Annexure I

Topic Name: - Adopt a plant

Submitted by
Name of the student: - Saif Mohammad
Registration Number: -12206255

partial fulfillment for the requirements of the award of the degree

Of
“Community Development Project – GEN 231”
“B. Tech. (CSE)
Lovely Professional University Phagwara, Punjab.
 Annexure- III

Contents-

➢ Introduction
➢ Problem Identification
➢ Objective to be achieved
➢ Various steps taken to achieve the
objectives
➢ Effectiveness
➢ Conclusion
 STUDENT DECLARATION

TO WHOM SO EVER IT MAY CONCERN

I Saif Mohammad, Registration Number: -12206255 ,hereby declare

that the work done by me on the “Community Development

Project” from 16 June 2023 – 18 July 2023 , is a record of original

work for the partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of the

degree, GEN231.

Signature of Student
Introduction:-

As we navigate the 21st century, the concept of plantation

agriculture takes on new dimensions. Sustainability, biodiversity
conservation, and the mitigation of climate change have
become integral aspects of modern plantation practices.
Agroforestry, a harmonious blend of trees and crops, aims to
restore balance to ecosystems while providing livelihoods to
local communities. Organic farming seeks to work with nature
rather than against it, eschewing synthetic inputs for natural
processes. Plantations are grown by state forestry authorities
(for example, the Forestry Commission in Britain) and/or the
paper and wood industries and other private landowners (such
as Weyerhaeuser and International Paper in the United States
Christmas trees are often grown on plantations as well. In
southeast Asia, rubber, oil palm , and more recently teak
plantations have replaced the natural forest.

A plantation is usually made up of fast-growing trees planted

either to replace already-logged forests or to substitute for their
absence. Plantations differ from natural forests in several ways:

Plantations may include introduced trees not native to the area,

including (in a few cases) unconventional types such as hybrid
trees and genetically modified trees. Since the primary interest
in plantations is to produce wood or pulp, the types of trees
found in plantations are those that are best-suited to industrial
applications. For example, pines, spruces and eucalyptus are
widely used because of their fast growth rate, and are good for
paper and timber production.

Plantations are always young forests. Typically, trees grown in

plantations are harvested after 10 to 60 years, rarely up to 120
years. This means that the forests produced by plantations do
not contain the type of growth, soil or wildlife typical of old-
growth natural forest ecosystems. Most conspicuous is the
absence of decaying dead wood, a very important part of
natural forest ecosystems.

Problem Identification:-

Some problems often encountered in plantation:-

1. Pests and Diseases:

 Pest infestations and disease outbreaks can
significantly damage crops and plants.
 Identification of specific pests and diseases is essential
for targeted control measures.
 Integrated pest management (IPM) strategies are
crucial for sustainable solutions.
2. Deforestation and Habitat Loss:
 Clear-cutting for timber, agriculture, and development
can lead to deforestation.
 Loss of habitat affects biodiversity, disrupts
ecosystems, and contributes to climate change.
 Sustainable logging practices, reforestation, and
protected areas can mitigate these issues.
3. Soil Degradation:
 Intensive plantation practices deplete soil nutrients
and degrade soil structure.
  Soil erosion exacerbates soil health problems by
removing topsoil.
 Soil testing, crop rotation, cover cropping, and organic
matter incorporation help address soil degradation.

4. Climate Change Impact:

 Changing climate patterns affect plant growth,
survival, and pest dynamics.
 Drought, heatwaves, and altered precipitation patterns
pose challenges.
 Adaptation measures include modifying irrigation,
choosing resilient plant species, and adjusting
plantation practices.
5. Invasive Species:
 Non-native invasive plant species disrupt native
ecosystems and reduce biodiversity.
 Effective identification and management are crucial to
prevent their spread.
 Removal and controlled herbicide use are common
strategies to tackle invasive species.
6. Water Management:
 Improper water management can lead to water
scarcity or waterlogging.
 Adequate irrigation systems and water conservation
practices are essential.
 Monitoring soil moisture levels and adjusting
irrigation accordingly can optimize water use.
7. Biodiversity Conservation:
 Monoculture plantations can lead to reduced
biodiversity and ecological imbalances.
 Promoting diverse plant species and habitats helps
preserve local ecosystems.
 Conservation efforts should consider native species
and habitat restoration.
8. Social and Economic Factors:
 Socioeconomic challenges such as labor availability
and market fluctuations impact plantations.
 Fair labor practices, market diversification, and
community engagement are important considerations.
9. Erosion and Soil Health:
 Erosion from wind and water can lead to soil loss and
reduced productivity.
 Soil erosion control measures such as contour farming
and planting cover crops are essential.
10. Chemical Use and Pollution:
 Excessive use of fertilizers and pesticides can harm
soil, water, and non-target organisms.
 Implementing responsible chemical application
practices and considering organic alternatives is
crucial.
11. Land Use Conflicts:
 Conflicts arise when competing land uses (e.g.,
agriculture vs. conservation) intersect.
  Sustainable land use planning and stakeholder
engagement are vital for resolving conflicts.
12. Market Demand and Price Volatility:
 Fluctuations in market demand and prices can impact
economic viability.
 Diversification of crops, value-added products, and
long-term contracts can help mitigate risks.
13. Regulatory Compliance:
 Compliance with environmental regulations and
sustainability standards is essential.
 Understanding and adhering to local laws and
international standards ensure responsible practices.
14. Technological Advancements:
 Rapid technological changes can impact plantation
management.
 Staying updated with advancements in precision
agriculture, remote sensing, and automation is
beneficial.

Large-scale plantation land concessions are causing an array

of serious social and environmental impacts in Southeast Asia
as well as in other parts of the world. This paper, however , is
focused on the many challenges and limitations that
plantation developers face in southern Laos and
northeastern Cambodia. These include price and market
constraints, activism linked to villagers and others actors,
management and financial difficulties, environmental and
technical limitations , and limited government support.
Investor responses to these challenges and limitations have
varied. Some investors still hope that their plantations will
succeed, while others have variously attempted to cut their
losses and withdraw from failing investments. In particular,
this paper considers how problems associated with
plantation development often emerge due to fluctuating crop
prices as well as poor planning that partially stems from
investors adopting a "resource frontier" mindset.
One of the challenges that frequently affect large-scale
concession plantations is fluctuating commodity prices,
which are affected by various factors, including political
decisions For example, a recent decision by
the European Union to stop using palm oil to produce bio-
fuels triggered steep declines in palm oil prices in Indonesia,
and reduced the profitability of plantations .

Objective to be achieved :-
The main objective of this programme is to upgrade and
promote, protection, preservation and monitoring of
environment in the university campus by following activities
are as followed

1. The target number of saplings that to be planted in the

programmed was 120 inside the campus.
2. To fixed dustbin made up of environmental friendly
locally available bamboo which has been fixed at a regular
interval by the preliminary survey.

3. To maintain to conduit atmosphere inside the campus

Disease and Pest Resistance Resistant varieties offer the
cheapest and most con venient method of disease and pest
control. They not only helps to increase the production but
also stabilize the productivity e.g. Rust resistance in wheat.

4. Maturity Duration: It permits new crop rotation and

extends crop area. Thus breeding for early maturing varieies
suitable for different dates of planting. This enables the
farmer to take two-three crops in a year. Agronomic
Characters: Three includes the characters such as dwarf,
profuse tillering, branching erect resistance and fertilizer
responsiveness.

5. Photo and Thermo Insensitivity: Development of photo

and thermoinsensitive varieties in rice and wheat will
permit to oxtend their cultivation to new areas. E.g
Cultivation of wheat in Kerala and West Bengal, Cultivaion
of ric and Himachal Pradesh.

Various steps taken to achieve the

objectives:-

Step 1: Choosing the best garden Location

Location for planting does matter for the ideal growth. Do
you think is it better to sow your crop on a random spot even
without selecting a suitable place? No, not at all. You must
select an appropriate place for planting your crop. Keep in
mind the following points for choosing the best suitable site
for your crop.
Step 2: Determining Soil Health
After selecting an appropriate place, next step is to test your
soil for the pH and either land contains the best nutrients or
not before land preparation. Which steps you should take to
improve your soil. This will allow you to improve the fertility
of the soil if required or prevent you from overloading it with
different nutrients.

Step 3: Get required Soil Texture and Type

After testing the soil, you will be able to adjust the ideal pH
level and essential nutrients for the crop. Prepare soil which
is another important factor to attain exemplary crop. For
example, soil having too much water can be a cause of fungal
infections and resulting as root rot. On the other hand, if
there is a deficiency of water, then it can be a cause of
malnourished and resulting as dehydrated plants.
Step 4: Adjust Soil Nutrients
Nitrogen (N), Phosphorus (P) and Potassium (P) are primary
and essential nutrients for plants growth. When you buy a
chemical/ synthetic package of fertilizer, then you can see
three values parted with dashes like N-P-K. Each number
specify the net percentage weight of these nutrients in the
package.
Step 5: Adjusting the soil Composition
Adjusting and composition of different organic compound are
extremely important for garden soil. You have already
learned about the importance of pH for the best growth of
any crop. How to maintain the ideal pH level for the
healthiest crop by adding the fair quantity of lime and sulfur
if necessary. After testing, you figure it out that either clay,
sand or another topsoil you should add to prepare the soil to
attain the best possible mixture for your garden soil.

Effectiveness:-

Afforestation and reforestation program was started in 1970

to restore the denuded hills in Nepal. It was further
expanded in lowland in late 80 and further expanded in 2000
through the different programs. Government of Nepal has
still focused plantation program particularly in Tarai and
Siwalik region. Present study has covered five districts
namely Chitwan, Makwanpur, Bara, Parsa and Rautahat in
Mid Nepal to identify the success of such plantation program
carried out in the past. Direct observation of nurseries,
interviews with officials and nursery owners regarding the
seedling production pattern and discussion with local people,
key informants survey and inventory of the selected
plantation blocks for identification of survival status were
major methods applied for the study. About 44 different
species are being planted however Eucalyptus camadulensis,
Techtona gradish, Dalbergia sissoo, Bombax ceiba and
Azadirachta indica has contributed 62%. Present study
reveals that less than one third (28%) seedlings are being
survived among the 17.20 million seedlings planted during
last one decade (from 2005 to 2015). Grazing pressure, poor
quality of planting materials and improper site selection were
identified major conservation threats. Permanent nursery
and detail plantation plan has been recommended for the
success of such plantation as pre-monsoon plantation has
been found more survived and also has better growth
performance.


Diverse Species Selection:
 Planting a variety of plant species enhances ecosystem

resilience and reduces vulnerability to pests and

diseases.

 Sustainable Management Practices:

 Adopting sustainable practices such as crop rotation,

agroforestry, and integrated pest management

promotes long-term viability.

 Soil Health Management:

 Implementing soil conservation practices like cover

cropping and organic matter incorporation improves soil

fertility and structure.

 Efficient Water Management:

 Utilizing efficient irrigation methods and monitoring soil

moisture ensures optimal water use and minimizes

wastage.

 Biodiversity Promotion:
 Incorporating native plants and creating diverse habitats

supports local wildlife and strengthens ecosystem

health.

 Climate-Resilient Strategies:
  Selecting climate-resilient plant varieties and adapting
cultivation practices help plants thrive under changing
climatic conditions.

 Integrated Technology:
 Utilizing technology like remote sensing, precision

agriculture, and data analytics enhances plantation

management efficiency.

 Community Engagement:
 Involving local communities fosters a sense of

ownership and ensures sustainable land use practices.

 Economic Viability:
 Balancing economic goals with environmental

stewardship ensures the plantation's financial

sustainability.

 Conservation of Resources:
 Efficient use of resources, such as water and nutrients,

reduces waste and enhances productivity.

 Continuous Monitoring:
 Regular monitoring of plant health, soil conditions, and

environmental factors enables timely intervention.

 Adaptive Management:
 Being open to adjustments based on changing

conditions helps improve overall plantation

performance.
 Research and Innovation:
 Investing in research and adopting innovative

techniques enhances productivity and sustainability.

 Risk Management:
 Planning for potential risks, such as market fluctuations

and climate events, reduces negative impacts.

 Education and Training:

 Providing training to workers and stakeholders ensures

proper implementation of best practices.

 Ecosystem Services Recognition:

 Acknowledging the ecological benefits of plantations,

such as carbon sequestration and watershed protection,

boosts their importance.

 Eco-Friendly Inputs:
 Opting for organic fertilizers, biopesticides, and

environmentally friendly practices minimizes ecological

harm.

 Long-Term Planning:
 Developing strategic plans for the plantation's future

ensures sustained success and positive outcomes.

 Partnerships and Collaboration:

 Collaborating with governmental agencies, NGOs, and

research institutions enhances knowledge sharing and

problem-solving.
 Transparency and Reporting:
 Transparent reporting of practices and outcomes builds

trust with stakeholders and consumers.

Conclusion:-

Therefore, we conclude that trees should be regularly

planted to save the mankind and the animal world. Tree
plantation and its after-care is a pleasing work too. We can
get much pleasure in planting trees and in taking care of
them. Students should plant trees in their school-compounds
and in the front-yards, backyards and side-yards of their
schools and near their own houses and in other places
wherever possible. They should explain to their neighbours
the goodness of tree-plantation and encourage them to plant
and care new trees. We should consider the fact that we all
need trees and trees are important to us humans. Save them
and they will save us in return. Plant more trees and as you
plant trees you are planting life too because of the fact that
they are giving us fresh air, woods that we people used to
build our houses. They stands as our shelter most specially to
the animals, a shield to heat. We should protect them
because they are helping us. Sometimes we are being rude to
them, we cut them without replacements and we are the
reason why they are being fewer. Have mercy on them
because they are one of the reason why we still have fresh
air now.Wherever you live in the province, trees are essential
to your health and well-being.Trees shade our homes, add
beauty to our communities and countryside, and protect
biodiversity by providing food and habitat for birds and
animals. Trees are natural air filters - taking in carbon dioxide
and releasing oxygen. Trees protect sources of drinking water
by preventing soil erosion.Trees absorb and store
greenhouse gases from the atmosphere as they grow, making
them an essential tool in Ontario's fight against climate
change.We can all contribute to a healthy natural
environment by planting trees. Before planting, it's important
to research a variety of tree species, or talk to an expert, to
find out which trees grow best in your part of the province.