AASHTO, Guide for Design of Pavement Structures 1993 +. Published by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials 4 444 N. Capitol Street, N.W., Suite 249 ‘Washington, D.C. 20001 © Copyright, 1986, 1993 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation = Officials. AM Rights Reserved. Printed in the United States of America. This book, or parts thereof, may not be reproduced in any form without written permission of the publishers.HIGHWAY SUBCOMMITTEE ON DESIGN Chairman: Byron C. Blaschke, Texas Vice Chairman: Kenneth C. Afferton, New Jersey Secretary: Thomas Willett, FHWA. Alabama, Don Arkle, Ray D. Bass, LF. Caraway Alaska, Rodney R. Platzke, Timothy Mitchell, Boyd Brownfield Arizona, Robert P. Mickelson, Dallis B, Saxton, John L. Louis Arkansas, Bob Walters, Paul DeBusk California, Walter P. Smith Colorado, James E. Siebels Connecticut, Earle R. Munroe, Bradley J. Smith, James F Byrnes, Jr. Delaware, Michael A. Angelo, Chao H. Hu D.C., Charles F, Williams, Senford H. Vinick Florida, Bill Deyo, Ray Reissener Georgia, Walker Scott, Hoyt J. Lively, Roland Hinners ‘Hawaii, Kenneth W.G. Wong, Albert Yamaguchi Idaho, Richard Sorensen, Jeff R. Miles Illinois, Ken Lazar, Dennis Pesctelli Indiana, Gregory L. Henneke Towa, George F. Sisson, Donald L. East, Dave Little Kansas, Bert Stratmann, James Brewer, Richard G. Adams Kentucky, Charles $. Raymer, John Sacksteder, Steve Williams Louisiana, Charles M. Higgirs, William Hickey, Nick Kalivado Maine, Charles Smith, Walter Henrickson Maryland, Steve Drumm, Robert D. Douglass Massachusetts, Sherman Eidelman, Frederick J. Nohelty, J. Michigan, Charles J. Arnold ‘Minnesota, Roger M. Hill Mississippi, Irving Harris, Wendel T. Ruff, Glenn Calloway Missouri, Frank Carroll, Bob Sfreddo ‘Montana, David S. Johnson, Ronald E, Williams, Carl, Peil Nebraska, Gerald Grauer, Marvin J. Volf, Eldon D. Poppe Nevada, Michael W. McFall, Steve R. Oxoby New Hampshire, Gilbert S. Rogers ‘New Jersey, Kenneth Afferton, Walter W. Caddell, Charles A. Goessel New Mexico, Joseph Pacheco, Charles V.P. Trujillo New York, J. Robert Lambert, Philip J. Clark, Robert A. Dennison North Carolina, D.R. (Don) Morton, G.T. (Tom) Rearin, J.T. Peacock, Jr. North Dakota, David K.O. Leer, Ken Birst Ohio, Donald K. Huhman, George L. Butzer Oklahoma, Bruce E. Taylor, Richard B. Hankins, ‘C. Wayne Philliber Oregon, Tom Lulay, Wayne F, Cobine Pennsylvania, Fred W. Bowser, John J, Faiella, J., Dean Schreiber Puerto Rico, Jose E. Hernandez, Maria M, Casse, Eugenio Davila Rhode Island, J. Miche] Bennett South Carolina, Robert L. White, William M. DuBose South Dakota, Lawrence L. Weiss, Larry Engbrecht, ‘Monte Schneider ‘Tennessee, Paul Morrison, Clellon Loveall, Jerry D. Hughes ‘Texas, Frank D. Holzmann, William A. Lancaster, Mark Marek U.S. DOT, Robert Bates (FAA), Thomas O. Willet (FHWA) Utah, Dyke LeFevre, PK. Mohanty, Heber Viam ‘Vermont, Robert M. Murphy, Donald H. Lathrop, John L. Armstrong Virginia, E.C. Cochran, Jr., R.E. Atherton, K.P. Phillips Washington, E.R. (Skip) Burch West Virginia, Norman Roush, Randolph Epperly Wisconsin, Joseph W. Dresser, Robert Pfeiffer Wyoming, Donald A. Carlson AFFILIATE MEMBERS Alberta, PF. (Peter) Tajenar Hong Kong, S.K. Kwei Manitoba, A. Boychuk Mariana Islands, Nick C. Sablan ‘New Brunswick, C. Herbert Page ‘Newfoundland, Terry McCarthy Northwest Territories, Peter Vician ‘Nova Scotia, Donald W. MacIntosh Ontario, Gerry MeMillan Saskatchewan, Ray Gerbrandt ASSOCIATE MEMBERS—STATE Mass. Metro. Dist. Comm., E. Leo Lydon N.J. Turnpike Authority, Arthur A. Linfante, J Port Auth. of NY & NJ, Harry Schmerl ASSOCIATE MEMBERS—FEDERAL Bureau of Indian Affairs—Division of ‘Transportation, Kimo Natewa US. Department of Agriculture—Forest Service, ‘Tom PettigrewJOINT TASK FORCE ON PAVEMENTS Region 1 Connecticut New York Pennsylvania Port Authority of NY & NJ FHWA Region 2 ‘Arkansas Florida Louisiana North Carolina Region 3 IMinois Towa Missouri Ohio Region 4 California Oregon ‘Texas Utah ‘Washington Wyoming Representing ‘Transportation Research Board Standing Committee on Planning Subcommittee on Construction ‘Subcommittee on Maintenance Subcommittee on Materials, Standing Committee on Aviation Members Representatives Charles Dougan Wes Yang Dennis Morian Harry Schmer! Louis M. Papet (Secretary) Robert L. Walters (Vice Chairman) William N. Lofroos J.B. Bsnard, Jr. Ken Creech ‘Tom Hearne John Ebers George Sisson Frank L. Carroll Arie Morse Brain McWaters Danny Davidson Bob Doty Ira J, Huddleston James L, Brown (Chairman) Les Jester ‘Wade Betenson Newt Jackson ‘Tom Atkinson Don Carlson Daniel W. Dearsaugh, ., Senior Program Officer Fred Van Kirk, West Virginia Dean M. Testa, Kansas Robert W. Moseley, Mississippi Larry Epley, Kentucky Robert Bates, FAA; Roger H. Bare, Ilinois; Craig Smith, South DakotaSPECIAL NOTICE ‘The Guide for Design of Pavement Structures, when it was published in 1986, was pub- lished as two volumes, Volume 1 was written as a basic design guide and provided all of the information required to understand and apply the “Guide” to pavement design. Volume 2 was 1 series of appendices prepared to provide documentation or further explanations for informa- tion contained in Volume 1. Volume 2 is not required for design. ‘This 1993 edition of the “Guide” contains only one Volume. This Volume replaces the 1986 ““Guide” Volume 1 and serves the same purpose. The major changes included in the 1993 “Guide” are changes to the overlay design procedure and the accompanying appendices L, M, and N. There are other minor changes and some of an editorial nature throughout the new Volume 1. Volume 2 of the 1986 “Guide” is still applicable to most sections of Volume 1 of the 1993, “Guide” and is avsilable through AASHTO, 444 N. Capitol Street, N. ington, D.C. 20001; 202-624-5800. Request book code “GDPS3-V2.” A copy of the Table of, Contents from Volume 2 of the 1986 “Guide” follows. 00, PP. ., Suite 249, Wash- VOLUME 2 APPENDICES Guidelines for the Design of Highway Internal Drainage Systems Position Paper on Pavement Management Remaining Life Considerations in Overlay Design Development of Coefficients for Treatment of Drainage Development of Reliability Relationship Between Resilient Modulus and Soil Support Relationships Between Resilient Modulus and Layer Coefficients Development of Effective Roadbed Soil Moduli Survey of Current Levels of Reliability Development of Design Nomographs Determination of J-Factor for Undowelled Pavements Development of Models for Effects of Subbase and Loss of Support Extension of Equivalency Factor Tables ‘Recommendations for the Selection of an AASHTO Overlay ‘Method Using NDT Within the AASHTO Performance Model Framework Pevement Recycling Fundamentals Development of NDT Structural Capacity RelationshipsPREFACE When construction, maintenance, and rehabilita- tion costs are considered, the single most costly ele- ment of our nation’s highway system is the pavement structure. In an effort to reduce this cost, the state ‘highway and transportation cepartments and the Fed- ‘eral Government have sponsored a continuous pro- ‘gram of research on pavements. One output of that research effort was the Interin Guide for the Design of Pavement Structures published in 1972 and revised in 1981. It was based largely upon the findings at the AASHO Road Test. Because this is such an important topic, the Joint ‘Task Force on Pavements—composed of members from the Subcommittee on Design, one member each from the Materials, Construction, and Maintenance Subcommittees, and one from the Planning Commit- tee of AASHTO—was assigned the task of rewriting the Interim Guide incorporating new developments and specifically addressing pavement rehabilitation Because many states were found to be using at least portions of the Interim Guide and because no other generally accepted procedures could be identified, was decided that this Guide would retain the basic algorithms developed from the AASHO Road Test as ‘used in the Interim Guide. Because the Road Test was very limited in scope, i.e. a few materials, one sub- ‘grade, non-mixed traffic, one environment, etc., the original Interim Guide contained many additional ‘models to expand the framework so designers could consider other conditions. The new Guide has been further expanded with the following 14 major new considerations: (Q) Reliability 2) Resilient Modulus for Soil Support (3) Resilient Modulus for Flexible Pavement Layer Coefficients (4) Drainage (8) Improved Environment Considerations (©) Tied Concrete Shoulders or Widened Lanes (1) Subbase Erosion for Rigid Pavements (8) _ Life Cycle Cost Considerations (9) Rehabilitation (10) Pavement Management (11) Extension of Load Equivalency Values (12) Improved Traffic Data (13) Design of Pavements for Low ‘Volume Roads (14) State of the Knowledge on Mechar Empirical Design Concepts The Task Force recognizes that a considerable body of information exists to design pavements utilizing so-called mechanistic models. It further believes that significant improvements in pavement design will ‘occur as these mechanistic models are calibrated to in-service performance, and are incorporated in everyday design usage. Part IV of this document sum- ‘marizes the mechanistic/empirical status. In order to provide state-of-the-art approaches without lengthy research, values and concepts are shown that have limited support in research or experi- ence. Each user should consider this to be a reference document and carefully evaluate his or her need of each concept and what initial values to use. To most effectively use the Guide it is suggested that the user adopt a process similar to the following: (2) Conducta sensitivity study to determine which inputs have a significant effect on pavement design answers for its range of conditions. 2) For those inputs that are insignificant or inap- propriate, no additional effort is required. (3) For those that are significant and the state has sufficient data or methods to estimate design values with adequate accuracy, no additional effort is required. (4) Finally, for those sensitive inputs for which the state has no data of methodology to develop the inputs, research will be necessary. Because of the complexity of pavement design and the large expansion of this Guide, itis anticipated that some additional research will be cost- effective for each and every user agency in or- der to optimally utilize the Guide. One significant event, the pavement performance research effort being undertaken in the Strategic High-way Research Program (SHRP), should aid greatly in improving this document. ‘The Task Force believes that pavement design is gradually, but steadily transitioning from an art to a science. However, when one considers the nebulous nature of such difficult, but important inputs to design considerations such as traffic forecasting, weather forecasting, construction control, maintenance prac- tices, etc.; successful pavement design will always de- pend largely upon the good judgment of the designer. Finally, the national trend toward developing and implementing pavement management systems, PMS, appears to the Task Force to be extremely important in developing the good judgment needed by pavement designers as well as providing many other elements needed for good design, i.e. information to support adequate funding and fund allocation. The AASHTO Joint Task Force on PavementsEXECUTIVE SUMMARY One of the major objectives of the AASHO Road ‘Test was to provide information that could be used to develop pavement design criteria and pavement design procedures. Accordingly, following completion of the Road Test, the AASHO Design Committee (currently the AASHTO Design Committee), through its Sub- committee on Pavement Design Practices, developed and circulated in 1961 the "“AASHO Interim Guide for the Design of Rigid and Flexible Pavements.” The Guide was based on the results of the AASHO Road ‘Test supplemented by existing design procedures and, in the case of rigid pavements, available theory. ‘After the Guide had been used for several years, the AASHTO Design Committee prepared and AASHTO published the “AASHTO Interim Guide for Design of Pavement Structures—1972.” Revisions were made in 1981 to Chapter III of the Guide relative to design criteria for Portland Cement Concrete pave- ‘ments. Evaluation of the Guide by the AASHTO De- sign Committee in 1983 led to the conclusion that some revisions and additions were required. Repre- sentations from government, industry, consultants, ‘and academia led to the conctusion that the Guide should be strengthened to incorporate information de- veloped since 1972 and that a new section on rehabili- tation should be added. It is also pertinent to note that, based on responses to a questionnaire sent to the ‘States, there was an indication that the Guide was serving its main objectives and no serious problems ‘were indicated. In other words, the States were gener- ally satisfied with the Guide but acknowledged that some improvements could be made. ‘Based on the overall evaluation of input from user agencies and the status of research, it was determined by the AASHTO Joint Task Force on Pavements that the revisions to the Guide would retain the AASHO Road Test performance prediction equations, as modi- fied for use in the 1972 Guide, as the basic model to be used for pavement design. This determination also established the present serviceability index (PSI) as the performance variable upon which design would be based. ‘The major changes which have been included in the revised Guide include the following considerations: Reliability. The procedure for design of both rigid and flexible pavements provides a com- ‘mon method for incorporating a reliability fac- tor into the design based on a shift in the design trafic. Soil support value. AASHTO test method T 274 (resilient modulus of roadbed soils) is recommended as the definitive test for charac- terizing soil support. The soil property is rec- ‘ommended for use with both flexible and rgi pavement design. Layer coefficients (flexible pavements). The resilient modulus test has been recommended as the procedure to be used in assigning layer coefficients to both stabilized and unstabilized material, (NOTE: Guidelines for relating resilient ‘modulus to soil support value and layer coeffi- cients are provided in the Guide; however, user agencies are encouraged to obtain equipment ‘and to train personnel in order to measure the resilient modulus directly.) Drainage. Provision has been made in the Guide to provide guidance in the design of sub- surface drainage systems and for modifying the design equations to take advantage of im- proverrents in performance to good drainage. Enviroument. Improvements in the Guide have been made in order to adjust designs as a func- tion of environment, e.g., frost heave, swelling soils, and thaw-weakening. Major emphasis is sven to thaw-weakening and the effect that seasonal variations have on performance. Tied shoulders and widened lanes (rigid pave~ ‘ments). A procedure is provided for the design of rigié pavements with tied shoulders or wid- ened outside lanes. Subbase erosion. A method for adjusting the design equations to represent possible soil ero- sion under rigid pavements is provided. Life-cycle costs. Information has been added relative to economic analysis and economic ‘comparisons of alternate designs based on life-10. 1 cycle costs. Present worth and/or equivalent uniform annual cost evaluations during a spec- ified analysis period are recommended for ‘making economic analyses. Rehabilitation, A major addition to the Guide is the inclusion of a section on rehabilitation. Information is provided for rehabilitation with or without overlays. Pavement management, Background informa- tion is provided regarding pavement manage- ment and the role of the Guide in the overall scheme of pavement management Load equivalency values. Load equivalency values have been extended to include heavier loads, more axles, and terminal serviceability levels of up to 3.0, 12. 1B. 4, Traffic. Extensive information concerning ‘methods for calculating equivalent single axle loads and specific problems related to obtain- ing reliable estimates of traffic loading are provided, Low-volume roads. A special category for design of pavements subjected to a relative small number of heavy loads is provided in the design section, ‘Mechanistic-Empirical design procedure. The state of the knowledge concerning mechanis- tic-empirical design concepts is provided in the Guide. While these procedures have not, as yet, been incorporated into the Guides, exten- sive information is provided as to how such methods could be used in the future when enough documentation can be provided.TABLE OF CONTENTS Executive Summary .. PART I PAVEMENT DESIGN AND MANAGEMENT PRINCIPLES Chapter 1 Introduction and Background. 18 LA Scope of the Guide. Pocxcomonns 1) 1.2 Design Considerations Is 1.3 Pavement Performance. 17 14 Traffic. 110 1.4.1 Evaluation of Traffic. 110 4.2. Limitations : ; 12 14.3 Special Cases... ..ecseveceeeceeee 13 1.5 Roadbed Soil..... 13 1.6 Materials of Construction ... 1s 1.6.1 Flexible Pavements 116 1.6.2 Rigid Pavements 121 1.6.3 Shoulders . 12 1.7 Environment . 12 18 Drainage... 127 4.8.1 General Design Cons a 128 1.8.2 Design of Pavement Subsurface Drainage.......... 0000+ 8 1.8.3 Incorporation of Dringe Into Gude. + 8 1.9 Shoulder Design... Chapter 2. Design Related Project Level Pavement Management. 2.1 Relationship of Design to Pavement Management. 22, The Oude as StrvcturalSubeytem fora State Project Level PMS 2.3. Pavement Type Selection . : 5 131 2/4 Network Level Pavement Management. 139 Chapter 3 Economic Evaluation of Alternative Pavement Design Strategies... I-41 3.1 Introduction, . 41 3.2 Life-Cycle Costs. . 3.3. Basic Concepts... te 3.4 Definitions Related to Economie Analysis... 3.4.1 Transport Improvement Costs. . 3.4.2 User Benefits .... 3.5 Factors Involved in Pavement Cost and Benefits 3.6 Initial Capital Costs (Investment Costs) 3.6.1 Maintenance Cost . 3.6.2 Rehabilitation and Resurfacing Cost xi3.7 3.8 39 Chapter 4 Reliability . 4a 42 43 44 4s 1a 12 13 14 User Cost Analysis Period Methods of Economie Evaluation... Discussion of Interest Rates, Inflation Factors and Discount Rates... 38.1 Discounting and the Opportunity Cos of Cepia. 3.8.2 Inflation Equations for Economi 3.9.3 Summary Definitions .. 4.4.1 General Definition o 4 Salvage or Residual Value. Traffic Delay Cost to User Identification of Pavement Benefit alysis. 3.9.1 Equivalent Uniform Annual Cost Method. 3.9.2. Present Worth Method —— liability... 4.1.2 Definition of Design Pavement Section... : ‘3. Definition of Pavement Condition, Accumulated Axle Loads, and Pavement Performance Variables ....... . Variance Components and Reliability Design Factor . 4.2.1 Components of Pavement Design-Performance Vasa 4.2.2 Probability Distribution of Basi Design Factor. . Deviations 3 Formal Definition of Reliability Level and Rel Criteria for Selection of Overall Standard Deviation Criteria for Selection of Reliability Level .... Reliability and Stage Construction Alternatives Chapter 5 Summary.........sssesesseeseeseees References for Part I. PART II PAVEMENT DESIGN PROCEDURES FOR NEW CONSTRUCTION OR RECONSTRUCTION Chapter 1 Introduction . Background. Scope: tations... Organizations .. Chapter 2 Design Requirements, 2A 22 Design Variables. 2.1 Time Constraints 21.2 Traffic. 2.1.3. Reliability. 2.1.4 Environmental Effects. Performance Crieria .. 2.2.1 Serviceablity 2.2.2 Allowable Rutting - 2.2.3 Aggregate Loss Contents—Continued 145 145 146 1-46 146 147 147 147 1-48 149 149 149 ESI 153 153 133 133 154 156 156 157 1-60 62 62 163 165 167 13 113 13 14 14 Is Is Ls 11-6 1-9 1-10 Tr-10 I-10 Ir12 I-12Contents—Continued 1-12 1-12 1-16 I-16 1-16 1-17 2.3, Material Properties for Structural Design ..... 2.3.1 Effective Roadbed Soil Resilient Modulus . 2.3.2 Bifective Modulus of Subgrade Reaction . 2.3.3 Pavement Layer Materials Characterization . 2.3.4 PCC Modulus of Rupture. cs 2.3.5. Layer Coefficients... 2.4 Pavements Structural Characteristics 2.4.1 Drainage. . 2.4.2 Load Transfer ..... 2.4.3 Loss of Support. 2.5 Reinforcement Variables 2.5.1. Jointed Reinforced Concrete Pavements... 2.8.2 Continuously Reinforced Concrete Pavements . 11-22 cee 125 ole 2 E27 1.27 - 128 m31 - 31 131 + 133 1-33 Chapter 3 Highway Pavement Structural Design .....+..++++ 3.1 Flexible Pavement Design . a 3.1.1 Determine Required Structural Number . 3.1.2 Stage Construction . . 3.1.3 Roadbed Swelling and Frost Heave ..- 3.1.4 Selection of Layer Thickness . 1135 3.1.5 Layered Design Analysis . 1-35 3.2 Rigid Pavement Design ..... 1137 3.2.1 Develop Effective Modulus of Subgrade React 137 3.2.2 Determine Required Slab Thickness .. ves Td 3.2.3. Stage Construction ~ 4d 3.2.4 Roadbed Swelling and Frost Heave . 1-47 3.3. Rigid Pavement Joint Design 148 3.3.1 Joint Types... 1-48 3.3.2 Joint Geometry .. aa 11-49 3.3.3 Joint Sealant Dimensions . - 1-50 3.4 Rigid Pavement Reinforcement Design . HSI 3.4.1 Jointed Reinforced Concrete Pavements ..... 151 3.4.2 Continuously Reinforced Concrete Pavements 1-51 3.4.3 Transverse Reinforcement. .... an 1-62 3.8 Prestressed Concrete Pavement. 1-65 3.5.1 Subbase . 5 165 3.5.2 Slab Length 3.5.3 Magnitude of Prestress-. 3.5.4 Tendon Spacing 3.5.5 Fatigue ... + 1-66 11-66 3.8.6 PCP Structural Design . 11-66 Chapter 4 Low-Volume Road Design ..... ceteeeseeseeeeesees TO69 4.1 Design Chart Procedures. ..... 1-69 4.1.1 Flexible and Rigid Pavements 1-69 4.1.2 Ageregate-Surfaced Roads . 1-69 4.2 Design Catalog....... 1-77 4.2.1. Flexible Pavement Design Catalog. 1-77 4.2.2 Rigid Pavement Design Catalog. . : 1-81 4.2.3. Aggregate Surfaced Road Design Catalog . 1-81 References for Part Il... xiiContents—Continued PART III PAVEMENT DESIGN PROCEDURES FOR REHABILITATION OF EXISTING PAVEMENTS Chapter 1 Introduction ......... peered seen TIES 1.1 Background. 03 1.2 Scope... : : m3 1.3. Assumptions/Limitations m4 1.4 Organization... : M4 Chapter 2 Rehabilitation Concepts .........sscs0005 seeeseeees MET 2 : . m7 22 . m7 2.2.1 Major Categorie m7 2.2.2 Recycling Concepts m7 2.2.3. Construction Considerations. M7 2.2.4 Summary of Major Rehabilitation Factors M7 2.3. Selection of Alternative Rehabilitation Methods 8 2.3.1 Overview : 118 2.3.2 Problem Definition ..... : U9 2.3.3 Potential Problem Solutions . = L-12 2.3.4 Selection of Preferred Solution - M15 2.3.5. Summary . I-16 Chapter 3 Guides for Field Data Collection ..........00+5 I-19 3.1 Overview. m9 3.2. The Fundamental Analysis Unit 19 3.21 General Background IL19 3.2.2 Methods of Unit Delineation . m9 33 S aien Role of Drainage in Rehabilitation. m21 Assessing Need for Drainage Evaluation ....... + MES Prrement History, Topography, and Geometry... + E25 Properties of Materials....... : 11-25 Climatic Zones . 111-26 + TIE28 34 : 1-28 General Background .. = M128 Minimum Information Needs + HE-28 Utilization of Information. + MIL-28 3.5 NDT Deflection Measurement .. 1-30 3.5.1 Overview ...... = 111-30 3.5.2 Uses of NDT Deflection Resulls ....... M132 3.5.3 Evaluating the Effective Structural apc 35 3.5.4 Joint Load Transfer Analysis - E38 3.5.5. Use in Slab-Void Detection .... + kad 3.6 Field Sampling and Testing Programs .. + MEAS 36.1 Test Types ...... + IIL-45 3.6.2, Major Parameters... IL-5 3.6.3 Necessity for Destructive Testing : mL49 3.6.4. Selecting the Required Number of Tests +49Contents—Continued Chapter 4 Rehabilitation Methods Other Than Overlay 41 42 43 Chapter 5 Rehabilitation Methods With Overlays .. SA 5.2 5.3 54 Evaluation of Pavement Condition 4.1.1 Surface Distress. 4.1.2. Structural Condition . 4.1.3 Functional Condition . Development of Feasible Alternatives and Strategies... ‘Major Nonoverlay Methods. 4.3.1 Full-Depth Repair. : 43.2. Paril-Depth Pavement Repair 4.3.3. Joint and Crack Sealing 43.4. Subsealing of Concrete Pavements... 435, Diamond Grinding of ConreteSurtes and Cold Ming of Asphalt Surfaces ...... : 4.3.6 Subdrainage Design... 4.3.7 Pressure Relief Joints 5 43.8 Restoration of Joint Load Transfer in Jointed Concrete Pavements .. I-70 4.3.9 Surface Treatments .. , 4.3.10 Prediction of Life of Rehabilitation Techniques Without Overlay ... I-73 pees 66 Overlay Type Feasibility . Important Considerations in Orta De 5.2.1 Pre-overlay Repair. 5 5.2.2. Reflection Crack Control 5.2.3 Traffic Loadings 5.2.4 Subdrainage . 5.2.5 Rutting in AC Pavements 5.2.6 Milling AC Surface 5.2.7 Recycling the Existing Pavement 5.2.8, Str verse Functional Overays. 5.2.9 Overlay Materials a 5.2.10 Shoulders 5.2.11 Existing PCC Slab Durability .. 5.2.12 PCC Overlay Joints.......++++ 5.2.13 PCC Overlay Reinforcement ....... 3.2.14 PCC Overlay Bonding/Separation Layers 3.2.15 Overlay Design Reliability Level and Overall Standard Deviation. 5.2.16 Pavement Widening, 5.2.17 Potential Errors and justments to Thickness Design Procedure . 1-83 5.2.18 Example Designs and Documentation. 1-83 Pavement Evaluation for Overlay Design. 83 5.3.1 Design of Overlay Along Project. M84 5.3.2 Functional Evaluation of Existing Pavement. 10-84 5.3.3 Structural Evaluation of Existing Pavement UL-85 3.3.4 Determination of Design My : ur91 AC Overlay of AC Pavement. 94 5.4.1 Feasibility + 94 S42 m-94 5.4.3 1-95 5.4.4 Subdrainage .. 1-95 5.4.5 Thickness Design E9558 5.6 5.7 5.8 59 5.10 Contents—Continued cee. HA105 + H-105 = TI1-106 ~ 11-106 111-107 11-108 5.46 Surface Milling ..... 7. Shoulders. 5.4.8 Widening ‘AC Overlay of Fractured PCC Slab Pavement 5.5.2. Pre-overlay Repair. §.5.3. Reflection Crack Control . = 1-108 5.5.4 Subdrainage ........ 11-108 5.8.5 Thickness Design ...... + -108 5.8.6 Shoulders oe HEM 5.8.7 Widening ae 2AM AC Overlay of JPCP, IRCP, and CCP... 11-113 5.6.1 Feasibility - M413 5.6.2 Pre-overlay Repair. 2 TL3 5.6.3. Reflection Crack Control . e114 5.6.4 Subdrainage .... -U-US 5.6.5. Thickness Design ... - UES 5.6.6 Shoulders. 1-125 5.6.7 Widening ...... 1-125 AC Overlay of AC/JPCP, AC/IRCP, and AC/CRCP. mL-125 5.7.1 Feasibility. . - W125 5.7.2 Pre-overlay Repait......... - W127 5.7.3. Reflection Crack Control . 0-127 5.7.4 Subdrainage . 111-128 5.7.5 Thickness Design = 1-128 5.7.6 Surface Milling 1-135 5.7.7 Shoulders, s+ M135 5.7.8 Widening . : - 1-136 Bonded Concrete Overlay of JPCP, IRCP, and CRCP .- oe HLI36 5.8.1 Feasibility... eee ‘ - 1-136 $8.2 Pre-overlay Repair... - 1-137 5.8.3 Reflection Crack Control ... 11-137 5.8.4 Subdrainage 11-137 8.8.5 Thickness Design .. m-137 5.8.6 Shoulders ‘ m-143 5.8.7 Joints . 143 5.8.8 Bonding Procedures and Material m-145 5.8.9 Widening .... fi m-145 Unbonded JPCP, JRCP, or CRCP Overlay of JPCP, IRCP, CRCP, or ACIPCC... m-145 5.9.1 Feasibility. 1-145 5.9.2 Pre-overlay Repair. . m-145 Reflection Crack Control 14s Subdrainage . - H-146 Thickness Design = W146 Shoulders ML-151 Joints 5 - M151 Reinforcement ... -+, HIL153 Separation Interlayers =. 153 5.9.10 Wider 1-153 JPCP, JRCP, and CRCP Overlay of AC Pavement » 1-153 5.10.1 Feasibility. <0 153Contents—Continued 5.10.2 Pre-overlay Repair. + 1-153 5.10.3 Reflection Crack Control . ve HEIS3 5.10.4 Subdrainage ....... + W154 5.10.5 Thickness Design + E154 5.10.6 Shoulders ~ MISS 5.10.7 Joints ......--. = TASS 5.10.8 Reinforcement .. M1-155 5.10.10 Widening - W155 References for Chapter §..... Broo ceseese+ IMLS PART IV MECHANISTIC-EMPIRICAL DESIGN PROCEDURES 1.1 Introduction 1v3 1.2 Benefits ‘i a6 v4 1.3 Framework for Development and Applicaton 5 1-4 1.4 Implementation = V7 1.4.1 Design Considerations Iv-8 1.4.2 Input Data . ; v8 1.4.3 Equipment Acquisition op v9 1.44 Computer Hardware and Software. . v9 1.4.5 Training Personnel . Iv-9 1.4.6. Field Testing and Calibration. 1-10 1.4.7 Testing Iv-10 1.5 Summary. Iv-10 References for Part IV ...++4+ ee seveeeres IVA APPENDICES A. Glossary of Terms . AL B. Pavement Type Selection Guidelines . BL C. Alternate Methods of Design for Pavement Structures os ci D. Conversion of Mined Trafic to Equivalent Single Ase Loads ‘for Pavement Design ; co Di & E. Position Paper on Shoulder Design EI F. List of Test Procedures ee el G. Treatment of Roadbed Swelling and/or Frost Heave in Design ........... GL H. Flexible Pavement Design Example ..........- fees HL I. Rigid Pavement Design Example it J. Analysis Unit Delineation by Cumulative Differences. ul K. Typical Pavement Distress Type-Severity Descriptions . . KI L. Documentation of Design Procedures . . ee re LT M. An Examination of the AASHTO Remaining Life Factor ......2......... Mi < Overlay Design Examples ......2.+20+00+e+ NI xvii