MATHEMATICS IN THE MODERN WORLD

Patterns - regular, repeated, or recurring Solution:

forms or designs. 1st difference
Sequence - an ordered list of numbers 2-1=1 7-4=3 16-11=5
called terms, that may have repeated 4-2=2 11-7=4 22-16=6
values.
2nd Difference
Arithmetic Sequence
Every terms is created by adding or 2-1=1 4-3=1 6-5=1
subtracting a definite number to the
preceding number. Harmonic Sequence/Progression
The reciprocal of the terms of the arithmetic
E.g. sequence.

1. 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15 (+2) Formula

2. 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18, 21, 24 (+3)
3. 5, 3, 1, -1, -3, -5, -7, -9 [+ (-2)] HP =
1
[𝑎+(𝑛−1) 𝑑
4. 0.22, 0.32, 0.42, 0.52, 0.62, 0.72,
Where
0.82, 0.92 (+0.10)
a is the 1st term of the HP
d is the common difference
Geometric Sequence
n is the number of terms in HP
Every term is obtained by multiplying or
dividing a definite number with the
E.g.
preceding number.

1. Find the 4th and 8th term of the

E.g.
serie 1, ⅓, ⅕,...
1. 1, 10, 100, 1,000, 10,000, 100,000, 1
1,000,000 (x 10) 𝐻𝑃 = [1+(4−1) 2]
2. 48, 24, 12, 6, 3, 1.5, ..75 (÷2) HP = [1+(3)2]
HP = [1+6]
Quadratic Sequence HP = 1/7 is the 4th term
A sequence of numbers in which the second
difference between two consecutive terms is 𝐻𝑃 =
1
[1+(8−1) 2]
constant.
HP = [1+(7)2]
HP = [1+14]
E.g.
HP = 1/15 is the 8th term
1.
 MATHEMATICS IN THE MODERN WORLD

MATHEMATICAL LANGUAGE AND Closed Sentence

SYMBOLS ● Mathematical sentences are known
to be either true or false.
Mathematical Language
● The system used to communicate E.g.
mathematical ideas. 1. 6 - 6 = 0 ( True closed sentence)
● precise , concise, powerful, clear 2. 10 - 1 = 8 (False closed sentence)
and 3. 3 x 3 = 9 (True closed sentence)
Variable
● A quantity may change within the Universal Statement
context of a mathematical problem ● Says that a certain property is true
or experiment. for all elements in a set.
Mathematical Expression ● “All”, “Every”, “Each”
● Terms separated by either plus (+) or Conditional Statement
minus (-) sign. ● Says that if one thing is true, then
some other thing also has to be true.
2x + 7 - Terms ● “If then”
2 - Numerical coefficient Existential Statement
x - Literal coefficient ● Says that given a property that may
7 - Constant or may not be true, there is at least
one thing for which the property is
Monomial - single term (2x) true.
Binomial - two terms (2x + 7) ● Showing existence.
Trinomial - three terms (2x + 7 + y)
Polynomial - more than three term Mathematical Expressions and
Sentences
Mathematical Sentences
● Combines two mathematical
Addition + Plus
expressions using a comparison The sum of
operator (=, >, <, ≥, ≤, ≠) Increased by
Open Sentence Total
● Mathematical sentence that is not Added by
known to be either true or false.
Subtraction - Minus
The difference
E.g. Decreased by
Subtracted by
1. 2xy < 3y
2. 25m = n Multiplication x, (), * Multiplied by
The product of
3. M=n
Times
4. 36 > y
Division ÷, / Divided by
The quotient`of
Per
 MATHEMATICS IN THE MODERN WORLD

E.g. Rule/Descriptive Method

● Common characteristics of the
1. The sum of 8 and y (8 + y) elements are defined. This method
2. 4 less than x (x - 4) uses the set builder notation where x
3. x multiplied by 13 ( x *13) is used to represent any element of
4. The quotient of x and 3 (x ÷ 3) the given set.
5. The difference of 5 and y (5 - y) E.g.
6. The ratio if 9 more than x to x (
𝑥+9
) B = {x|x is a vowel}
𝑥
L = {x|x is a primary color}
(The ratio in algebraic expression is
𝑎
𝑏
) Kinds of Sets
7. The quotient of 2 and square of x
(
2
) (Quotient =
𝐷𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑑
) Empty/ Null/ Void Set
2 𝐷𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑠𝑜𝑟
𝑥 ● Has no elements denoted by
8. Nine less than the total of a number ⊘ 𝑜𝑟 {}
and 2 (n + 2) - 9 Finite Set
9. Twelve added to a number (12 + a) ● Set with countable number of
10. Twice a number minus eight (2x - 8) elements
3
11. Three fourths of a number ( 4 x) Infinite Set
12. Twice the difference of a number ● Set with an uncountable number of
and three is twelve (2 (x * 3)) elements. (Set of integers, Set of
13. The difference of twice a number real numbers)
and three is twelve (2x-3) Universal Set
● Totality of all the elements of the
THE LANGUAGE OF SETS sets under consideration donated µ
E.g.
Set - well defined collection of distinct
objects µ = {1, 2 (2), 3, 4(4), 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12,
Elements - Objects that make-up a set. 13, 14, 15}
A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
Two Ways of Describing a Set D = {2,4, 6, 8, 10}
E = {11, 13, 15}
Roster/Tabular Method
● Listed or enumerated, separated by Relationship of Sets
a comma, inside a pair of braces ({})
E.g. Equal Sets
B = {a, e, i, o, u} ● Sets that have the same element(s).
L = {red, yellow, blue}
E.g.
F = {d, e, a, r}
G = {r, e, a, d}
Equivalent Sets
● Sets that have the same number of
element(s).
 MATHEMATICS IN THE MODERN WORLD

Joint Sets 𝑃𝐻 = { ∅, {1}, {2}, {3}, {4}, {1,2}, {1,3}, {1,4},

● Sets that have at least one common {2,3}, {2,4}, {3,4}, {1,2,3,4}, {1,2,3}, {2,3,4},
element. {1,3,4}, {,1,2,4}}
Disjoint Sets
● Sets that have no common element.
Subset (⊂)
● A set every element of which can be Elements Power Set
found on a second set. Set I has 3 3
E.g. 2 = 8 set I has 8
elements subsets
H = {1, 2, 3, 4}
I = {1,2, 4}
𝑃𝐼 = { ∅, {1}, {2}, {4}, {1,2}, {1,4}, {2,4},
J = {1, 3, 5}
I ⊂ H (I is the subset of H) {1,2,4}}
J ⊄ H (J is not the subset of H)
Operations of Sets
Improper Subset (⊆)
● Set itself, null set Union (μ) - pinagsama-sama ang elements
E.g. ng dalawang sets
H⊆H (H is the improper subset of H) Intersection (∩) - common elements ng
dalawang sets.
Proper Subset Difference (-) - mga elements na makikita
● All elements of set 1 is in set 2 but sa set1 na di makikita sa set 2.
𝑐
set 2 contains at least one element Complement (′ or ) - Mga elements na
that is not in set 1 meron ang universal set na wala sa ibang
E.g set.
(Set 1) H = {1, 2, 3, 4} E.g.
(Set 2) J = {1, 3, 5} μ = {1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,14,16,18}
J ⊂ H (J is a proper subset of H) 𝐴={2,3,4,5}
𝐵={4,5,6,7}
Power Sets 𝐶={6,7,8,9}
● Set containing all the subsets of a 𝐷={8,9,10,11}
given set. 𝐸={16,18}
𝑛
● 2 1. A∪B={2,3,4,5,6,7}
E.g. 2. A∪C={2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9}
H = {1, 2, 3, 4} 3. B∪D={4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11}
I = {1,2, 4} 4. (A∪B)∪E={2,3,4,5,6,7,16,18}
5. A∩B={4,5}
6. B∩C={6,7}
Elements Power Set
7. A∩(B∩C)= ∅
Set H has 4 4 8. (A∩B)∪(B∩C)={4,5,6,7}
2 = 16 set H has
elements 16 subsets 9. A-B={2,3}
10. D-E={8,9,10,11}
11. E-D={16,18}
12. E’={1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,14}
 MATHEMATICS IN THE MODERN WORLD

Venn Diagrams (Venn-Euler Diagrams)

● Pictorial representation of Union of Sets 𝑨and 𝑩, 𝑨∪𝑩
relationship and operations of sets .
● The universal set is usually
represented by a rectangle while
circles within the rectangle
represent the subsets.

Disjoint sets A and B

Intersection of Sets 𝑨and 𝑩, 𝑨∩𝑩

Difference of Sets 𝑨and 𝑩, 𝑨−𝑩

Set 𝑨 is a proper subset of Set 𝑩, 𝑨⊂𝑩

Complement of a Set 𝑨, 𝑨′
 MATHEMATICS IN THE MODERN WORLD

Cartesian Product
● Given sets 𝐴 and 𝐵, the Cartesian
product of 𝐴 and 𝐵, denoted by 𝐴 × 𝐵
and read “𝐴 cross 𝐵” is the set of all
ordered pairs (𝑎, 𝑏) where 𝑎 is in 𝐴
and 𝑏 is in 𝐵.
● 𝐴×𝐵={ (𝑎,𝑏)|𝑎 ∈ 𝐴 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏 ∈ 𝐵}

E.g

Let A = {1,2,3} and B = {u,v}

1. Find A x B
AxB= { (1,u), (1,v), (2,u), (2,v), (3,u),
(3,v) }
2. Find B x A
BxA= { (u,1), (u,2), (u,3), (v,1), (v,2),
(v,3) }
3. Find B x B
BxB= { (u,u), (uv), (v,u), (v,v) }
4. How many elements are in AxB,
BxA, BxB? 16 elements

Let Y = {a,b,c} and Z ={1,2}

1. Find Y x Z
YxZ = { (a,1), (a,2), (b,1), (b,2), (c,1),
(c,2) }
2. Find Z x Y
ZxY = { (1,a), (1,b), (1,c), (2,a), (2,b),
(2,c) }
3. Find Y x Y
YxY = { (1,1), (1,2), (2,1), (2,2) }
4. How many elements are in YxZ,
ZxY, YxY? 16 elements