) of the Vapour

compression refrigeration desalination system.
• To Perform Desalination of water by capturing condenser waste heat.
16
3.3 METHODOLOGY
• To improve the coefficient of performance (COP) of a vapour compression
refrigeration system, by recovering waste heat from the condenser and the
evaporator using humidification and dehumidification desalination process.
• And addition to improvement of COP of the vapour compression refrigeration
system, to recover the waste heat from the refrigeration system, air from the
blower is passed through the condenser coil and the hot air is maken to pass
through a humidifier chamber in which water is sprayed over the air passage.
• The hot humid air is then passed over another heat exchanger (dehumidifier
coil) which heats the refrigerant coming out from the evaporator so the quality
of the vapour improves. At the same time, condensation occurs in the hot
humid air along the surface of evaporator coil and the distilled water is
collected.
• As the process runs over the time, the quantity of the water the quantity of
the water collected will be gradually increased and simultaneously there will
be improvement on the COP of the system.
Figure 4.1 Working Principle of Proposed Desalination system

17
SELECTING THE FIELD OF ANALYSIS
LITERATURE REVIEW
PROBLEM IDENTIFICATION
DESIGNING OF WORKING MODEL
FABRICATION OF MODEL
EVALUATION OF PROTOTYPE WITH MANUAL TESTING
RECORDING OF RESULT
18
CHAPTER 4
EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN AND PROCEDURE
4.1 EXPERIMENTAL SETUP OF DESALINATION SYSTEM
4.1.1 ISOMETRIC VIEW OF THE SYSTEM:

An isometric cross-sectional view of a desalination system is a diagrammatic
representation of the internal components of a system, showing how they are
arranged relative to one another in three-dimensional space. This type of view
provides a more realistic and detailed representation of the reactor, allowing
engineers and technicians to better understand how the reactor functions and how it
can be optimized for maximum efficiency and safety. Other internal components that
may be visible in an isometric cross-sectional view of a reactor include condenser
coil, duct, evaporator coil and compressor. These components are typically shown
in their proper orientation and relative position to one another. Inside the evaporator
vessel, the various internal components are also depicted in three dimensions,
providing a more realistic representation of their size, shape, and orientation.
HUMIDIFIER
INSULATOR
COMPRESSOR
EVAPORATOR DUCT
Figure 4.1 Isometric view of the system

19
4.1.2 FRONT VIEW OF THE SYSTEM:
A front view of the desalination system refers to a diagrammatic representation

of the internal components of a desalination system, showing how they are arranged
relative to one another in a single slice through the system. In a front view of the
system, the most prominent feature is typically the duct itself, which is usually a large,
rectangular container designed to withstand high temperature at high flow rate. Other
common components that may be visible in a front view of a system include plastic
pipes, which is insulated and used to carry the water at very low temperature from
the evaporator container (cooled space); compressor, which is referred to be the
heart of the system, where it helps the refrigerant to attain the referred pressure and
where it also maintains the flow of the refrigerant gas throughout the system.
COOLING FANS
HUMIDIFIER
WATER TUBE
INSULATOR
DUCT
DEHUMIDIFIER
COIL
Figure 4.2 Front view of the system

20
4.1.3 LEFT VIEW OF THE SYSTEM:
A left view of the desalination system refers to a diagrammatic representation of

the internal components of a desalination system in a most brief manner, where
showing how they are arranged relative to one another in a single slice through the
system. In a left view of the system, the most prominent feature is typically the copper
tubes itself, which is usually small in size, and where it plays a crucial role in the
desalination system where, with the help of the tubes the refrigerant gas can be
circulated, which can be controlled with the attached hand-shut off valves, due to
which the cooling effect takes place. Other common components that may be visible
in a left view of a system include cooling fans, which is used to blow the dissipated
heat at the condenser coil, where the waste heat can be captured, which is one of
the main objective of the system.
COPPER
TUBES
INSULATOR
DUCT
HAND
SHUT-OFF
VALVE
SUPPORT
STAND
COOLING FANS
PRESSURE GAUGE
EVAPORATOR COMPRESSOR
Figure 4.3 Left view of the system

21
4.2 COMPONENTS OF DESALINATION SYSTEM:

4.2.1 Compressor:
A Refrigeration Compressor draws refrigerant from the evaporator at a

relatively low pressure, compresses it and then discharges it to the condenser where
it is cooled. The refrigerant then moves to the expansion valve and the evaporator
before being compressed again. The compressor is the heart of the refrigeration
system. The compressor acts as the pump that moves the refrigerant through the
system. Temperature sensors start the compressor's action. Refrigeration systems
cool objects through repeated refrigeration cycles. Refrigeration compressors
provide a refrigerant circulation in the system and, unlike gas compressors, are not
used independently out of the refrigeration system.
Table 4.1 Specifications of THK-1340 CYF Refrigeration compressor
Brand Tecumseh
Model Number THK-1340 YCF

Type HBP
Compatible With Refrigerator
Cooling Capacity 100
Power Requirement All
Power Consumption 230
Length 20 cm
Width 13 cm
Weight 7.2 kg
22
Figure 4.4 Refrigeration Compressor
4.2.2 Condenser coil:

A condenser coil is one of two coils found in your cooling system that work
together to complete the heat exchange cycle. The condenser coil is located outside
the home, and it’s where the refrigerant releases the heat it absorbed from inside.
It is responsible for rejecting the energy taken up by the evaporator coil into an
external environment, usually an outdoor air source. This heat exchange process
creates cool air which then circulates back through the HVAC system throughout
your home.
The size and shape of a condenser coil can vary depending on its intended
application, but in most systems, you will typically find a large metal shell with rows
of tubes running vertically or horizontally within it, each containing finned aluminum
coils. These fins are specifically designed to help increase the surface area of the
condenser coil, allowing it to reject more heat faster and more efficiently.
Figure 4.5 Condenser coil

23
4.2.3 Evaporator Copper coils:

Copper coil is one of the components that is needed in air conditioning and
refrigerant system. The tube is used as a path for the refrigerant to flow between
system components and to contain it from escaping to the atmosphere. Sizing,
installation layout and fittings must be done properly to ensure that the system runs
efficiently. During installation, it is of utmost importance that moisture, dirt and other
contaminants are prevented from entering the system. These foreign particles will
affect the performance of the system and may even cause damage to some of the
components. During the production of the copper tube, the inside of the tube has
been cleaned and dried before being sealed at both ends to ensure that it remains
that way. You must check to make sure that the refrigerant that is going to be used
does not react with the copper. Ammonia refrigerant will react with copper hence it
should not be used.
Figure 4.6 Evaporator Copper coils
4.1.2.4 Cooling fans:

In the design and layout of the refrigeration and automobile cooling system,
all heat absorbs from the engine are stored in the radiator, where the cooling fan
blows the heat away. The cooling fan is also known as a radiator fan because it’s
mounted directly to the radiator in some engine layout. Typically, the fan is
positioned between the radiator and engine as it draws heat to the atmosphere. In
front-wheel cars, the cooling fan used is an electrical component powered by the
battery.
24
It’s usually mounted transversely, that is, the output of the engine phases
toward the side of the vehicle. in rear-wheel-drive cars with longitudinal engines,
cools the radiator with an engine-driven cooling fan. It’s designed to be controlled
with a thermostatically controlled viscous clutch.
Figure 4.7 Cooling fans
4.1.2.5 Aquarium Water Pump
An aquarium water pump is a fish tank accessory that aerates and circulates
water to make it healthier for marine life. The current produced by a water pump
ensures that all water in a tank feed through the tank’s filter. This constant flow
evenly distributes nutrients throughout the tank, creating high-quality water that
prevents diseases in fish. Not only do water pumps produce health benefits, but they
can also make your tank aesthetically pleasing. A water pump brings your tank to
life by making plants dynamic as they wave with the increased water flow. A
switching or variable-voltage system (also known as a "wave maker") is commonly
used in reef aquaria to more closely simulate the movement of ocean water. Water
circulation is vital to proper biological filtration of most saltwater aquaria (particularly
those using the Berlin Method), and is useful in freshwater aquaria for allowing free-
swimming fish adequate exercise.
25
Figure 4.8 Aquarium Water Pump
Table 4.2 Specifications of Single-phase Water pump
Type Single-phase Water Pump
Power Rating 0.5kW
Power Supply 240 V
Motor Power 1hp
4.1.2.6 Pressure Gauge
The devices that are used for measuring pressure are called pressure
gauges. Gauge pressure is the pressure relative to atmospheric pressure. For the
pressures above atmospheric pressure, gauge pressure is positive. For the
pressures below atmospheric pressure, gauge pressure is negative. The pressure
gauge is also known as pressure meters or vacuum gauges. A device that uses the
surface area and weight of a liquid column to measure and indicate pressure is
known as a manometer. Most gauges calculate the pressure relative to atmospheric
pressure as the zero point. Hence, this form of reading is known as gauge pressure.
Pressure gauges are analogy as well as digital.
26
Figure 4.9 Pressure Gauge
4.1.2.7 R-134a Refrigerant gas

R-134a refrigerant is commonly used in various cooling and air conditioning
applications. It was originally developed to replace R12 in car AC systems. It has
also been used to replace refrigerants R12 and R500 in coolers. It is also used as
medium temperature systems in residential buildings and commercial contexts.
Mixtures with air of the gas 1, 1, 1, 2-tetrafluoroethane are not flammable at
atmospheric pressure and temperatures up to 100 °C (212 °F). However, mixtures
with high concentrations of air at elevated pressure and/or temperature can be
ignited. Contact of 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane with flames or hot surfaces in excess of
250 °C (482 °F) may cause vapor decomposition and the emission of toxic gases
including hydrogen fluoride and carbonyl fluoride.
Figure 4.10 R-134a Refrigerant gas

27
4.1.2.8 Humidifier
A humidifier is a piece of equipment, most often an electrical appliance, that

raises the level of humidity (moisture) in a specific space or throughout an entire
structure. Humidifiers are frequently included in medical ventilators so as to raise the
level of patient comfort. Conditions of low humidity can be found in hot, arid desert
conditions as well as within places that are artificially heated. It is possible for the
humidity to reach levels as low as 10–20 percent throughout the winter, particularly
when the air from the cold outside is heated within. Humidifiers are also used by
manufacturers of semiconductors and in hospital operating rooms. Printers and
paper manufacturers use humidifiers to prevent shrinkage and paper curl.
Humidifiers are needed in cold storage rooms to preserve the freshness of food
against the dryness caused by hot temperatures. Art museums use humidifiers to
protect sensitive works of art, especially in exhibition galleries, where they combat
the dryness caused by heating for the comfort of visitors during winter.
Figure 4.11 Humidifier
4.1.2.9 Duct
Ducts are conduits or passages used in heating, ventilation and air
conditioning (HVAC) to deliver and remove air. The needed airflows include, for
example, supply air, return air and exhaust air. Ducts commonly also deliver
ventilation air as part of the supply air. As such, air ducts are one method of ensuring
acceptable indoor air quality as well as thermal comfort. A duct system is also
called ductwork. Planning (laying out), sizing, optimizing, detailing, and finding the
pressure losses through a duct system is called duct design.
28
Figure 4.12 Duct
4..2.10 Hand shut-off valve:
These valves are designed for installation on commercial refrigerating systems

and on residential and industrial conditioning systems. This is a manual stop valve
and is suitable for all kind of refrigerants. Special design on the valve cap prevents
moisture penetrating into the valve. These valves can be installed in horizontal or
vertical pipelines. Shut-off valves are thus an integral part of a refrigeration system.
It is important for those who select, install, service and use these types of valves.
Figure 4.13 Hand shut-off valve
4.1.2.11 ¼ Inch Copper pipe insulator:
A 1/4-inch copper pipe insulator is a component used to provide thermal

insulation and protect a 1/4-inch (or 6.35 millimeters) copper pipe from heat loss or
condensation. These insulators are typically made of materials like foam, rubber, or
plastic and are designed to fit around the copper pipe snugly.
29
The primary purpose of a pipe insulator is to prevent heat transfer

between the pipe and its surroundings. This can be important in various
applications, such as plumbing and HVAC (heating, ventilation, and air conditioning)
systems, where maintaining a consistent temperature is essential for energy
efficiency and preventing condensation. In plumbing, for example, insulating copper
pipes can help prevent frozen pipes during cold weather, which can lead to burst
pipes and water damage. In HVAC systems, insulating the pipes can improve
energy efficiency by reducing heat loss or gain in the ductwork.
Figure 4.14 Copper pipe insulator
4.2 WORKING PROCEDURE
Desalinating water using the humidification-dehumidification (HDH)

technique using condenser waste heat from a household refrigeration unit is a
sustainable way to obtain fresh water. Here's a step-by-step working procedure for
the process:
a) SYSTEM SETUP:
Start with a conventional household refrigeration unit. This unit typically

consists of a compressor, evaporator, condenser, and expansion valve.
Additional to this, adding of cooling duct, copper tubes for refrigerant circulation
along with the insulation, cooling fans, Humidifier, dehumidifier will make the
complete Desalination system setup.
b) CONDENSER WASTE HEAT RECOVERY:
The waste heat from the condenser of the household refrigeration unit is
used to heat the dehumidification chamber, facilitating the vapor condensation
process. This is a critical step to drive the desalination process.
30
Initially the desalination process begins with the start and running of the
desalination system typically to 23-30 mins, in order to achieve steady state
condition overall in the various components of the desalination system. In a
typical refrigeration cycle, the condenser releases heat to the surroundings. In
order to implement the HDH desalination, and to capture the waste heat
generated by the condenser, air from the blower is passed through the
condenser coil, due to the captured heat the COP of the system increases.
c) HUMIDIFICATION STAGE:
In the Humidification stage, due to the passage of air through the

condenser coil increases the temperature of the air and after, the hot air is
passed through the humidification chamber, where the temperature of the air
gets increases. Now, the saltwater, which needs to be desalinated is delivered
through the humidifier and the saltwater gets evaporated easily increasing the
humidity of the air, where the relative humidity of air also gets increased.
d) DEHUMIDIFICATION STAGE:
In the second stage, creating a separate dehumidification chamber, where

the cold water typically below 10oC, this water is transferred through the plastic
pipes from the evaporator chamber (cooled space) which is insulated in order
to avoid heat dissipation. Now, due to this cold-water circulation, when the hot
humid air meets the cold dehumidification coil, the water vapour in the hot air
gets condensed and where the salt concentration of the water drops.
e) COLLECTION AND STORAGE:
Collect the condensed freshwater, which has been separated from the
saltwater vapor during the dehumidification process. As the saltwater
vaporizes in the humidification chamber, the salt content becomes more
concentrated. The system should operate continuously, with the condenser
waste heat being used to maintain the dehumidification chamber at an optimal
temperature for vapor condensation.
31
S. No ITEM QUANTITY PRICE

(Rs.)
1. Compressor 1 3050
2. Condensor coil 1 650
3. Evaporator can 1 200
4. Expansion valve 1 400
5. 114 copper pire 1 765
6. R 134a refregirant gas 500

1 400
litres
7. Cooling fans 3 450
8. Aquarium water pump 1 250
9. Pressure gauge 2 800
10. Copper tube insulator 1 200
11. Humidifier 1 400
12. Duct 8 1900
13. Hand shut-off valve 1 2000
Total (Rs.) 11465

32
CHAPTER 6
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
6.1 METRICS OBTAINED FROM THE DESALINATION SYSTEM
• DAY 1, ROOM TEMPERATURE=34oC

TABLE 6.1 PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS DAY 1
S. Condenser Evaporator Water Compressor Compressor Compressor Compressor Dehumidifier
No Temp. Temp. Temp. Inlet Outlet inlet temp. Outlet temp. Coil Temp.
(Tc) (Te) (Tw) Pressure Pressure (Tci) (Tco) (Tcoil)
(oC) (oC) (oC) (P1) (P2) (oC) (oC) (oC)
(Psi) (Psi)
1 43.6 24.5 29 17 180 37.8 48 36.1

33
2 45.4 23.2 28.4 17.3 200 38.3 53.1 35.2

3 46.2 22.4 27.3 17.2 194 40.7 57.3 33.5
4 46.2 20.3 25.3 18.0 198 42.1 59.5 31.6
5 47.8 19.5 23.8 18.4 203 43.9 63.7 27.6
Figure 6.1 Compressor thermal Figure 6.2 Dehumidification coil

Image - Day 1 thermal Image - Day 1
Figure 6.3 Evaporator water thermal Figure 6.4 Condenser coil thermal
Image - Day 1 Image - Day 1
34
Figure 6.5 Temperature vs time - Day 1
• DAY 2, ROOM TEMPERATURE = 36oC

(oC) (oC) (oC) (P1) (P2) (oC) (oC) (oC)
(Psi) (Psi)
1 41.5 23.3 28.4 15 175 30.7 43.5 34.3
2 43.3 17.5 26.2 17 180 36.0 45.2 33.6
3 45.7 15.3 24.7 18 180 40.2 49.8 32.7
4 46.3 14.6 23.5 20 195 43.5 55.1 29.2
5 47.6 13.5 22.8 20 200 44.9 61.3 27.5

35
• DAY 3, ROOM TEMPERATURE = 33oC

(oC) (oC) (oC) (P1) (P2) (oC) (oC) (oC)
(Psi) (Psi)
1 42.3 24.2 30.3 18 180 37.8 47.7 36.7
2 43.7 22.1 28.4 18 195 38.3 50.3 35.7
3 45.6 21.0 27.9 19 200 41.1 54.4 34.2
4 45.6 19.8 25.3 19 200 41.9 59.3 32.7
5 46.8 19.5 23.8 20 200 42.3 61.2 30.1
36

37
6.2 DETERMINATION OF COP AND POWER INPUT
(NO LOAD CONDITION):
TABLE 6.4 PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS (NO LOAD CONDITION) DAY 1

S. Condenser Evaporator Water Compressor Compressor Compressor Compressor
No Temp. Temp. Temp. Inlet Outlet inlet temp. Outlet temp.
(Tc) (Te) (Tw) Pressure Pressure (Tci) (Tco)
(oC) (oC) (oC) (P1) (P2) (oC) (oC)
(Psi) (Psi)
1 39.3 21.2 27.3 20 180 37.8 47.7
2 40.7 20.8 26.4 20 190 38.3 50.3
3 41.6 19.0 25.9 21 200 41.1 54.4
4 42.1 17.8 25.3 20 200 41.9 59.3
• Maximum COP attained by the system (Carnot COP)

𝑇𝑒 21.2+273 = 16.34
= = (39.2+273)−(21.2+273)
𝑇𝑐−𝑇𝑒
38
• Actual COP of the system is always lesser than theoretical COP.

• Consider 40% of the theoretical performance can be attained by the
system in the actual case.
• COP of the system = 16.34 × 0.40 = 6.53
• COP calculated from Refrigeration Table
𝑅𝑒𝑓𝑟𝑖𝑔𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡 ℎ1−ℎ4
• COP of the system = =
𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑜𝑟 𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘 ℎ2−ℎ1
Where,
h1 = enthalpy at compressor inlet
h2 = enthalpy at compressor outlet
h4 = enthalpy at evaporator inlet (h3=h4)
h3 = enthalpy at condenser outlet
• Enthalpy values are taken from Refrigerant Ph chart is taken as,
• h1 = 415 kJ/kg, h2 = 450 kJ/kg, h3 = h4 = 225 kJ/kg
• Therefore, COP of the system = 4
• Compressor Power input = h2 – h1 = 35 kJ/kg
Figure 6.16 P-h Chart of Vapour Compression Refrigeration system
6.3 DETERMINATION OF COP AND POWER

INPUT (LOADED CONDITION):
𝑇𝑒 20.3+273 = 11.3
= = (46.2+273)−(20.3+273)
𝑇𝑐−𝑇𝑒

• COP of the system = 11.3 × 0.40 = 4.52
39

𝑅𝑒𝑓𝑟𝑖𝑔𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡 ℎ1−ℎ4
• COP of the system = =
𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑜𝑟 𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘 ℎ2−ℎ1
Where,
• Therefore, COP of the system = 1.13
• Compressor Power input = (h2 - h1) = 90kJ/kg
6.4 ESTIMATION OF POWER NEEDED FOR

DESALINATION:
• Power needed for desalination = Compressor power(loaded) –

Compressor power (no load)
= 90- 35 = 55kJ/kg
= power*m*t
= 55*4.773*12 = 3150.18kJ/hr
= 3150.18(kJ/hr) *0.27778
= 875.64 W/hr
6.5 ESTIMATION OF QUANTITY OF WATER OBTAINED THROUGH

DESALINATION:
• Mass flow rate calculation of air (loaded condition):
• Heat removed from the condenser per kg of refrigerant flow = h2 – h3
= 175 kJ/kg
• Total heat removed from the condenser = mass flow of refrigerant
(h2-h3)
• Mass flow rate of refrigerant can be calculated based on capacity of
40
the system
• Capacity of the System = 1 TR (Tonne of Refrigeration)
• Total heat extracted (Refrigeration effect) = 1 × 210 = 210 kJ/min
• Mass flow of refrigerant = Total heat extracted / refrigeration effect
per kg of flow
• Mass flow of refrigerant = 210 / (370-250) = 1.75 kg/min
• Total heat available in the condenser = 1.75 × 175 = 306.25 kJ/min =
5.10 kW
• Considering, Total heat can in the condenser can be utilized for
desalination.
• Amount of water desalination is calculated using Psychometric chart
Figure 6.17 Psychrometric Chart
• Heat extracted from condenser = Heat absorbed by air (Considering

only Sensible heat gain)
5.10 = mass of air flow (ha2 – ha1) Where,
ha1 = atmospheric air entered to the system
ha2 = air leaving the condenser surface
• ha1 and ha2 is taken form Psychometric chart as,
ha1 = 100 kJ/kg (dry bulb temperature = 36oC, wet bulb temperature
= 30oC)
= 36oC)
• Mass of air required for cooling the condenser
41
5.10 = mass of air flow (115 – 100)

• Mass flow rate of air required for condenser = 0.34 kg/sec.
• Considering of extra 30% air required for the condenser in order to
compensate the heat dissipation occurrences.
• Therefore, the flow rate of air required = 0.34 + (0.34*0.3)
= 0.442 kg/s
• Calculation for quantity of water that can be obtained from desalination:

• Changes in relative humidity air leaving after condenser:
• RH of air entered to the condenser = 50% (dry bulb temperature =
36oC, wet bulb temperature = 36oC)
• RH of air leaving the condenser = 30% (dry bulb temperature = 36 oC,
wet bulb temperature = 34oC)
• Considering adiabatic saturation process during desalination process
the enthalpy remains constant. Hence, consider ha2 remains constant
and specific humidity is increased.
• Considering relative humidity of air once again attained the initial
condition (50%).
• From psychrometric chart specific humidity of air before adding the
water 23g/kg of dry air.
• Specific humidity of air after adding water is 26g/kg of dry air.
• Desalination quantity = mass of the air flow *(26 - 23)
= 1.326 g/s
• So, for 1 hour, the quantity of water desalinated is =
= 1.326*60*60
= 4773.6 g/hr
= 4.773 kg/hr
6.6 ESTIMATION OF POWER FOR AN ELECTRICAL HEATER:
• To analyze the performance of the desalination, for comparison,

42
estimation of power required for an electrical heater to heat the

quantity of water desalinated is to be calculated.
• Power required for an electrical heater is = required sensible heat
+ latent heat
• Power required = 𝑚𝐶𝑝∆𝑇 + 𝑚 ∗ ℎ𝑓𝑔
= 4.773*4.184*(100 - 30) + 4.773*2257
= 12170.577(kJ/hr) *0.27778
= 3350.13 W/hr
6.7 PERCENTAGE REDUCTION OF POWER IN DESALINATION

USING HDH METHOD:
• Reduction of power (%) = ((Power needed in electrical heater - Power

needed in desalination system)/Power
needed in electrical heater) *100
= ((3350.13 – 875.64)/ (3350.13)) *100
= 73.8%
43
CHAPTER 7
CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE
In conclusion, the humidification and dehumidification desalination system

offer a promising approach to address the pressing global water scarcity challenge.
This system utilizes the principles of evaporation and condensation to convert saline
or brackish water into fresh water. By recovering the waste heat in the condenser,
the production of fresh water has demonstrated a very good production level of 4.773
kg/hr. The system has also executed a very good reduction of power of desalination
system when compared to a commercial electric heater to evaporate water for fresh
water production is 73.8% which has a promising level of efficiency. The VCR
system also performs the desalination at a very good COP of 4.52. Overall, it can
provide a sustainable solution for water desalination. The key advantages of the
humidification and dehumidification desalination system include its energy
efficiency, scalability, and environmentally friendly nature. The modular design
allows for scalability, making it suitable for various applications ranging from
individual households to large-scale water treatment plants. The future scope for
desalinating water using the humidification-dehumidification (HDH) technique with
condenser waste heat holds significant promise. Research and development efforts
are likely to focus on enhancing the sustainability and energy efficiency of these
systems. Scaling up the technology to cater to larger communities and industrial
needs is another exciting prospect. Integration with renewable energy sources and
the implementation of smart control systems can further improve system
performance.
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humidification-dehumidification (HDH) desalination system with waste heat
recovery. Desalination, 398, 30-38. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2016.07.016
[7] Faegh, M., Behnam, P., & Shafii, M. B. (2019). A review on recent advances in
humidification-dehumidification (HDH) desalination systems integrated with
refrigeration, power and desalination technologies. Energy Conversion and
Management, 196, 1002-1036. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2019.06.063
[8] Atab, M. S., Smallbone, A. J., & Roskilly, A. P. (2018). A hybrid reverse
osmosis/adsorption desalination plant for irrigation and drinking water.
Desalination, 444, 44-52. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2018.07.008
45
[9] Modi, K. V., & Shukla, D. L. (2018). Regeneration of liquid desiccant for solar
air-conditioning and desalination using hybrid solar still. Energy Conversion and
[10] Santosh, R., Kumaresan, G., Selvaraj, S., Arunkumar, T., & Velraj, R. (2019).
Investigation of humidification-dehumidification desalination system through waste
heat recovery from household air conditioning unit. Desalination, 467, 1-11.
46
= = 8.58
47
• Actual COP calculation:

• COP of the system = 8.58 × 0.40 = 3.43
•
COP of the system = =
Where,

48
Figure 5.1 P-h Chart of Vapour Compression Refrigeration system
• Therefore, COP of the system = = 2.18
• Mass flow rate calculation:

• Heat removed from the condenser per kg of refrigerant flow = h2 – h3
= 175 kJ/kg
• Total heat removed from the condenser = mass flow of refrigerant
(h2-h3)
• Mass flow rate of refrigerant can be calculated based on capacity of
the system
• Capacity of the System = 1 TR (Tonne of Refrigeration)
• Total heat extracted (Refrigeration effect) = 1 × 210 = 210 kJ/min
• Mass flow of refrigerant = Total heat extracted / refrigeration effect
per kg of flow
• Mass flow of refrigerant = 210 / (370-250) = 1.75 kg/min
• Total heat available in the condenser = 1.75 × 175 = 306.25 kJ/min =
5.10 kW
• Considering, 70% of the heat can be utilized for desalination
• Amount of water desalination is calculated using Psychometric chart
49
Figure 5.2 Psychrometric Chart

• Heat extracted from condenser = Heat absorbed by air (Considering
only Sensible heat gain)
5.10 × 0.70 = mass of air flow (ha2 – ha1)
Where,
ha1 = atmospheric air entered to the system
ha2 = air leaving the condenser surface
• ha1 and ha2 is taken form Psychometric chart as,

= 30oC)
= 36oC)
• Mass of air required for cooling the condenser
5.10 × 0.70 = mass of air flow (115 – 100)
• Mass flow rate of air required for condenser = 0.238 kg/sec.
50
• Calculation for quantity of water that can be obtained from desalination:

• Changes in relative humidity air leaving after condenser:
• RH of air entered to the condenser = 50% (dry bulb temperature =
36oC, wet bulb temperature = 36oC)
• RH of air leaving the condenser = 30% (dry bulb temperature = 36 oC,
wet bulb temperature = 34oC)
• Considering adiabatic saturation process during desalination process
the enthalpy remains constant. Hence, consider ha2 remains constant
and specific humidity is increased.
• Considering relative humidity of air once again attained the initial
condition (50%).
• From psychrometric chart specific humidity of air before adding the
water 23g/kg of dry air.
• Specific humidity of air after adding water is 26g/kg of dry air.
• Desalination quantity = mass of the air flow *(26 - 23)
= 0.070 g/sec
• So, for 1 hour, the quantity of water desalinated is =
= 0.070*60*60
= 2520 g/hr
5.1 CIRCUIT DESIGN

Vapour compression refrigeration systems are widely used for domestic and
commercial applications in day-to-day life. So, performance improvement of the
refrigeration system should be concentrated in reducing the electricity consumption.
Scientific literature shows that most of the studies are carried out to improve the
performance of the air conditioner by effectively utilizing the waste heat from air
conditioner for the desalination process, but they leave a gap to apply the concept
of waste heat recovery from vapour compression refrigeration for desalination
process. HDH desalination is a kind of simple water treatment process which is
suitable for low temperature desalination applications.
51
Figure 5.3 Desalination system circuit Diagram
5.2 CAD MODEL
The following figure 5.2 shows the various parts inside the proposed
combined pre filter along with the water flow direction.
• ISOMETRIC VIEW
Figure 5.4 Isometric view of the Desalination system

52
• FRONT VIEW
Figure 5.5 Front view of the Desalination system
• LEFT VIEW
Figure 5.6 Left view of the Desalination system

53
CHAPTER 6
FABRICATION PROCESS
Fabrication processes are the steps through which raw materials are
transformed into a final product. The process begins with the creation of the
materials from which the design is made. These materials are then modified through
various manufacturing processes and other process to become the required part.
Based on the flow rate calculation and some other parameters like cost, availability,
suitability, etc. the materials were selected.
6.1 COMPONENTS REQUIRED
1. Compressor
2. Condenser coil
3. Evaporator copper coil
4. Cooling fans
5. Aquarium water pump
6. Pressure gauge
7. R-134a Refrigerant gas
8. Battery
9. Humidifier
4..3 Compressor
A Refrigeration Compressor draws refrigerant from the evaporator at a
relatively low pressure, compresses it and then discharges it to the condenser where
it is cooled. The refrigerant then moves to the expansion valve and the evaporator
before being compressed again. The compressor is the heart of the refrigeration
system. The compressor acts as the pump that moves the refrigerant through the
system. Temperature sensors start the compressor's action. Refrigeration systems
cool objects through repeated refrigeration cycles. Refrigeration compressors
provide a refrigerant circulation in the system and, unlike gas compressors, are not
used independently out of the refrigeration system.
54
Differences in the working conditions of compressors in the structure of

refrigerating machines from the operating conditions of general purpose
compressors ones. Operated over a wide range of changes in the suction and
discharge pressures. It is not infrequent that the refrigerants dissolve oils and the
lubrication conditions of compressor deteriorate. The aspirated steam has a low
temperature and often carries drops of liquid. Sometimes it can be observed a
condensation of refrigerant in the cylinder (with intensive cooling). Often the
refrigerants are very fluid and have a high permeability. The selection of a
refrigeration compressor depends on factors such as the cooling capacity required,
desired efficiency, system size, and specific application. Each compressor type has
its advantages, limitations, and operating characteristics, making it suitable for
different refrigeration system requirements. Overall, the refrigeration compressor
plays a vital role in the refrigeration cycle, enabling the circulation and compression
of the refrigerant, which is essential for the cooling process to occur in a refrigeration
system.
Table 6.1 Specifications of THK-1340 CYF Refrigeration compressor
Brand Tecumseh
Model Number THK-1340 YCF

Type HBP
Compatible With Refrigerator
Cooling Capacity 100
Power Requirement All
Power Consumption 230
Length 20 cm
Width 13 cm
Weight 7.2 kg
55
Figure 6.1 Refrigeration Compressor
4..4 Condenser coil

A condenser coil is one of two coils found in your cooling system that work
together to complete the heat exchange cycle. The condenser coil is located outside
the home, and it’s where the refrigerant releases the heat it absorbed from inside. It
is responsible for rejecting the energy taken up by the evaporator coil into an external
environment, usually an outdoor air source. This heat exchange process creates
cool air which then circulates back through the HVAC system throughout your home.
The size and shape of a condenser coil can vary depending on its intended
application, but in most systems you will typically find a large metal shell with rows
of tubes running vertically or horizontally within it, each containing finned aluminum
coils. These fins are specifically designed to help increase the surface area of the
condenser coil, allowing it to reject more heat faster and more efficiently.
Figure 6.2 Condenser coil

56
4..5 Evaporator Copper coils

Copper tube is one of the components that is needed in air conditioning and
refrigerant system. The tube is used as a path for the refrigerant to flow between
system components and to contain it from escaping to the atmosphere. Sizing,
installation layout and fittings must be done properly to ensure that the system runs
efficiently. During installation, it is of utmost importance that moisture, dirt and other
contaminants are prevented from entering the system. These foreign particles will
affect the performance of the system and may even cause damage to some of the
components.
During the production of the copper tube, the inside of the tube has been
cleaned and dried before being sealed at both ends to ensure that it remains that
way. You must check to make sure that the refrigerant that is going to be used does
not react with the copper. Ammonia refrigerant will react with copper hence it should
not be used. Instead, the stainless-steel tubing type will have to be used. here’s a
lot more that goes into maintaining a refrigerator than simply getting rid of the old
food inside of it. A refrigerator is one of the most expensive investments you’ll make
for your home, so you want to make sure you’re maintaining it properly to help
increase its lifespan and maintain efficiency. Cleaning the refrigerator coils is a must-
do maintenance task if you want it to be as energy-efficient as possible. Refrigerator
coils help cool the fridge, and when dirt and debris are obstructing them, they can’t
efficiently release the heat.
Figure 6.3 Evaporator Copper coils

57
4..6 Cooling fans

In the design and layout of the refrigeration and automobile cooling system,
all heat absorbs from the engine are stored in the radiator, where the cooling fan
blows the heat away. The cooling fan is also known as a radiator fan because it’s
mounted directly to the radiator in some engine layout. Typically, the fan is
positioned between the radiator and engine as it draws heat to the atmosphere. In
front-wheel cars, the cooling fan used is an electrical component powered by the
battery. It’s usually mounted transversely, that is, the output of the engine phases
toward the side of the vehicle. in rear-wheel-drive cars with longitudinal engines,
cools the radiator with an engine-driven cooling fan. It’s designed to be controlled
with a thermostatically controlled viscous clutch.
Well, it will be further explained in detail. This is to let you know there are
various types of radiator cooling fan. Standard axial case fans are 40, 60, 80, 92,
120, 140, 200 and 220 mm in width and length. As case fans are often the most
readily visible form of cooling on a PC, decorative fans are widely available and may
be lit with LEDs, made of UV-reactive plastic, and/or covered with decorative grilles.
Decorative fans and accessories are popular with case madders. Air filters are
often used over intake fans, to prevent dust from entering the case and clogging up
the internal components. Heatsinks are especially vulnerable to being clogged up,
as the insulating effect of the dust will rapidly degrade the heatsink's ability to
dissipate heat.
Figure 6.4 Cooling fans

58
4..7 Aquarium Water Pump
An aquarium water pump is a fish tank accessory that aerates and circulates
water to make it healthier for marine life. The current produced by a water pump
ensures that all water in a tank feeds through the tank’s filter. This constant flow
evenly distributes nutrients throughout the tank, creating high-quality water that
prevents diseases in fish. Not only do water pumps produce health benefits, but they
can also make your tank aesthetically pleasing. A water pump brings your tank to
life by making plants dynamic as they wave with the increased water flow. A
switching or variable-voltage system (also known as a "wave maker") is commonly
used in reef aquaria to more closely simulate the movement of ocean water. Water
circulation is vital to proper biological filtration of most saltwater aquaria (particularly
those using the Berlin Method), and is useful in freshwater aquaria for allowing free-
swimming fish adequate exercise.
Figure 6.5 Aquarium Water Pump
Table 6.2 Specifications of Single phase Water pump
Type Single-phase Water Pump
Power Rating 0.5kW
Power Supply 240 V
Motor Power 1hp

59
4..8 Pressure Gauge
The devices that are used for measuring pressure are called pressure
gauges. Gauge pressure is the pressure relative to atmospheric pressure. For the
pressures above atmospheric pressure, gauge pressure is positive. For the
pressures below atmospheric pressure, gauge pressure is negative. The pressure
gauge is also known as pressure meters or vacuum gauges. A device that uses the
surface area and weight of a liquid column to measure and indicate pressure is
known as a manometer. Most gauges calculate the pressure relative to atmospheric
pressure as the zero point. Hence, this form of reading is known as gauge pressure.
Pressure gauges are analogy as well as digital.
Figure 6.6 Pressure Gauge
Table 6.3 Specifications of 12 VDC Pressure gauge
Max Pressure 5000 PSI / 350 bar / 35MPa
Measurement Type Gauge Pressure, Gauge Vacuum
Min Operating Temperature -4 °F / -20 °C
Max Operating Temperature 122 °F / 50 °C
ABS / Polycarbonate Blend

Material
Powder Coated Aluminium
60
4..9 R-134a Refrigerant gas

R-134a refrigerant is commonly used in various cooling and air conditioning
applications. It was originally developed to replace R12 in car AC systems. It has
also been used to replace refrigerants R12 and R500 in coolers. It is also used as
medium temperature systems in residential buildings and commercial contexts.
Mixtures with air of the gas 1, 1, 1, 2-tetrafluoroethane are not flammable at
atmospheric pressure and temperatures up to 100 °C (212 °F). However, mixtures
with high concentrations of air at elevated pressure and/or temperature can be
ignited. Contact of 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane with flames or hot surfaces in excess of
250 °C (482 °F) may cause vapor decomposition and the emission of toxic gases
including hydrogen fluoride and carbonyl fluoride, however the decomposition
temperature has been reported as above 370°C. 1,1,1,2- Tetrafluoroethane itself
has an LD of 1,500 g/m3 in rats, making it relatively non- toxic, apart from the dangers
inherent to inhalant abuse. Its gaseous form is denser than air and will displace air
in the lungs. This can result in asphyxiation if excessively inhaled. This contributes
to most deaths by inhalant abuse.
Figure 6.7 R-134a Refrigerant gas

61
4..10Battery
A battery is a source of electric power consisting of one or more

electrochemical cells with external connection for powering electrical devices. When
a battery is supplying power, its positive terminal is the cathode and its negative
terminal is the anode.] The terminal marked negative is the source of electrons that
will flow through an external electric circuit to the positive terminal. When a battery
is connected to an external electric load, a redox reaction converts high-energy
reactants to lower-energy products, and the free-energy difference is delivered to
the external circuit as electrical energy. Historically the term “battery” specifically
referred to a device composed of multiple cells; however, the usage has evolved to
include devices composed of a single cell.
Figure 6.8 Battery
Table 6.4 Specifications of EP 42-12 Battery

Battery Model EP 42-12
Battery Voltage (V) 12
Battery Type VRLA AGM
Capacity 42 AH
Overall Height 170 mm
Height up to lid 170 mm
Length 200 mm
Width 165 mm
Weight KGS 14.0
62
4..11Humidifier
A humidifier is a piece of equipment, most often an electrical appliance, that

raises the level of humidity (moisture) in a specific space or throughout an entire
structure. Humidifiers are frequently included in medical ventilators so as to raise the
level of patient comfort.. Conditions of low humidity can be found in hot, arid desert
conditions as well as within places that are artificially heated. It is possible for the
humidity to reach levels as low as 10–20 percent throughout the winter, particularly
when the air from the cold outside is heated within. Static problems are prevalent in
industries such as packaging, printing, paper, plastics, textiles, electronics,
automotive manufacturing and pharmaceuticals. Friction can produce static build up
and sparks when humidity is below 45% relative humidity (RH). Between 45% and
55% RH, static builds up at reduced levels, while humidity above 55% RH ensures
that static will never build up. The American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and
Air Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE) has traditionally recommended a range of
45–55% RH in data centers to prevent sparks that can damage IT equipment.
Humidifiers are also used by manufacturers of semiconductors and in hospital
operating rooms. Printers and paper manufacturers use humidifiers to prevent
shrinkage and paper curl. Humidifiers are needed in cold storage rooms to preserve
the freshness of food against the dryness caused by hot temperatures. Art museums
use humidifiers to protect sensitive works of art, especially in exhibition galleries,
where they combat the dryness caused by heating for the comfort of visitors during
winter.
Figure 6.9 Humidifier

63
6.2 FITTING AND FILLING PROCESS

In refrigeration systems, the fitting and filling process refers to the installation and
charging of refrigerant into the system. It involves properly connecting the refrigerant lines,
valves, and components, followed by the controlled introduction of the refrigerant into the
system to achieve optimal performance. Before the fitting and filling process, the
refrigeration system should be properly installed and all components, such as compressors,
condensers, evaporators, and expansion valves, should be securely mounted and
connected. It is essential to perform a leak test on the system before charging refrigerant.
This involves pressurizing the system with a non-reactive gas, such as nitrogen, and
checking for any leaks using leak detectors or soap bubbles.
Any detected leaks should be repaired before proceeding. After the leak test, the
system needs to be evacuated to remove any moisture, air, or non-condensable gases. A
vacuum pump is typically used to create a vacuum in the system, pulling out any unwanted
substances that may hinder proper refrigerant circulation and cause performance issues.
The appropriate refrigerant for the system should be selected based on factors such as the
application, system requirements, environmental regulations, and safety considerations.
The refrigerant should be compatible with the system components and designed to achieve
the desired cooling capacity and efficiency.
Once the system is prepared, leak-free, and evacuated, the refrigerant can be charged.
The process may involve connecting refrigerant cylinders to the system using hoses and
valves. Refrigerant can be added in liquid or vapor form, depending on the system and
manufacturer's guidelines. It is crucial to charge the correct amount of refrigerant into the
system to ensure optimal performance. Overcharging or undercharging can lead to
inefficient operation, reduced cooling capacity, and potential damage to the system
components. The manufacturer's specifications or system design guidelines should be
followed to determine the proper refrigerant quantity.
6.3 SOLDERING PROCESS

Soldering is a joining process. Which joins two materials without melting them. Here
especially we have done electrical soldering to connect micro Evaporator copper coils in
various parts of the refrigeration system to complete the process cycle. As soldering process
doesn’t involve the melting of the work material, it uses a filler material which should have
low melting point than work materials.
64
6.4 ASSEMBLAGE OF THE SYSTEM

Final process in the fabrication of the proposed system is the process of
assembling the Refrigeration system along with the components at the exact
position. Assembling process requires some basic soldering and fitting operations
to assemble the proposed system.
Figure 6.10 Assembled Desalination system Setup

65
6.5 TRIAL RUN AND RESULT

A trial run of a vapor compression refrigeration system involves operating the
system under controlled conditions to evaluate its performance and efficiency.
Initially, ensure that all components of the vapor compression refrigeration system,
including the compressor, condenser, evaporator, and expansion valve, are properly
installed and connected. The system is charged with the appropriate refrigerant
according to manufacturer specifications. Start the compressor and allow the system
to stabilize at the desired operating conditions, including the temperature and
pressure settings. The trial run results can provide insights into the system's
efficiency, capacity, and overall performance. These results can be compared with
design specifications and industry standards to assess the system's effectiveness.
6.6 COST OF THE MATERIALS
The Table 6.4 shows the bill of materials of the proposed system, which is
done. It includes the components such as Temperature Sensor, Flow Sensor,
Arduino (Uno), Relay Switch, LED indicator
66
Table 6.5 COST – TABLE
S. No ITEM QUANTITY PRICE

(Rs.)
1. Compressor 1 3050
2. Condensor coil 1 650
3. Evaporator can 1 200
4. Expansion valve 1 400
5. 114 copper pire 1 765
6. R 134a refregirant gas 500

1 400
litres
7. Cooling fans 3 450
8. Aquarium water pump 1 250
9. Pressure gauge 2 800
10. Battery 8 amps 1 250
11. Humidifier 1 250
12. Aluminium sheets 8 700
13. Transparent sheets 1 10
Total (Rs.) 8175

67
CHAPTER 7
CONCLUSION
In conclusion, the humidification and dehumidification desalination system
offers a promising approach to address the pressing global water scarcity challenge.
This system utilizes the principles of evaporation and condensation to convert saline
or brackish water into fresh water. By harnessing renewable energy sources or
waste heat, it can provide a sustainable solution for water desalination. The key
advantages of the humidification and dehumidification desalination system include
its energy efficiency, scalability, and environmentally friendly nature. It can be
powered by solar energy or other renewable sources, reducing reliance on fossil
fuels. The modular design allows for scalability, making it suitable for various
applications ranging from individual households to large-scale water treatment
plants.
Furthermore, it minimizes the environmental impact by efficiently managing
brine disposal and reducing greenhouse gas emissions. However, challenges
remain in optimizing the system's efficiency, improving water recovery rates, and
reducing operational costs. Designing effective humidification and dehumidification
chambers, developing advanced heat transfer mechanisms, and integrating
innovative separation techniques are areas that require further research and
development. In conclusion, the humidification and dehumidification desalination
system holds great potential to provide clean and fresh water, particularly in regions
where water resources are limited. Continued advancements in technology, coupled
with research and innovation, will be instrumental in making this desalination
process more economically viable, environmentally sustainable, and accessible to a
wider population.
68
REFERENCES
[7] Srithar, K., Rajaseenivasan, T., Arulmani, M., Gnanavel, R., Vivar, M., & Fuentes, M.
(2018). Energy recovery from a vapour compression refrigeration system using
humidification dehumidification desalination. Desalination, 439, 155-161.
[8] Lawal, D. U., Antar, M. A., Khalifa, A., Zubair, S. M., & Al-Sulaiman, F. (2020).
Experımental investigation of heat pump driven humidification-dehumidification
desalination system for water desalination and space conditioning.
Desalination, 475, 114199. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2019
[9] Narayan, G. P., Chehayeb, K. M., McGovern, R. K., Thiel, G. P., & Zubair, S.
M. (2013). Thermodynamic balancing of the humidification dehumidification
desalination system by mass extraction and injection. International Journal of Heat
and Mass Transfer, 57(2), 756-770.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2012.10.068
[10] Xu, H., Jiang, S., Xie, M. X., Jia, T., & Dai, Y. J. (2022). Technical improvements
and perspectives on humidification-dehumidification desalination— A review.
Desalination, 541, 116029. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2022.116029
[11] Giwa, A., Fath, H., & Hasan, S. W. (2016). Humidification–dehumidification

desalination process driven by photovoltaic thermal energy recovery (PV-HDH) for
small-scale sustainable water and power production. Desalination, 377, 163-171.
[12] He, W. F., Xu, L. N., & Han, D. (2016). Parametric analysis of an air-heated
humidification-dehumidification (HDH) desalination system with waste heat
recovery. Desalination, 398, 30-38. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2016.07.016
[13] Faegh, M., Behnam, P., & Shafii, M. B. (2019). A review on recent advances
in humidification-dehumidification (HDH) desalination systems integrated with
69
refrigeration, power and desalination technologies. Energy Conversion and

[14]Atab, M. S., Smallbone, A. J., & Roskilly, A. P. (2018). A hybrid reverse

osmosis/adsorption desalination plant for irrigation and drinking water.
Desalination, 444, 44-52. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2018.07.008
[15] Modi, K. V., & Shukla, D. L. (2018). Regeneration of liquid desiccant for solar
air-conditioning and desalination using hybrid solar still. Energy Conversion and
[16] Santosh, R., Kumaresan, G., Selvaraj, S., Arunkumar, T., & Velraj, R. (2019).
Investigation of humidification-dehumidification desalination system through waste
heat recovery from household air conditioning unit. Desalination, 467, 1-11.

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ANALYSIS OF THERMAL DESALINATION SYSTEM USING

(Project Work I – phase II)

in partial fulfillment of the requirements

for the award of the degree

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

KONGU ENGINEERING COLLEGE

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

KONGU ENGINEERING COLLEGE

PERUNDURAI ERODE – 638060

This is to certify that the Project report ANALYSIS OF THERMAL DESALINATION

SUPERVISOR HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT

INTERNAL EXAMINER EXTERNAL EXAMINER

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

KONGU ENGINEERING COLLEGE

PERUNDURAI ERODE – 638060

We affirm that the Project Report titled ANALYSIS OF THERMAL

Date: 1. MANOJ S - (20MER071)

Name and Signature of the Supervisor with seal

We thank our beloved Correspondent THIRU. A. K. ILANGO, B.Com.,

We thank our beloved Principal Dr. V. BALUSAMY, B.E (Hons)., M.Tech.,

We thank our project coordinators Dr. R. RAJASEKAR, B.E., M.S., Ph.D.,

We also thank the teaching and non-teaching staff members of the

CHAPTER TITLE PAGE

2.1 SUMMARY OF LITERATURE SURVEY 13

3 PROBLEM DEFINITION AND OBJECTIVES 15

3.1 PROBLEM IDENTIFICATION 15

4 EXPERIMENTAL SETUP AND PROCEDURE

4.1 EXPERIMENTAL SETUP OF DESALINATION 18

4.2.4 Cooling Fans

6.1 METRICS OBTAINED FROM THE 23

6.3 ESTIMATION OF ACTUAL COP

FIGURE NO. NAME OF THE FIGURE PAGE NO.

1.1 Water Desalination Technique (Ancient method) 2

TABLE NAME OF THE TABLE PAGE

4.1 Bill of Materials 16

6.1 Specifications of THK-1340 CYF Refrigeration 26

6.3 Specifications of 12 VDC Pressure gauge 31

Psi - Pounds per square inches

1.1 HISTORY OF DESALINATION

Figure 1.1 Water Desalination Technique (Ancient method)

1.2 EVOLUTION OF VARIOUS DESALINATION SYSTEMS

Desalination systems have evolved significantly over time, driven by

Figure1.2 Evolution of Desalination over the years

Figure 1.3 Types of Desalination techniques

Figure 1.4 Solar Distillation process

Reverse osmosis which is also commonly referred to as RO is a type of

Figure 1.5 Reverse Osmosis process

Flash Evaporation, also known as Multistage Flash Distillation, is a water

Figure 1.6 Electro Dialysis process

1.3 HISTORY OF HUMIDIFICATION-DEHUMIDIFICATION (HDH)

The history of the Humidification-Dehumidification (HDH) desalination system

Figure 1.7 Humidification-Dehumidification Desalination Process

1.4 GROWTH PERSPECTIVE

Figure 1.8 Water Scarcity

Many authors developed a holistic model of Humidification – Dehumidification

balancing of the humidifier or dehumidifier by mass extraction and injection is

X. Hu et al., (2022) Reverse osmosis (RO), multi-stage flash (MSF), low-

Adewale Giwa et al., (2016) proposed the compatibility of an air-cooled PV