ELECTROMAGNETIC

COMPATIBILITY
What is EMC?
Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC)
◦ is the branch of electrical sciences which studies the unintentional generation,
propagation and reception of electromagnetic energy with reference to the
unwanted effects (Electromagnetic interference, or EMI) that such energy may
induce.
The goal of EMC
◦ is the correct operation, in the same electromagnetic environment, of different
equipment which use electromagnetic phenomena, and the avoidance of any
interference effects.
EXAMPLES OF EMC
Operating your vacuum cleaner causes "snow" on your TV
Your car radio buzzes when you drive under a power line
A helicopter goes out of control when it flies too close to a radio tower
Your telephone is damaged by lightning-induced surges on the phone line
The screen on your video display jitters when the flourescent lights are on
Your refrigerator is damaged by some interruption in AC network
 EMC

EMI EMS
(Emission) (Immunity)

Radiated Conducted Conducted Radiated

EMI
Low freq. Hi freq. Transient Continuous Transient Continuous
Radiated

EMI EMS EMS

Surge Magnetic
Harmonic
field
Dips &
Interruption
Characteristic of EMC Standards
Basic Standards
Based on tests

Generic Standards
Based on environments

Product Standards
Based on products
1) Product Family Standards
2) Dedicated Product Standards
Basic Standards
Basic standards for emission and immunity tests and measurements
These standards give a definition and description of the phenomena, detailed
test and measurement methods, test instrumentation and basic set up.
Ranges of test levels (immunity) – characteristic of measuring equipment or
measuring methods.
These standards shall not include prescribed limits and detailed performance
criteria.
Emission Test Standards
CISPR 16-2-1 – EMI conducted
CISPR 16-2-3 – EMI radiated
IEC 61000-4-20 – EMI radiated (GTEM Cell)
IEC 61000-3-2 – Harmonic Current
IEC 61000-3-3 – Flicker
Emission: EMI Radiated
• According to CISPR 16-2-3/ EN 55016-2-3
OATS (Open Area Test Site)
SAC (Semi Anechoic Chamber)
GTEM Cell (Gigahertz Transverse Electromagnetics)
• According to IEC/EN 61000-4-20
 80

75

70

65

60

55

50
EN 55022 Elec tric Field Strength 10 m Class A QP
Level in dBµV/m

45

40
EN 55022 Elec tric Field Strength 10 m QP
35

30

25

20

15

10

0
30M 50 60 80 100M 200 300 400 500 800 1G

Fre quency in H z

EN 55022 Elec tric Field Strength 10 m QP EN 55022 Elec tric Field Strength 10 m Class A QP
Prev iew M easurement M axP eak Final M easurement QuasiP eak
 Emission : EMI Conducted
According to CISPR 16-2-1/
EN 55016-2-1
Emission : EMI Conducted
Emission: Conducted vs Radiated
Emission: Current Harmonic
Equivalent:
◦ IEC/EN 61000-3-2

Scope:
◦ Electrical and electronic equipment having an input current up to and including 16A per
phase, and intended to be connected to public low voltage distribution systems (nominal
voltage 220V or higher)
Tests:
◦ Measurement of 50Hz harmonic currents up to 2kHz using a power analyzer
Limits:
◦ Class A (balanced 3-phase equipment and everything outside Classes B, C or D)
◦ Class B (portable tools and non-professional arc welding equipment)
◦ Class C (lighting equipment, excluding dimmers which are Class A)
◦ Class D (personal computers and their monitors, and TV receivers, with a specified power less
than 600W)
Emission: Current Harmonic
Immunity Test Standards
IEC 61000-4-2 – Immunity to ESD
IEC 61000-4-3 – EMS radiated
IEC 61000-4-4 – Immunity to EFT/B
IEC 61000-4-5 – Immunity to surge
IEC 61000-4-6 – EMS conducted
IEC 61000-4-8 – Power frequency magnetic fields
IEC 61000-4-11 – Voltage dips and interruptions (AC)
IEC 61000-4-29 – Voltage dips and interruptions (DC)
Immunity :ESD
ELECTROSTATIC DISCHARGE: To verify the sensitivity of electronic components
to static electrical charges
Immunity :ESD
Equivalent:
◦ IEC/EN 61000-4-2
Tests:
◦ At least ten single discharges to preselected points, accessible to personnel during
normal usage, in the most sensitive polarity. Contact discharge method to be used unless this
is impossible, in which case air discharge used. Also ten single discharges to be applied
to horizontal and vertical coupling planes
Levels:
◦ Severity levels from 2kV to 15kV (8kV contact discharge) depending on installation and
environmental conditions
Immunity :ESD
Immunity :ESD
Immunity: EMS Radiated
RADIATED SUSCEPTIBILITY : To verify the immunity of equipment or systems against
electromagnetic fields generated by radio transmitters or any other device emitting continuous
wave-radiated electromagnetic energy
Immunity: EMS Radiated
Equivalent:
◦ IEC/EN 61000-4-3
Tests:
◦ Radiated RF field generated by antennas in a shielded anechoic enclosure, swept from
80MHz to 6GHz (though not necessarily the whole of this range) with a step size not
more than 1% of preceding frequency and dwell time sufficient to allow the EUT to respond,
minimum 0.5 seconds
Levels:
◦ Severity levels of 1, 3 or 10V/m unmodulated (or greater) depending on the expected EMR
environment; the actual applied signal is modulated to 80% with a 1kHz sinewave
Immunity: EMS Radiated
Immunity: EMS Radiated
Immunity: EMS Radiated
GTEM Cell
IEC 61000-4-20
Immunity: EFT Burst
ELECTRICAL FAST TRANSIENT BURST: To verify the immunity of the equipment or systems against bursts of
very short transients generated
◦ Example: Relay contacts bouncing (conducted interference)
◦ The significant characteristics of these transients are fast rise time, short duration, low energy but with
high repetition rate
Immunity: EFT Burst
Equivalent:
◦ IEC/EN 61000-4-4
Tests:
◦ Bursts of 5ns/50ns pulses at a repetition rate of 5kHz or 100kHz with duration of 15ms and period of
300ms, applied in both polarities between power supply terminals (including the protective earth) and
a reference ground plane, or via a capacitive coupling clamp onto I/O circuits and communication lines
Levels:
◦ Severity levels of 0.5, 1, 2 and 4kV on power supply lines, and half these values on signal,
data and control lines, depending on the expected environmental and installation
conditions
Immunity: EFT Burst
Immunity: EFT Burst
Immunity: Surge
◦ This test simulates high-energy pulses on supply mains as if they appear for example after over-
voltage events (e.g. lightning strikes).
◦ The pulse is a low transient with high-energy contents and due to its long duration may cause damage
to an unprotected EUT.

1,2/50 µs
Immunity: Surge
Equivalent:
◦ IEC/EN 61000-4-5
Tests:
◦ At least 5 positive and 5 negative surges, at a repetition rate no faster than 1 per minute, line-
to-line on AC/DC power lines; line-to-earth on AC/DC power lines; capacitively coupled on I/O
lines
Levels:
◦ Severity levels of 0.5, 1, 2 and 4kV, selected according to installation conditions and type of line; all
lower test level voltages must also be applied
Immunity: Surge
Immunity: EMS Conducted
Conducted Susceptibility : To verify the immunity of electronic equipment against conducted
disturbances induced by radio-frequency fields.
Immunity: EMS Conducted
Equivalent:
◦ IEC/EN 61000-4-6
Tests:
◦ RF voltage swept with a step size not more than 1% of fundamental and dwell time sufficient to allow
the EUT to respond, over the frequency range 150kHz to 80MHz (possibly 230MHz), applied via
coupling/decoupling networks (CDNs) to cable ports of the EUT. When CDNs are not suitable or are
unavailable, the alternative methods of EM-clamp or current injection probe can be used (except on
supply lines)
Levels:
◦ Severity levels of 1, 3 or 10V emf unmodulated depending on the EMR environment on final
installation; the actual applied signal is modulated to 80% with a 1kHz sinewave
Immunity: EMS Conducted
Immunity: EMS Conducted
Immunity: Power Frequency Magnetic
Power Frequency Magnetic Test :To verify the immunity of equipment against magnetic fields originating
from power frequency currents in nearby conductors or from other devices (e.g., leakage of transformers)
Immunity: Power Frequency Magnetic
Equivalent:
◦ IEC/EN 61000-4-8
Tests:
◦ Continuous and short duration power frequency magnetic field, applied via an induction
coil adequately sized to surround the EUT in three orthogonal positions
Levels:
◦ Continuous: 1, 3, 10, 30 or 100 A/m; short duration(1 to 3s): 300 or 1000A/m, for the higher
severity levels only
Immunity: Power Frequency Magnetic
Immunity: Power Frequency Magnetic
Immunity: Voltage dips, short
interruptions and voltage variations
To verify the immunity of equipment which may be sensitive to voltage dips and short
voltage interruptions
Immunity: Voltage dips, short
interruptions and voltage variations
Equivalent:
◦ IEC/EN 61000-4-11
Tests:
◦ Electrical and electronic equipment fed by low-voltage power supply networks and having an
input current not exceeding 16A per phase, but not equipment which is connected to DC
networks or 400Hz AC Networks
Levels:
◦ Dips and short interruptions initiated at any phase angle of the input voltage, to a level of 0%,
40%, 70% and 80% of the nominal voltage for a duration of 0.5 to 250 50Hz cycle periods
Generic Standards
IEC 61000-6-1 – Immunity for residential environments
IEC 61000-6-2 – Immunity for industrial environments
IEC 61000-6-3 – Emission for residential environments
IEC 61000-6-4 – Emission for industrial environments
IEC 61000-6-5 – Immunity for power station and sub station environments
Performance criteria
A Normal performance with no degradation

B Temporary degradation or loss of function which dose not require manual

C Temporary degradation or loss of function which dose require manual

D Total loss of function which can not be recovered due to hardware or