Reinforced
Concrete
Stairways
PROVIDED BY THE NATIONAL BUILDING
CODE OF THE PHILIPPINES
SEAN CORPUZ & LANCE LADA
9-G
Reinforced Concrete
Staircase
Reinforced concrete is perhaps the most
suitable of all the said materials for the
construction of stairs.
The various advantages of reinforced
concrete stairs are given below
They have requisite fire resisting qualities to a great extent
They are durable strong pleasing in appearance and can be They are durable,
strong, pleasing in appearance and can be easily rendered non-slippery.
They can be designed for greater widths, longer spans and any height.
They can be moulded in any desired form to suit the requirements of the
architect.
They can be easily cleaned.
The cost of maintenance is almost nil.
They can be pre-cast or cast-in-situ.
To change their appearance, R.C.C. stairs can be covered/finished
with thin slabs of stone, marble tiles or terrazzo
National Building Code of
the Philippines
Title 3 Requirements Based on Occupancy
Section 3.01.08:
Stairs. Stairs may be 75 centimeters (30
inches) wide, with a rise of 20 centimeters
(8 inches) and a run of 23 centimeters (9
inches).
-source.gosupra.com/docs/statute/1077
SECTION 403. Requirements on Type of
Construction
Subject to the provisions of this Chapter,
the Secretary shall prescribe standards for
each
type of construction, and promulgate rules
and regulations therefor, relating to
structural framework,
exterior walls and openings, interior walls
and enclosures, floors, exits and stairs
construction, and
roofs.
- HTTPS://WWW.DPWH.GOV.PH/DPWH/FILES/NBC/PD.PDF
Different stair arrangement
in case of R.C.C.
-reinforced cement concrete - Reinforced concrete (RC), also
called reinforced cement concrete (RCC), is a composite
material in which concrete's relatively low tensile strength and
ductility are compensated for by the inclusion of
reinforcement having higher tensile strength or ductility.
Parts of a
Staircase
Tread
Landing
Riser
Flight
Tread
Tread is a scrap of the stairway that is stepped in. It is the top or horizontal surface to press
beneath the feet. It is trodden on while climbing or descending the staircase. It is
constructed to the same thickness as another flooring. There is always one fewer tread
than risers in a staircase. The overall horizontal distance of the stairs will be the number of
threads added together.
Material
The material of the tread can be timber, steel, glass, acrylic, panel product or tiling.
Shape and Size
A standard straight run of stairs in a residence, the minimum depth is 10 inches.
Usage
A simple rectangular tread can be used on staircase designs.
In residential settings, treads can be covered in carpeting.
You can display tread numbers for a run in plan, elevation or section view.
Nosing
Nosing is the horizontal, protruding edge of a stair where most foot traffic occurs. Mostly, it
is the half rounded molding fixed to the ends of the threads exposed in a half which covers
where the balusters fit into the treads. Nosing is the edge of the tread projecting beyond
the face of the riser and the face of a cut string. This is where the thread above a riser
overhangs it. In some cases, tread might not have a nosing
Material
These parts can be manufactured from a variety of materials including Aluminum, vinyl,
and wood.
Usage
Stair nosing is being used at staircases for different purposes where safety is the number
one.
It is a safe way to finish your wood and protects our stairs edging from breaking or getting
damaged in general.
Stair nosing helps to improve the visibility of wooden stair edges.
Bullnose
Bullnose-of-a-staircase
Bullnose of a staircase. Source: Gowling Stairs
It is known as Starting footstep. When stairs are unbolted on one or both sides, the initial step above the lower floor
may be wilder than the other steps and rounded. A double bullnose refers to a staircase that is not against a wall and
therefore there is a bullnose at both ends of the starting step.
Usage
It allows the balusters to form a wider, more solid base for the end of the handrail.
This is where the bottom step protrudes beyond the newel post.
String
It is also known as stringer or stringer board. There are the structural supports that run along either side of the
staircase, though the treads may be supported in many other ways. The stringers are sometimes notched so that the
risers and treads fit into them.
Shape and Size
There are several notable types of string (The stringer is usually 220mm wide and 32mm thick. The length will depend
on the rise and go).
Usage
Stringer on open-sided stairs is often open themselves so that the treads are visible from the side. Such stringers are
called cut stringers.
Stringers on a closed slide of the stairs are closed. Closed string extends above and below the level of the treads and risers; above
the pitch line. This is only done on the outside of the staircase as there is no need the staircase runs and the string is along a wall.
Nosing
Nosing is the horizontal, protruding edge of a stair where most foot traffic occurs. Mostly, it
is the half rounded molding fixed to the ends of the threads exposed in a half which covers
where the balusters fit into the treads. Nosing is the edge of the tread projecting beyond
the face of the riser and the face of a cut string. This is where the thread above a riser
overhangs it. In some cases, tread might not have a nosing
Material
These parts can be manufactured from a variety of materials including Aluminum, vinyl,
and wood.
Usage
Stair nosing is being used at staircases for different purposes where safety is the number
one.
It is a safe way to finish your wood and protects our stairs edging from breaking or getting
damaged in general.
Stair nosing helps to improve the visibility of wooden stair edges.
Winders
Winders are the steps that are narrower on one side than the other. A series of winders form a
circular or spiral stairway. Stairway winders or turns involve triangular treads to complete the turn.
When three steps are used to turn a 90-degree corner, the middle step is called a kite winder as a
kite double winder. As per the Toronto Home inspection, it shows that only one set of winders
should be allowed in a staircase and the dimensions should be tripping hazards.
Shape and Size
Winders must be in a room with the proper definition. You cannot create winders in an area
composed of only 2 corner walls. If this configuration is needed, enclose the area in with invisible
walls so that a room area is defined.
Usage
Basically, they are used to change the direction.
It can bail you out of the situation where there isn't enough headroom .for a standard landing.
Balustrade
A balustrade is a collective name for the complete assembly of handrails, base-rails, newels,
spindles, infill, and newer caps.
Handrail
The term "Handrail" is sometimes used to mean just the banister or sometimes just the balusters.
A handrail is a rail that is designed to be grasped by the hand to provide stability or support. It is
also known as railing or banister. They are typically supported by posts or mounted directly to
walls. There is often a railing on both sides, sometimes only on one side or not at all, on a wide
staircase, there is sometimes also one in the middle or even more. The handrails up the side or
sides of a stairway and, as an extension, along with the edge of a landing.
Material
The material of a handrail can be stainless steel, cast iron or aluminum.
Usage
This is an angled member for handholding, as distinguished from the vertical balusters which hold
it up for stair that are open on one side
They are grooved out so that the spindles fit into the underside of them.
Using straight lengths of handrail connected to handrail fittings and ramps, the handrail flows over
the tops of newel turnings creating a continuous run of a handrail
The handrail is commonly used while ascending or descending staircases in order to prevent
injuries.
Newel
The newel is a sturdy vertical post at the end or turn of a banister. Newel is also known as a
central pole or support column. Since it is a structural component, it extends below the floor and
subfloor to the bottom of the floor joists and is bolted right to the floor joist. There are four kinds
of newel stair posts which are- standard, landing, pin-top, and stabilizer newel posts. Visually it
looks like half the newel is embedded in the wall. For open landings, a newel may be extended
below the landing for a decorative newel drop.
Shape and Size
Typically, they are 90mm x 90mm.
Usage
A half newel may be used where a railing ends in the wall.
It is a large baluster or post used to anchor the handrail.
It accommodates the strings, handrails and treads/risers of stairs and usually seen at the head or
foot of a flight of stairs.
Volute
A volute is a handrail end component for the curtail or bullnose footsteps that
curve inward like a spiral. It is said to be left or right-handed depending on
which side of the handrail is as one faces up the stairs. The detail is like a
scroll at the entry of a handrail, sometimes called a monkey's tail. Available
with an up-ramp, it is installed at the bottom of the side on a starting step,
extending out from the side of the staircase. However, it has the most difficult
installation process you can find in a staircase.
Usage
Volutes provide a gentle, graceful end for linear handrails
add an elegant flourish to any staircase.
Baluster
The baluster is a term that holds up the handrail. It is a vertical member which
posts in the space under the banister to the treads or floor( on the side of a
landing). Sometimes. it is simply called guard or spindle.
Material
It is made of stone or wood and sometimes of metal which can be plain or
decorative.
Shape and Size
Treads often require two balusters. The second baluster is closer to the riser and
is taller than the first. The extra height in the second baluster is typically in
middle between decoration elements on the baluster. That way the bottom
decorative components are aligned with the tread and the crown elements are
aligned with the tread and the top elements are aligned with the railing angle.
Turnout
Instead of a complete spiral volute, a turnout is a quarter turn rounded end to the
handrail. It is a stylish way to start a stairway. They are less dramatic than volutes but still
attractive. Turnout is of two types- left and right-hand turnout. If you are facing the
bottom of the stairway, a right turnout would be on the right side of the stairway and a
left turnout would be on the left side. A turnout must have a pin top newel post below.
Material
It is available in a variety of woods like hard maple, hickory, alder, red oak, poplar,
American cherry, etc. It is made of clear woods with no knots or blemishes.
Usage
Turnout is used to finish off the bottom of the stair railing system.
It can be used on a straight or curved stair.
It allows continuous flow handrail.
It gives a perfect accent to your starter step.
It is also easy to install.
Gooseneck
A gooseneck is a vertical handrail that joins a sloped handrail to a higher handrail on
the balcony or landing. It is the part of the stair hand railing. Gooseneck= Vertical turn
+ Up-ramp. Goosenecks come in a variety of shapes and sizes. Don't purchase a
gooseneck that doesn't match with your handrail.
Usage
They are often used for changing directions on a stairway handrail at a landing or floor
In order to meet local building codes, you will find a set of winder stairs with a long
gooseneck to make the transition between the small steps.
Rosette
Where the handrail terminates in the wall and a half-newel is not used, it may be
trimmed by a rosette. It is an optional decorative wood stair part. While they are more
of an ornamental feature, the process of attaching a handrail to a wall is made easier
through using them. If your balustrade is a traditional style, then rosettes will add an
additional piece of elegant detail. However, if you prefer a cleaner more contemporary,
you should probably consider not adding rosette.
Material
Rosettes are made of woods like red oak, white oak, walnut, pine, beech, etc.
Usage
It is used as a decorative transition accent between handrails and walls.
Easing
Easings-of-a-staircase
Easings of a staircase.Source: Portland Stair Company
The word easing refers to any type of hand railing change in direction. Wall handrails
are mounted directly onto the wall with wall brackets. At the bottom of the stairs, such
railings flare to a horizontal railing and horizontal portion is called a starting rising. At
the top of the stairs, the horizontal portion of the railing is called - over easing. Up
easing is an element of a handrail that allows changing the direction of a handrail from
angular to vertical.
Trim is usually applied where walls are supposed to meet the ground and i often used
where the tread and riser meet. Shoe molding may be used between where the lower
floor and the first riser meet. Trimming a starting step is a special challenge as the last
riser above the lower floor is rounded.
Finial
A final is a decorative cap to the top of a newel post, particularly at the end of the
balustrade.
Fillet
The fillet is a decorative filler place on the floor between balusters on a balcony railing.
Flutes
Flutes are decorative vertical grooves sometimes routed into the wood surface of the
spindle of newel posts.
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Types of Stairways
Single Straight Flight Stairs
Inclined Slab Stairs With Half
Space Landings
String Beam Stairs
Crancked Slab Stairs
Cantilever Stairs
Spiral Stairs
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