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Quantitative analysis
Quantitative analysis
Principles of volumetric analysis:
Theories of acid-base, redox, complexometric, iodometric
and precipitation titrations - choice of indicators for these
titrations.
Principles of gravimetric analysis:
Precipitation, coagulation, peptization, coprecipitation, post
precipitation, digestion, filtration and washing of precipitate,
drying and ignition.
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What is Quantitative Analysis?
Quantitative analysis
Measurement of Quantities of particular
constituents present in a substance.
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QUANTITATIVE QUALITATIVE
ANALYSIS ANALYSIS
Quantitative Analysis
Titrimetric Gravimetric
analysis analysis
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Gravimetric analysis yields more accurate data
about the composition of the sample than
volumetric analysis but also take more time to
perform in the laboratory.
Titrimetric analysis on the other hand doesn’t take
that much time and can produce satisfactory
result.
titrimetric analysis
Formerly referred as Volumetric analysis
It is quantitative chemical analysis carried out by
determining the volume of a solution of accurately known
concentration (standard solution) which is required to
react quantitatively with a measured volume of a solution
of the substance to be determined.
Weight of the substance to be determined is calculated
from the volume of the standard solution used and the
chemical equation and relative molecular masses of the
reacting compounds.
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titrimetric analysis
The reagent of known concentration is called the titrant.
The substance being titrated is termed the titrand/ .
analyte (unknown concentration)
Compound having physical property (usually color) that
changes abruptly near end point is known as an indicator.
The completion of the titration is detected by the
addition of this auxiliary reagent.
What is Titrimetric Analysis?
End point: the point of titration at which the
change in physical property (usually color) occurs.
It is observed just after the equivalence point.
Equivalence point : The point at which the number
of moles of titrant = the number of moles of titrand
Titration error: Difference between theoretical
(ideal) end point and actual (practical) end point
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tyPes OF titratiOns
Acid–base titration
Redox titration
Precipitation titration
Complexometric titration
stanDarD sOlutiOn
The solution of accurately known strength is
called as Standard solution
OR
Standard solution is one which contains a known
weight of the reagent in a definite volume of the
solution.
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PRIMARY STANDARD:
A primary standard is a compound of sufficient purity from
which a standard solution can be prepared by direct
weighing of a quantity of it, followed by dilution to give a
defined volume of solution.
SECONDARY STANDARD:
A secondary standard solution is a solution in which the
concentration of dissolved solute has not been determined
from the weight of the compound dissolved but by reaction
of volume of solution against a measured volume of
primary standard solution.
Criteria to be fulfilled for a substance to be a
primary standard
The substance must be easily available in pure and dry form.
The substance should remain unaltered in air during weighing i.e. it
should not be hygroscopic, oxidised by air or affected by gases such as
carbon dioxide present in the atmosphere or lose water of
crystallization, so that it can be stored safely.
The substance should be capable of being tested for impurities by
qualitative and other tests of known sensitivity.
It should have high relative molecular mass so that weighing error s are
negligible.
Its reaction with another substance must be instantaneous and
stoichiometric
The substance should be readily soluble in water.
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The substances commonly employed as primary standards:
Acid–base reactions: Sodium carbonate, sodium
tetraborate, Potassium hydrogenphthalate, Potassium
hydrogeniodate.
Complex formation reactions: Pure metals (e.g. zinc,
magnesium, copper, manganese and salts, depending
upon the reaction used.
Precipitation reactions: Silver, silver nitrate, sodium
chloride, potassium chloride and potassium bromide.
Redox reactions: Potassium dichromate, potassium
bromate, potassium iodate, Potassium hydrogeniodate,
sodium oxalate, arsenic(III) oxide and pure iron.
NORMALITY
The number of gram equivalents of solute per litre of
solvent is called normality.
Normality (N) = gram equivalents of solute
1litre of solvent
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MOLARITY
The number of moles of solute per litre of solvent is called
the molar concentration or the molarity of a solution.
Molarity (M )= molecular weight of solute
1000 ml of solvent
MOLALITY
The number of moles of solute per kilogram of solvent is
called the molal concentration or the molality of a solution.
Molality (m) = number of moles of solute
kg of solvent
How to calculate gram equivalent weight?
The equivalent of an oxidizing agent is determined by the
change in oxidation number which the reduced element
experiences.
K+1 Mn+7 O4-8 Mn+2 S+6 O4-8
Thus in the normal reduction of potassium permanganate in
the presence of dilute sulphuric acid to the Mn (II) salt, the
change in the oxidation number is from +7 to +2.
Equivalent weight = Molecular weight = 158 = 31.5 g
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Similarly,for the reduction of potassium dichromate in acid
solution:
K2 +2 Cr2+12 O7-14 Cr2+6 (SO4)3-6
The change in oxidation number of two atoms of chromium
is from +12 to +6
Equivalent weight = Molecular weight = 294.2 = 49 g
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tyPes OF titratiOns
Acid–base titration
Redox titration
Precipitation titration
Complexometric titration
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aciD–base titratiOn
Also called as Neutralisation Titration.
aciD–base titratiOn
• Titration of a strong acid with a strong base
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• Titration of a weak acid with a strong base
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• Titration of a strong acid with a weak base
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• Titration of a weak base with a weak acid
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