0 ratings0% found this document useful (0 votes) 59 views12 pagesAnalytic Functions and Line Integrals (Examples 19-20)
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Br Puscos Camper Variable [524
Dose lyfiarl
Be eles
Hence epg ttt taht
w fa(ehtifnd i,
Now Hogi = Hog (cos Qnty 41
Hog AO ant 1y0/2
= teeny.
‘Therefore Fag one
Be 2. Solve the equation cosz02, tpn, 960)
Weare giesthat — HetteHya2,
on CP-as1m0, oe Hazeve-0,
Therefore ‘emog (22¥9)+200,
= ax~tlog Q2V3)~ BF og (243),
Eramples 18
[Express in the form A+B :
1 2 log (itv).
a Hoan. %69} 4, sech (+9).
S. cos"! eri, 6 aH Gor. 3}
7. Braluate og(=1+4)=log (=I). [Rooree ME, 1980) |
8 Prove that sn (log) =—1, (Roorkee, 1980)
8.
10.
At watog an +39) prove that tanh uta 2.
Prove that
Isinz|2esiatesiaby,
an loorhs|?=sink?aeory. (Roorkee, 1966)
UL, Find [2] and Je], and show that
lee se te™, — (Roonee, ME, 7
22 Sow that "!ze! ig?! oak A, 6
13. row that tan“ 2).
(44x) 4 0g3 (0=0, 1,2,
ooze, ME, 199)
1, Prove that Sab" 2mine+(—1 og 24V(e41)).
Rooke, 1
15, ttsine=2i, show that
eS
331 Li [35
sar(—1)"*4 og (5-2),
where ne0, £1, 22,
16, Solve the equation cosh z=—1,
17. Find al the roots of the equation sinz=cosh &
18, Mutinasio™ (oti), prove that
wi ae
ara a
llohabad, . Tec, 1904)
1B. Iain esien?, show hat
reV{j(cosh2y~cos20)) and @=tan~* (cot x tank),
Dedace tat
Roorkee, 1988)
53. Limits. We say that the complex number
z=xtiy approuches, or tends to,
a fixed complex. number
Z=¥otijy when rx, and yyy
Graphically this means that the
point zis in the neighbourhood of
the point zon the Argand
gram, and approaches it. Tt is
evident that this approach can be made in an infinite
umber of ways from different directions.
Let w=f(e) be a function of z, and let u(x, ), v(x,y)
denote the real and imaginary parts of w. Let
wo=u+ivg be a fixed complex number. We say that the
the limits of 2) as z tends to 2, i8 wy, and write
Jim,.,,/@)=Wo, @
when ulé,y)->us and vox, y)-r¥, as xr, and yyy
Graphically the relation w=f) maps a point z in
the z-plane to a corresponding point w in the w-plane.
So-the relation (1) means that the point w in the w-plane 136) uncon of « Compr Vtible [sat
approaches the point w, when z approaches zy,
The idea that the point z is in the neighbourhood of
‘% and approaches za can be expressed by saying that
Jz-zp] <8,
where 6 is an arbitrarily small positive number. This
‘means that z lies within the circle of radius 6 drawn with
centre at zg By choosing é smaller and smaller, z can be
made to approach 2 as nearly as we please.
‘The idea that flz)+Wo as 2-+z» can be expressed by
saying that for every €>0 there exists @ 0 such that
Ufe)=ma| #3). Use the complex
function wa loge iB 1 prove thatthe charge density at point
«stant trom te line of intersection on the plane a pote
oektimoy)
‘being the dielectric constant ofthe med,
Roor, ME, 9]
54, Conformal transformation, It has been said
in Ant $2 that a relation w=/(2) between two complex
variables. is represented graphically by taking two
separate Argand diagrams, the z-plane and w-plane. For
every point x+iy in the z-plane the relation w=ftz)
defines a corresponding point wiv in the w-plane, We
call this a mapping of the z-plane into the w-plane, and
say that the point zp maps into the point womf(z. Wy is
also known as the image of 2
Leta point P move along a curve C in 2 plane. Then
the different positions of P will map into different images
which will lie, in general, on some curve C’. Thus the
relation w=j{2) maps a curve C in z-plane into a curve
C’ in the w-plane. Similarly, different regions in z-plane
will map into other regions in w-plane.
Consider for example the relation waz i,
utivetiy) Pe) 162) Ponctons of = Compr Verale 155
channel shown in the r
Figure. The velocity at
usa isgiventobeu. ®
‘ow wall give c=,
24, Find the Schwarz-Christolel transformation which maps
the shaded region of w-plane onto the upper half of the z-plane.
55, Integration. The complex function f(2) i a
function of two independent variables. Hence its
integral can be defined only as ay,
line integral. Let C be any eS
continuous curve in the z-plane. mt
Divide C into n parts by the points
Zp Zo ow Ze 8 in the figure, and
put Az,=2,-z,_,. Then the limit of a
the sum &
fe) Ae, Q) x
as ne arid each Az,*0, if it exists, is known as the
integral of fz) over the contour C. It is denoted by
Sc fle) de.
By putting z=x,4i), in (1), and then taking the
limits, we easily see that
Sof) dz=f_ (utiv) deeriy) @)
HS (udev dy) tif (v detudy),
55] Iegrtion [63
Furthermore, if the parametric equation of C be
=, = 00),
then u(x,)+iv(2,y) and x+iy can both be expressed in
terms of t. Then (2) gives
Sofa) de ffl) Sa,
where =a and t=b are the extremities of the curve C.
Ex 1. Integrate f@)=2* from ACI, 1)
t0.BG,4) along 7.
@ the line-segment AD parallel to
xxi and DB parallel to yi
(Gi) the straight tine AB joining the wo
points;
Gil) the curve C:x=, y=?
@) Since z=1+1.1 for a point on AD,
and 2=2+ly for a point oa DB, we have
Saale
Septet hag? deaf, (oti) det fi 4H) dy
=[her| how
Hho 044 e+ap-e+p,
=Ho+4?—(1+0)}=—234~a.
Gi) The equation of AB is
Jott
‘Therelore for a point on 4B
zee HlGe-2)
° escar-2)) atetice-2))
i [ere-op)
=Heray-asi)
Gi) [.2dem J, Gety) dterin) ewe)
aS esitpacsi) 164) Fantons o 1 Compl Vasisie 135
= RGB a
= PP asAeieaP2F)} =
= 2h.
Ex. 2. Integrate f2)=2 +i fom AC, 1) to BC, 4 along
the straight line AB joining the two points; and
Gi the cure C2201, 797. oanpur, 199)
(As in Bx 3, fora pat on AB,
2 and raxti(Se-2).
pe -s+ur¥6),
‘Therefore
Siglo) de = ST (2 4iSe-2)} aletiGe~2))
= Pavsy2-aiqsay de
= c+s9[asange-i];
= a+ay(a+an}-ap=-9t.
Gf GPti9) deat) = J Pid) aesiA)
=K eHea+29 a
af PaateaP) ara Fe ei
=-10 +118.
Nore, We sce that all the hrc integral in Ex. 1 are equal. In
fact relation 3) shows that che integral equal to the diflerence of
Yoetiy)? evaluated at the two ends, and does not depend on the
Paths in between. Such a result wil always hold iff) is analytic (ee
‘ext aril), In sch caes the integral canbe evaluated by the for~
tulae for integration of functions ofa single variable, In Ex. 2 the
integral depends onthe contour, Here fe) isnot analytic
Ex 2 Integrate over cicle C of radius @ and centre zo in
aticlockwise direction the function
OMOVe-w; — @fe=0-1"
where m is an integeree—1.
"A pat oa the ice Cis
sazyta(conOi sin #)=zgtae"
$51] Properties contour integra [165
therfore
wae, pad ido
Soma car
= fBiaonet
‘asia fo e-zolde = SE (eal
niente ay
fen)
ae es i
551. Properties of contour integrals. From the
definition of the integral over @ contour, we can obtain
a number of simple properties.
(i) If the contour C be divided into two parts C, and
Cythen
=o,
Sofie) de= Se, fa) d+ Se, fa)
ii) If the sense of integration is reversed, the sign of
the integral changes; thus
Sif) de=—S fle) dz,
where z» and Z are the two ends of contour C.
Gil) So Hi@) fie) de Sofie) de + Soffa) de.
(iv) Sc hfle)de=kSf(@) de.
(9) If L be the length of the contour C, and if M be a
positive number such that \f(z)|0, we get (see note below)
Peak gape ®
Replacing zp by z+ Az in this,
f' Gordes ee @
Subtracting (2) from (3) and dividing by Aza, we get
Forde) Yemz)— Ay
Bp Aegean) =
£"@)
‘The general result can be proved by induction,
proceeding in a manner similar to above.
1c is clear from the above theorem that an analytic function
6) has derivatives of every ender.
Nore. The conciuson that integral (1) tad to (2) 8 bod
requires the uniform contin of the forte, To prove that tis s
f6, we consider the dfeence of these two integrals: The modal of
{te cierence is
jf, ——tialed | alae
© Gig AEN E=IO e
where M isthe maximum value of /@) on C, L is the length of
Contour C, ands the shortest diane betwen C and a fied small
555] Desoto an nny futon un
cicele K (asin fig. on p. 168) within which sp sy alas ls
‘Therefore the difrenc tends (0 2240 a8 Aty*0.
Baampls 21
1 Bratine 2 rea) de
(slong the path x=t4 1, y=22—1,
(@sloag the seit line joining 1~i to 24,
2 Bvaluae J") (2rhi++1) de, along the two paths of Ex 1,
‘3. Evaluate f,, |z| de, where € isthe contour
(0 straight ine AB from =i to ==;
(@ lft half of the unit ete |o| 1 from 2=~i to set,
(Roorkee, 1996)
; wee Ci any single ened care and
Roars, MCE, 1880)
aoa oe ile led care C, when
isan integer 22 and i inside C.
6 Let PG)matbetec?, and
7) seu f PO deaf 2O) gon
SP hdem i PDaems, Poh demtri,
whore Cis the circle 1. Evaluate FO). (Roorke, 18H)
7, Evaluate {¢ de round the contour C, were Cis the
os
4. Braluate
zai (a) outside C, iste
5. Evaluate fo:
circ [el = (Pana, Nese. (Ch. Eng), 1973)
‘8 Use Covel’ integral formula to evaluate
acts
Ste,
where Cis the circle [2|=2
[Hint Break the integrand into pats rations
9. Eyluate the integrals
OL Fe OLY
wieder eins
