Functionally gradient materials are a new type of composite material in which could be recognized by

the gradual changes in structure and composition leading to variation in the characterization of
materials. By contrast, traditional composites have a homogenous composition and hence retain the
good qualities of their individual components. Functionally graded materials are a new generation of
composite materials that have been developed to meet the demands of the evolution in the use of
highly resistant and defect-free materials. It was first used in the aircraft industry in 1984 in Japan, and
later was used in a variety of applications due to its unique design characteristics which vary in
microstructure and composition to regulate changes in thermal and structural performance or
functional qualities. Completely exploited, for instance, the refractoriness of ceramic can be combined
with the toughness of metal without affecting the toughness of either the metal or ceramic side.

1- The nonlocal damped vibration and buckling of arbitrarily tapered bidirectional functionally
graded solid circular nano-plates are studied using a modified spectral Ritz approach
BDFGSCNP. Two-directional variations of the young modulus and mass density are modeled by
a multivariable function.

2- M. Mohammadimehr studied the free vibrations and buckling of coupled microcomposite

3-Vahid Khalafi investigated free vibrations of FGMs with straight and curved fractures. A
NURBS-based multi-patch is geometric analysis formulation is used. Nitsche technique is used
to satisfy the inter-patch connectivity requirements. Then, the effect of different material and
geometry variables on the dynamic properties of fractured FG plates is investigated. The
inclination angle of the straight crack had the greatest effect on the fifth and fourth natural
modes. The FGM mixing index had little effect on the frequency patterns. The effect of the
different boundary configurations on the fundamental vibration is the same.

4-Bakhti Damani discussed the quasi-3D shear deformation theory and its application to dynamic
analysis and bending of functionally graded plates. This model is superior to others as it
minimizes the variables. The proposed model considers nonlinear displacements throughout the
thickness and ensures that the top and bottom of the plate have free boundary conditions. The
Navier technique is used to find analytical solutions. Comparisons with various 2D,3D, and
quasi-3D solutions show the validity of the proposed formulation.
5- Pengchong Zhang developed a semi-analytical strategy based on SBFEM and precise
integration PIA.For the first time, kinetic energy is used to construct a global mass matrix of
piezoelectric lamellar composite plates. These results are consistent with precise values for both
global frequency and local mode shape responses. Compared to layer-based theories, this seems
to be the more accurate explanation.

6- Setti Elmascri developed the free vibration of simply supported FGM plates over a wide
temperature range by developing an original hyperbolic shear deformation plate theory. When
applied to a plate without a traction barrier, the theory suggests that the transverse shear stresses
would be parabolically distributed. The proposed theory is not only correct but also simplifies
the prediction of natural frequencies in temperature controls for FGM plates with strain effect.

7- Behrouz Karami has used the Kerr foundation to study the size-dependent free vibration of
porous nanoplates in a humid atmosphere. Using Hamilton's principle, the governing equations
are established and then solved analytically. The elastic Kerr foundation is chosen as a strongly
affected foundation type. The results show that very small scale variables have a significant
effect on higher order frequencies, which can be explained by size effect processes. Moreover,
holes in the material properties often contribute to the stiffening of the FG nanoplates'
vibration frequency.

9- Mohammed Sehoul investigated the free vibration response of laminated composite plates
with NP-RSDT. Transverse shear deformations are parabolically distributed as a consequence of
this theory, while the shear stress at the free surfaces of the plates remains zero. Using a unique
discretization approach, a numerical analysis of square antisymmetric cross-ply and angle-ply
laminated plates was performed. The numerical results were compared with analytical solutions
using the finite element method (FEM). All results were found to be legitimate.

10- Hongwei Feng's study on functionally graded nanocomposite sandwich plates changed the
aspect ratio, waviness, internal pores and graphene platelets GPLs. The equations of motion were
solved semi-analytically using the two-dimensional Generalized Differential Quadrature Method
(2DGDQM) and a series solution. While analyzing the natural frequencies of the plates, he
recognized elements such as elastic coefficients, boundary conditions and material properties.

11- Babak Safaei proposed to embed a porous core between layers of laminated composite plates
to study the effect on the natural frequencies of the resulting porous laminated composite
sandwich plate (PLCSP) sitting on an elastic foundation with two parameters. In order to solve
the derived Eigenvalue equation, a finite element method (FEM) was developed. The natural
frequencies of the proposed PLCSPs were studied in terms of porosity parameters, laminated
composite fiber orientation, geometric dimensions, boundary conditions and elastic foundation.
12-Arameh Eyvazian investigated the instability behavior of sandwich plates with
magnetorheological (MR) fluid cores and piezoelectric reinforced face sheets. A proportional
derivative controller (PD) was developed to control the vibration behavior and loss tangent of the
structure, and the Halpin-Tsai model was used to calculate the material properties of the
graphene platelet reinforced face sheets. The core is also sensitive to external magnetic fields due
to its magnetic composition. Kelvin-Voigt theory is also used to calculate the structural damping
of a piezoelectric layer.

13-SupenKumar investigated the free vibration and buckling of porous FGM sandwich plates.
Sandwich plates with FGM should be reliably good. Using a micromechanical model and a high
power factor. Using Navier's solution to evaluate the porosity of an FGM sandwich plate The
FGM sandwich plate has ceramic cores in the front plates. On the other hand, he investigated the
porosity distributions in logarithmic linear and sinusoidal geometries with equal and unequal A
multidirectional FGM sandwich plate was affected by layer thickness and porosity factors.

14-Phuc Pham Minh introduced the high-order shear deformation theory (HSDT) to calculate the
free vibrations of fractured plates of functionally graded material (FGM) with elastic Pasternak
foundations. The rectangular plate has a central fracture and a thickness that varies linearly. The
vibration frequency of the plate is studied using phase field theory and finite element method in
terms of material exponent and elastic basis parameters. He discussed the effect of free vibration
of the plate on the length, fracture angle and plate thickness ratio. He concluded that as the crack
length increases, energy is released from the fracture sites, which decreases the stiffness of the
plate and reduces the frequency of free vibration of the plates.

15-V.Kumar studied the free vibrations of a porous tapered FGM plate. Based on two elastic
parameters (Winkler and Pasternak), the displacement of the plate is modeled using first order
shear deformation (FSDT). The Hamilton method is used to study FGM plates with free
vibrations. For each of the boundary conditions, the partial differential equation is solved using
Galerkin technique. The porosity parameter, volume exponent, span ratio, aspect ratio, porosity
distribution and boundary conditions all have an influence on the vibration analysis. For tapered
FGM plates, the Pasternak effect always outperforms the Winkler effect.

16- Mengzhen Li developed a basic quasi-3D theory based on the Reddy shear function and a
previously unknown trigonometric shear function. For functionally graded plate surfaces, these
strain functions satisfy the requirement of a stress-free boundary. With reference to
Winkler/Pasternak/mathematical model of Kerr and the concept of Hamilton. The results of
numerous three-dimensional solutions are discussed to allow comparison. They often outperform
Reddy's function.
17-Irwan Katili developed a shear- resistant free quadrilateral element with five degrees of
freedom per node using discrete shear projection (DSPM). constant transverse shear stresses are
obtained using a tangential coordinate system by applying discrete shear strains along each
element side.
Standard bilinear shape functions are used to interpolate the Cartesian shear strain components
over the element range. The method is successful for simulating FGM plates and could be further
improved for simulating FGM shells.

18- ZhaoYin proposed to use scaled finite elements to analyze the bending and free vibration of
porous FGM plates (SBFEM). The governing equation of SBFEM uses both virtual work and
Green's theorem. Assume that the elastic modulus and material density of the porous FGM plate
vary with thickness. The radial solution is a numerical matrix exponential function (PIM).
Finally, a stiffness matrix is constructed. It outperforms the numerical solutions in the analysis of
bending and free vibration of porous FGM plate.

19- Md. Imran Ali has used DSM and Wittrick-Williams algorithm to study the free vibration
characteristics of Levy type S-FGM plates. KLPT is used to solve the governing equation of
motion and natural boundary conditions. Two power law distribution functions are used to
gradually change the material properties. As the stiffness of the system decreases, the eigenvalue
also decreases.
However, increasing the density ratio cancels the tendency of the fundamental frequency
parameter to decrease. The results can serve as a basis for future research on FGM.

21- FGRTPs are functionally graded rotating plates with material distribution controlled by four
factors, according to the solution technique of Poknam Han. Four variables affect the thickness
ofthe functionally graded materials that should be distributed. First order shear deformation
theory is used to determine the displacement fields of FGRTP. In this way, a relationship is
established between the distribution characteristics and the free vibration frequency of the
FGRTP.

22-Ola Ragb proposed a solution to the problem of free vibration of uneven composite plates
surrounded by a nonlinear elastic matrix with three parameters. The displacement field is
obtained via the 1st order theory.
Transverse shear theory. To solve the problem of nonlinear eigenvalues in vibration analysis, the
governing equation is reduced. According to experts, variations in the stiffness and thickness of
the foundation affect the frequency values and mode shapes. For vibration slabs with material
discontinuities, indirect least squares sliding quadrature works effectively.

23- DavoodShahsavari developed a higher-order nonlocal strain- gradient model when he studied
single-layer graphene plates in a humid environment. The equations of motion can be solved
using Hamilton's principle and the higer- order nonlocal strain gradient theory (Bi-Helmholtz). In
the higher order nonlocal gradient theory, a characteristic material parameter and two types of
nonlocal parameters are .sed The vibrational responses of the material were studied in terms of
small-scale variables, hygrothermal conditions, and elastic foundations. They are in agreement
with experimentally determined bending frequencies.

24- Qiuyang Luo investigated a thick circular functionally graded plate with two thin
piezoelectric layers using Mindlin plate theory. Due to the fluctuating material properties of the
FG core plate, the electric potential field is represented by a sinusoidal function. Analytical
solutions exist for the clamped and supported edges of the plate. This is achieved by studying the
resonant frequencies of an isotropic support plate. The gradient index of the FG plate is varied to
determine the effects on the free vibrations of the structure. Regardless of the mode of vibration,
the frequency of the system decreases as the number of layers increasing.

25- Gui-LinShe studies graphene nanoplatelets reinforced polymer composite beams with curved
geometry. The Halpin-Tsai model is used to determine the effective material properties using a
modified mixing rule. Timoshenko beam theory is used to characterize the displacement field of
a microbeam. Modified strain gradient theory is used to account for small magnitude effects.
Hamilton's principle is used to solve the size dependent equations of motion. Finally, the number
of GPN layers had an effect on the efficiency of GNP distribution. As the number of layers
increases, the resonance location shifts to lower (higher) load frequencies.

26- Gui-Lin She investigated force resonance oscillations in a porous curved nanobeam. The
nonlocal strain gradient theory captures the hardening and softening of nanostructures. The
equations are based on Timoshenko beam theory and Hamilton's law. Construction of an end-
supported porous FG curved
nanobeam using Navier series. Material and nonlocal components influence the location of
nanobeam resonance. Lengthening the resonance point's strain gradient parameter Extending the
opening angle or increasing the length to thickness reduces the resonance frequency.

28- The resonance is reduced by damping. Slip joints and Coulomb friction are used to join
cyclically loaded parts. When structural polymer adhesive is used instead in lieu of bolts and
rivets, there is no slip. When a polymer is stretched beyond its breaking point, it loses energy.
Low temperatures are required for thick sticky coatings. Helps reduce structural damping.
Materials that absorb vibration, such as carbon fiber reinforced plastic, outperform metal
(CFRP). Screws and nails are not recommended for heavy weights. in lieu of adhesive bonding.
This is a technique for damping structural vibration. Even though the adhesive joint has a small
effect on the overall damping, it is critical.
30- Yongping Yu studied a micromechanical system with nonlinear free vibration that was
electrostatically activated. Analysis is used to reveal nonlinear solutions. Parallel plate actuators
are modeled with an undamped spring mass and a dynamic equation of motion. A periodic
solution can be obtained in two ways: by Galerkin theory or by Newtonian mechanics. Direct
integration provides precision and accuracy. The period, phase trajectory, and time-dependent
displacement of microelectrostatic actuators are determined. The solution can be approximated
by using nonlinear oscillations with variable amplitude