U.O.

Th - College of Engineering DC Motors Prepared by Mustafa Al Ghezi

EEE Dept. 2 ndyear

D.C MOTOR

COURSE CONTENT
DC MOTOR

- Explain Principle of working of a DC motor.

- Explain concept of development of torque & back EMF in DC motor

including simple problems.

- Derive equation relating to back EMF, Current, Speed and Torque

equation

- Classify DC motors & explain characteristics, application.

- State & explain three point & four point stator/static of DC motor by

solid State converter.

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U.O.Th - College of Engineering DC Motors Prepared by Mustafa Al Ghezi
EEE Dept. 2 ndyear

- Explain Speed of DC motor by field control and armature control

method.

- Explain power stages of DC motor & derive Efficiency of a DC motor.

Principle of Operation:

DC motor operates on the principle that when a current carrying conductor

is placed in a magnetic field, it experiences a mechanical force given by F =

BIL newton. Where ‘B’ = flux density in wb, ‘I’ is the current and ‘L’ is the

length of the conductor. The direction of force can be found by Fleming’s

left hand rule. From the point of construction, there is no difference

between a DC generator and DC motor. Figure below shows a multipolar

DC motor. Armature conductors are carrying current downwards under

North Pole and upwards under South Pole. When the field coils are

excited, with current carrying armature conductors, a force is experienced

by each armature conductor whose direction can be found by Fleming’s left

hand rule. This is shown by arrows on top of the conductors. The collective

force produces a driving torque which sets the armature into rotation. The

function of a commutator in DC motor is to provide a continuous and

unidirectional torque.

In DC generator the work done in overcoming the magnetic drag is

converted into electrical energy. Conversion of energy from electrical form

to mechanical form by a DC motor takes place by the work done in

overcoming the opposition which is called the ‘back emf’.
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U.O.Th - College of Engineering DC Motors Prepared by Mustafa Al Ghezi
EEE Dept. 2 ndyear

Fleming’s left hand rule:

 Used to determine the direction of force acting on a current carrying

conductor placed in a magnetic field.

 The middle finger , the fore finger and thumb of the left hand are

kept at right angles to one another.

 The middle finger represent the direction of current

 The fore finger represent the direction of magnetic field

 The thumb will indicate the direction of force acting on the conductor

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U.O.Th - College of Engineering DC Motors Prepared by Mustafa Al Ghezi
EEE Dept. 2 ndyear

The Advantages

 The greatest advantage of DC motors may be speed control. Since

speed is directly proportional to armature voltage and inversely

proportional to the magnetic flux produced by the poles, adjusting

the armature voltage and/or the field current will change the rotor

speed.

 Today, adjustable frequency drives can provide precise speed control

for AC motors, but they do so at the expense of power quality, as the

solid-state switching devices in the drives produce a rich harmonic

spectrum. The DC motor has no adverse effects on power quality.

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U.O.Th - College of Engineering DC Motors Prepared by Mustafa Al Ghezi
EEE Dept. 2 ndyear

The drawbacks

 Power supply, initial cost, and maintenance requirements are the

negatives associated with DC motors

 Rectification must be provided for any DC motors supplied from the

grid. It can also cause power quality problems.

 The construction of a DC motor is considerably more complicated

and expensive than that of an AC motor, primarily due to the

commutator, brushes, and armature windings. An induction motor

requires no commutator or brushes, and most use cast squirrel-cage

rotor bars instead of true windings — two huge simplifications.

Back EMF and its Significance:

What is back emf ?

When the armature of a DC motor rotates under the influence of the

driving torque, the armature conductors move through the magnetic field

and hence emf is induced in them as in a generator. The induced emf acts

in opposite direction to the applied voltage V (Lenz’s law) and is known

as Back EMF or Counter EMF (Eb).

The equation for back emf in a DC motor is given below,

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U.O.Th - College of Engineering DC Motors Prepared by Mustafa Al Ghezi
EEE Dept. 2 ndyear

The back emf Eb = (PΦZN/60 A) is always less than the applied voltage V,

although this difference is small when the motor is running under normal

conditions :

How Back EMF Occur in DC Motor ?

Consider a shunt wound DC motor :

Therefore, driving torque acts on the armature which begins to rotate. As

the armature rotates, back emf Eb is induced which opposes the applied

voltage V. The applied voltage V has to force current through the armature

against the back emf Eb. The electric work done in overcoming and

causing the current to flow against Eb is converted into mechanical energy

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U.O.Th - College of Engineering DC Motors Prepared by Mustafa Al Ghezi
EEE Dept. 2 ndyear

developed in the armature. It follows, therefore, that energy conversion in

a dc motor is only possible due to the production of back emf Eb.

Net voltage across armature circuit = V – Eb

If Ra is the armature circuit resistance, then, Ia = (V – Eb)/Ra

Since V and Ra are usually fixed, the value of Eb will determine the current

drawn by the motor. If the speed of the motor is high, then back e.m.f. Eb (=

PφZN/60 A) is large and hence the motor will draw less armature current

and vice-versa.

The significance of Back EMF:

The presence of back emf makes the d.c. motor a self-regulating machine

i.e., it makes the motor to draw as much armature current as is just

sufficient to develop the torque required by the load. Armature current

(Ia),

When the motor is running on no load, small torque is required to overcome

the friction and windage losses. Therefore, the armature current Ia is small

and the back emf is nearly equal to the applied voltage. If the motor is

suddenly loaded, the first effect is to cause the armature to slow down.

Therefore, the speed at which the armature conductors move through the

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U.O.Th - College of Engineering DC Motors Prepared by Mustafa Al Ghezi
EEE Dept. 2 ndyear

field is reduced and hence the back emf Eb falls. The decreased back emf

allows a larger current to flow through the armature and larger current

means increased driving torque. Thus, the driving torque increases as the

motor slows down. The motor will stop slowing down when the armature

current is just sufficient to produce the increased torque required by the

load. If the load on the motor is decreased, the driving torque is momentarily

in excess of the requirement so that armature is accelerated. As the

armature speed increases, the back emf Eb also increases and causes the

armature current Ia to decrease. The motor will stop accelerating when the

armature current is just sufficient to produce the reduced torque required

by the load. Therefore, the back emf in a DC motor regulates the flow of

armature current i.e., it automatically changes the armature current to meet

the load requirement.

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U.O.Th - College of Engineering DC Motors Prepared by Mustafa Al Ghezi
EEE Dept. 2 ndyear

Torque Equation

When armature conductors of a DC motor carry current in the presence of

stator field flux, a mechanical torque is developed between the armature

and the stator. Torque is given by the product of the force and the radius at

which this force acts.

Armature torque of a Motor (Ta)

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U.O.Th - College of Engineering DC Motors Prepared by Mustafa Al Ghezi
EEE Dept. 2 ndyear

The power developed in the armature can be given as

The mechanical power developed in the armature is converted from the

electrical power, Therefore, mechanical power = electrical power That

means, Ta × 2πN/60 = Eb.Ia

The above equation shows the relationship between armature torque, back

emf, flux and speed of a DC motor.

We know, Eb = PΦNZ / 60A Therefore, Ta × 2πN/60 = (PΦNZ / 60A) × Ia

Rearranging the above equation,

The term (PZ / 2πA) is practically constant for a DC machine. Thus,

armature torque is directly proportional to the product of the flux and the

armature current i.e. Ta ∝ Φ.Ia .

A- In case of DC series motor ф is directly promotional to Ia, therefore

Ta ∝ Ia2 .
B- For shunt motor, ф is practically constant, hence Ta ∝ Ia .

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U.O.Th - College of Engineering DC Motors Prepared by Mustafa Al Ghezi
EEE Dept. 2 ndyear

Shaft Torque (Tsh)

Due to iron and friction losses in a dc machine, the total developed

armature torque is not available at the shaft of the machine. Some torque is

lost, and therefore, shaft torque is always less than the armature torque.

Shaft torque of a DC motor is given as,

The difference Ta – Tsh is known as lost torque.

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EEE Dept. 2 ndyear

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U.O.Th - College of Engineering DC Motors Prepared by Mustafa Al Ghezi
EEE Dept. 2 ndyear

Major Types Of DC Motors :

 Permanent magnet dc motor

 Separately excited dc motor

 Self excited dc motor

 Series dc motor

 Shunt dc motor

 Compound dc motor

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U.O.Th - College of Engineering DC Motors Prepared by Mustafa Al Ghezi
EEE Dept. 2 ndyear

A- Permanent magnet dc motor (PMDC Motor) :

What is a Permanent Magnet DC Motor (PMDC Motor)?

In a DC motor, an armature rotates inside a magnetic field. The basic

working principle of a DC motor is based on the fact that whenever a

current carrying conductor is placed inside a magnetic field, there will be

mechanical force experienced by that conductor.

All kinds of DC motors work under this principle. Hence for constructing a

DC motor, it is essential to establish a magnetic field. The magnetic field is

established by using a magnet. You can use different types of magnets – it

may be an electromagnet or it can be a permanent magnet.

A Permanent Magnet DC motor (PMDC motor) is a type of DC motor that

uses a permanent magnet to create the magnetic field required for the

operation of a DC motor.

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U.O.Th - College of Engineering DC Motors Prepared by Mustafa Al Ghezi
EEE Dept. 2 ndyear

They are commonly used as a starter motor in automobiles, windshield

wipers, washers, blowers used in heaters and air conditioners, to raise and

lower windows – and they are extensively used in toys.

As the magnetic field strength of a permanent magnet is fixed it cannot be

controlled externally, field control of this type of DC motor cannot be

possible.

Thus permanent magnet DC motor is used where there is no need to

control the speed of the motor (which is usually done by controlling the

magnetic field). Small fractional and sub-fractional KW motors are often

constructed using a permanent magnet.

Advantages of Permanent Magnet DC Motor or PMDC Motor

The advantages of a PMDC motor are:

1. For smaller ratings, use of permanent magnets reduces manufacturing

cost.

2. No need of field excitation winding, hence construction is simpler.

3. No need of electrical supply for field excitation, hence PMDC motor is

relatively more efficient.

4. Relatively smaller in size

5. Cheap in cost

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U.O.Th - College of Engineering DC Motors Prepared by Mustafa Al Ghezi
EEE Dept. 2 ndyear

Disadvantages of Permanent Magnet DC Motor or PMDC Motor

The disadvantages of a PMDC motor are:

1. The armature reaction of DC motor cannot be compensated hence the

magnetic strength of the field may get weak due to the

demagnetizing effect of the armature reaction.

2. There is a chance of getting the poles permanently demagnetized

(partial) due to excessive armature current during the starting,

reversal, and overloading conditions of the motor.

3. The field in the air gap is fixed and limited – it cannot be controlled

externally. This makes it difficult for this type of motor to achieve

efficient speed control of DC motor in this type of motor is difficult.

B- Separately Excited DC Motor:

Like other DC motors, these motors also have both stator and rotor.

Stator refers to the static part of motor, which consists of the field

windings. And the rotor is the moving armature which contains armature

windings or coils. Separately excited dc motor has field coils similar to that

of shunt wound dc motor. The name suggests the construction of this type

of motor. Usually, in other DC motors, the field coil and the armature coil

both are energized from a single source. The field of them does not need

any separate excitation. But, in separately excited DC motor, separate

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EEE Dept. 2 ndyear

supply Provided for excitation of both field coil and armature coil. Figure

below shows the separately excited dc motor.

Here, the field coil is energized from a separate DC voltage source and the

armature coil is also energized from another source. Armature voltage

source may be variable but, independent constant DC voltage is used for

energizing the field coil. So, those coils are electrically isolated from each

other, and this connection is the specialty of this type of DC motor.

Equations Of Voltage, Current and Power

In a separately excited motor, armature and field windings are excited

form two different dc supply voltages.

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U.O.Th - College of Engineering DC Motors Prepared by Mustafa Al Ghezi
EEE Dept. 2 ndyear

Speed control of separately excited DC motor:

Speed of this type of dc shunt motor is controlled by the following

methods:

I. Field control methods: Weakening of field causes increase in speed of

the motor while strengthening the field causes decreases the speed. Speed

adjustment of this type of motor is achieved from the following methods:

II. Field rheostat control: – Here a variable resistance is connected in series

with the field coil. Thus the speed is controlled by means of flux variation.

Reluctance control involving variation of reluctance of magnetic circuit of

motor.

Field voltage control by varying the voltage at field circuit while keeping

armature terminal voltage constant.

III. Armature control methods: Speed adjustment of separately excited DC

motor by armature control may be obtained by any one of the following

methods :

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EEE Dept. 2 ndyear

i. Armature resistance control: – Here, the speed is controlled by varying

the source voltage to armature. Generally, a variable resistance is provided

with the armature to vary the armature resistance.

ii. Armature terminal voltage control involving variation of variation of

voltage in armature circuit.

Applications OF Separately excited DC Motors

Separately excited dc motors have industrial applications. They are often

used as actuators. This type of motors is used in trains and for automatic

traction purposes. For their constant speed characteristics.

C- Self-Excited DC Motor
In Self-Excited DC Motors, the field winding is linked to the armature

winding in series, parallel, partly in series, or partly in parallel.

It is further divided into 3 categories which are :-

 Shunt-wound DC motor

 Series wound DC motor

 Compound wound DC motor

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EEE Dept. 2 ndyear

i- Shunt-wound DC motor

A DC shunt motor (also known as a shunt wound DC motor) is a type of

self-excited DC motor where the field windings are shunted to or are

connected in parallel to the armature winding of the motor. Since they are

connected in parallel, the armature and field windings are exposed to the

same supply voltage. Though there are separate branches for the flow of

armature current and field current – as shown in the figure of below.

DC Shunt Motor Equations:

Let us now consider the voltage and current being supplied from the

electrical terminal to the motor be given by E and Itotal respectively.

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EEE Dept. 2 ndyear

This supply current in case of the shunt wound DC motor is split up into 2

parts. Ia, flowing through the armature winding of resistance Ra and Ish

flowing through the field winding of resistance Rsh. The voltage across both

windings remains the same.

Voltage Equation of Shunt Motor:

Where :

 V is the terminal voltage

 Eb is the induced back e.m.f
 Ia is the armature current
 Ra is the armature resistance

The Shunt Field Current:

Where:

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U.O.Th - College of Engineering DC Motors Prepared by Mustafa Al Ghezi
EEE Dept. 2 ndyear

 Ish is the shunt field current

 Rsh is the shunt field resistance

Induced Back EMF:

The armature induced voltage Eb is proportional to the speed & it is given by:

Where :
 Kf is a constant based on machine construction
 Φ is the magnetic flux
 ω is the angular speed

Maximum Power Condition:

The output mechanical power is of shunt dc motor is maximum when the

back e.m.f. produced is equal to the half of its terminal voltage i.e.

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EEE Dept. 2 ndyear

Torque & Speed:

Where :
 N = speed of the motor in RPM
 P = No of poles
 Z = number of armature conductors
 A = number of armature parallel path

Speed Regulation:

It is a term expressed in percentage that shows the change of motor speed

when the load is changed.

Where:
 Nnl = No load speed of the motor

 Nfl = Full load speed of the motor

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U.O.Th - College of Engineering DC Motors Prepared by Mustafa Al Ghezi
EEE Dept. 2 ndyear

Input & Output Power:

Where :
 V = terminal voltage
 Ia = armature current
 T = torque of the motor
 ω = speed of the motor

Thus we put this value of armature current Ia to get general voltage equation
of a DC shunt motor.

Now in general practice, when the motor is in its running condition, and the

supply voltage is constant and the shunt field current given by,

i.e. field flux Φ is proportional to filed current Ish , Thus the field flux remains

more or less constant, and for this reason, a shunt wound DC motor is called

a constant flux motor.

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U.O.Th - College of Engineering DC Motors Prepared by Mustafa Al Ghezi
EEE Dept. 2 ndyear

Construction of a Shunt Wound DC Motor :

The construction of a dc shunt motor is pretty similar to other types of DC

motor, Just that there is one distinguishable feature in its designing which can

be explained by taking into consideration, the torque generated by the motor.

To produce high torque :-

1. The armature winding must be exposed to an amount of current that’s

much higher than the field windings current, as the torque is

proportional to the armature current.

2. The field winding must be wound with many turns to increase the flux

linkage, as flux linkage between the field and armature winding is also

proportional to the torque.

Keeping these two above mentioned criterion in mind a DC shunt

motor has been designed in a way, that the field winding possess much

higher number of turns to increase net flux linkage and are lesser in

diameter of conductor to increase resistance (reduce current flow)

compared to the armature winding of the DC motor. And this is how a

shunt wound DC motor is visibly distinguishable in static condition

from the DC series motor (having thicker field coils) of the self excited type

motor’s category.

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U.O.Th - College of Engineering DC Motors Prepared by Mustafa Al Ghezi
EEE Dept. 2 ndyear

Self-Speed Regulation of a Shunt Wound DC Motor

A very important and interesting fact about the DC shunt motor, is in its

ability to self-regulate its speed on the application of the load to the shaft of

the rotor terminals. This essentially means that on switching the motor

running condition from no load to loaded, surprisingly there is no

considerable change in speed of running, as would be expected in the absence

of any speed regulating modifications from outside. Let us see how?

Let us do a step-wise analysis to understand it better.

1. Initially considering the motor to be running under no load or lightly

loaded condition at a speed of N rpm.

2. On adding a load to the shaft, the motor does slow down initially,

but this is where the concept of self regulation comes into the picture.

3. At the very onset of load introduction to a shunt wound DC motor,

the speed definitely reduces, and along with speed also reduces

the back emf, Eb. Since Eb ∝ N, given by :

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U.O.Th - College of Engineering DC Motors Prepared by Mustafa Al Ghezi
EEE Dept. 2 ndyear

4. This reduction in the counter emf or the back emf Eb results in the

increase of the net voltage. As net voltage Enet = E − Eb. Since supply

voltage E remains constant.

5. As a result of this increased amount of net voltage, the armature

current increases and consequently the torque increases.

Since, Ia ∝ Τ given by :

The change in armature current and torque on supplying load is graphically

shown below.

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U.O.Th - College of Engineering DC Motors Prepared by Mustafa Al Ghezi
EEE Dept. 2 ndyear

6. This increase in the amount of torque increases the speed and thus

compensating for the speed loss on loading. Thus the final speed

characteristic of a DC shunt motor, looks like.

From there we can well understand this special ability of the shunt

wound DC motor to regulate its speed by itself on loading and thus its

rightly called the constant flux or constant speed motor. Because of which

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U.O.Th - College of Engineering DC Motors Prepared by Mustafa Al Ghezi
EEE Dept. 2 ndyear

it finds wide spread industrial application where ever constant speed

operation is required.

Characteristics of DC shunt motor:

A- Armature torque Ta & Armature current Ia characteristics:

For a shunt motor flux can be assumed practically constant (through at

heavy loads, ф decreases somewhat due to increased armature reaction),

hence Ta ∝ Ia Therefore electrical characteristic is shown below, is

practically a straight line through the origin. Shaft torque is shown as

dotted line.

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U.O.Th - College of Engineering DC Motors Prepared by Mustafa Al Ghezi
EEE Dept. 2 ndyear

B- Speed N & Armature current Ia characteristics:

As flux ɸ is assumed to be constant, we can say N ∝ Eb. But, as back

emf is also almost constant, the speed should remain constant. But

practically, ɸ as well as Eb decreases with increase in load. Back emf Eb

decreases slightly more than ɸ, therefore, the speed decreases slightly.

Generally, the speed decreases only by 5 to 15% of full load speed.

Therefore, a shunt motor can be assumed as a constant speed motor. In

speed vs. armature current characteristic in the following figure, the

straight horizontal line represents the ideal characteristic and the actual

characteristic is shown by the dotted line.

Speed vs armature current characteristics of DC shunt motor

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EEE Dept. 2 ndyear

C- Speed N & Armature torque Ta characteristics:

From Ta ,Ia and Na , Ia with increase with torque the speed of DC shunt

motor decreases. The nature of the characteristics is drooping in nature

shown in figure as given below.

Application of DC shunt motor

The characteristics of a DC shunt motor give it a very good speed

regulation, and it is classified as a constant speed motor, even though the

speed does slightly decrease as load is increased. Shunt wound motors are

used in industrial and automotive applications where precise control of

speed and torque are required.

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EEE Dept. 2 ndyear

Example1. A 250 volt DC shunt motor has armature resistance of 0.25 ohm on
load it takes an armature current of 50A and runs at 750rpm. If the flux of the
motor is reduced by 10% without changing the load torque, find the new speed of
the motor.
Solution:
Given data V = 250 Ra = 0.25

Example 2. A 230-V d.c. shunt motor has an armature resistance of 0.5 Ω and field
resistance of 115 Ω. At no load, the speed is 1200 r.p.m. and the armature current 2.5
A. On application of rated load, the speed drops to 1120 r.p.m. Determine the line
current and power input when the motor delivers rated load.

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Solution:

Example 3. A dc motor takes an armature current of 110A at 480 V. The armature

circuit resistance is 0.2 ohm. The machine has 6 poles and the armature is lap
connected with 864 conductors. The flux per pole is 0.05 Wb . Calculate (i) the speed
and (ii) gross torque developed by the armature?

Solution:

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Example 6: A 240 V, shunt DC motor takes an armature current of 20 A when

running at 960 rpm. The armature resistance is 0.2 Ω. Determine the no load speed if
the no load armature current is 1 A.
Solution:

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EEE Dept. 2 ndyear

Home work problems

1)

2)

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ii- DC Series Motor

In this motor, field, as well as stator windings, are coupled in series by each

other. Accordingly the armature and field current are equivalent.

In a series motor electric power is supplied between one end of the series

field windings and one end of the armature. When voltage is applied,

current flows from power supply terminals through the series winding and

armature winding. The large conductors present in the armature and field

windings provide the only resistance to the flow of this current. Since these

conductors are so large, their resistance is very low. This causes the motor

to draw a large amount of current from the power supply. When the large

current begins to flow through the field and armature windings, the coils

reach saturation that results in the production of the strongest magnetic

field possible.

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EEE Dept. 2 ndyear

The strength of these magnetic fields provides the armature shafts with the

greatest amount of torque possible. The large torque causes the armature to

begin to spin with the maximum amount of power and the armature starts

to rotate.

Voltage Equation Of Series Motor:

Speed of Series Motor:

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Input & Output Power

The input power of a series motor is given by:

Electrical Efficiency:
ηe = Converted power in armature / Input electrical Power

Mechanical Efficiency:
ηm = Converted power in armature / output mechanical power

Overall Efficiency:
η = Output mechanical Power / Input electrical Power
η = (Input Power – Total losses) / Input Power

Where :

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EEE Dept. 2 ndyear

 Pout is the useful output power

 Pa is the armature copper loss
 Pf is the field copper loss
 Pk is the constant losses that contains core losses & mechanical losses

Characteristics of DC series motor

A- Armature torque & armature current characteristics

We know that Ta ∝ ф Ia. In case of DC series motor as field windings also

carry the armature current ф ∝ Ia , T ∝Ia 2 .

At light loads, Ia and hence ф is small. But as Ia increases Ta increases as

the square of the current up-to saturation. After saturation ф becomes

constant, the characteristic becomes a straight line as shown in Figure

below. Therefore a series motor develops a torque proportional to the

square of the armature current. This characteristic is suited where huge

starting torque is required for accelerating heavy masses.

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B- Speed & armature current characteristics

N b/
In DC series motor Ia 
Therefore N a
If Ia increases, speed decreases. This characteristic is shown in figure

below. Therefore the speed is inversely proportional to armature current Ia.

When load is heavy Ia ia heavy thus speed is low. When load is low Ia is

low thus speed becomes dangerously high. Hence series motor should

never start without load on it.

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C- Speed & armature torque characteristics

From Ta, Ia and Na ,Ia characteristics Speed is inversely proportional to

torque. The characteristic is shown in figure as given below.

Applications of DC series motor

For a given input current, the starting torque developed by a DC

series motor is greater than that developed by a shunt motor. Hence series

motors are used where huge starting torques are necessary. Ex. Cranes,

hoists, electric traction etc. The DC series motor responds by decreasing its

speed for the increased in load. The current drawn by the DC series motor

for the given increase in load is lesser than DC shunt motor. The drop in

speed with increased load is much more prominent in series motor than

that in a shunt motor. Hence series motor is not suitable for applications

requiring a constant speed.

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Example 7:

Solution:

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EEE Dept. 2 ndyear

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Example 8:

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EEE Dept. 2 ndyear

Solution:

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 U.O.Th - College of Engineering DC Motors Prepared by Mustafa Al Ghezi
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iii- DC Compound motor

A compound wound DC motor (also known as a DC compound motor) is

a type of self-excited motor, and is made up of both series the field coils S1

S2 and shunt field coils F1 F2 connected to the armature winding as shown

in the figure below.

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Both the field coils provide for the required amount of magnetic flux, that

links with the armature coil and brings about the torque necessary to facilitate

rotation at the desired speed. As we can understand, a compound wound DC

motor is basically formed by the amalgamation of a shunt wound DC motor

and series wound DC motor to achieve the better off properties of both these

types. Like a shunt wound DC motor is bestowed with an extremely efficient

speed regulation characteristic, whereas the DC series motor has high starting

torque.

Types of Compound Wound DC Motor

The compound wound DC motor can further be subdivided into 2 major

types on the basis of its field winding connection with respect to the armature

winding, and they are:

Long Shunt Compound Wound DC Motor

In case of long shunt compound wound DC motor, the shunt field winding is

connected in parallel across the series combination of both the armature and

series field coil, as shown in the diagram below.

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Voltage and Current Equation of Long Shunt Compound Wound DC

Motor

Let E and Itotal be the total supply voltage and current supplied to the input

terminals of the motor. And Ia, Ise , Ish be the values of current flowing

through armature resistance Ra, series winding resistance Rse and shunt

winding resistance Rsh respectively.

Now we know in shunt motor,

And in series motor

Therefore, the current equation of a compound wound DC motor is given by

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And its voltage equation is,

Short Shunt Compound Wound DC Motor

In case of short shunt compound wound DC motor, the shunt field winding is

connected in parallel across the armature winding only. And series field coil is

exposed to the entire supply current, before being split up into armature and

shunt field current as shown in the diagram below.

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Voltage and Current Equation of Short Shunt Compound Wound DC

Motor

Here also let, E and Itotal be the total supply voltage and current supplied to

the input terminals of the motor. And Ia, Ise, Ish be the values of current

flowing through armature resistance Ra, series winding resistance Rse and

shunt winding resistance Rsh respectively.

But from the diagram above we can see,

Since the entire supply current flows through the series field winding.

And like in the case of a DC shunt motor,

Equation (2) and (3) gives the current equation of a short shunt compound

wound DC motor.

Now for equating the voltage equation, we apply Kirchoff’s law to the circuit

and get,

But since

Thus the final voltage equation can be written as,

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Apart from the above mentioned classification, a compound wound DC

motor can further be sub divided into 2 types depending upon excitation or

the nature of compounding. i.e.

Cumulative Compounding of DC Motor

A compound wound DC motor is said to be cumulatively compounded when

the shunt field flux produced by the shunt winding assists or enhances the

effect of main field flux, produced by the series winding.

Differential Compounding of DC Motor

Similarly a compound wound DC motor is said to be deferentially

compounded when the flux due to the shunt field winding diminishes the

effect of the main series winding. This particular trait is not really desirable,

and hence does not find much of a practical application.

The net flux produced in this case is lesser than the original flux and hence

does not find much of a practical application.

The compounding characteristic of the self excited DC motor is shown in the

figure below.

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Characteristics of DC compound motor

There are two different types of compound motors in common use,

they are the cumulative compound motor and the differential compound

motor. In the cumulative compound motor, the field produced by the series

winding aids the field produced by the shunt winding. The speed of this

motor falls more rapidly with increasing current than does that of the

shunt motor because the field increases. In the differential compound

motor, the flux from the series winding opposes the flux from the shunt

winding. The field flux, therefore, decreases with increasing load current.

Because the flux decreases, the speed may increases with increasing load.

Depending on the ratio of the series-to-shunt field ampere-turns, the motor

speed may increases very rapidly.

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characteristics of dc compound motor

Application of DC compound motor

Cumulative compound wound motors are virtually suitable for almost all

applications like business machines, machine tools, agitators and mixers etc.

Compound motors are used to drive loads such as shears, presses and

reciprocating machines.

Differential compound motors are seldom used in practice (because of rising

speed characteristics).

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Starting of DC Motor

The current drawn by the armature is given by

At starting, as N=0 so Eb = 0 thus

Armature resistance will be very low. Therefore, the current drawn by the

motor will be very high. In order to limit this high current, a starting

resistance is connected in series with the armature. The starting resistance

will be excluded from the circuit after the motor attains its rated speed.

From there on back emf limits the current drawn by the motor.

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Three Point Starter

The arrangement is shown in the figure below shows a three point starter

for shunt motor.

It consists of resistances arranged in steps, R1 to R5 connected in series

with the armature of the shunt motor. Field winding is connected across

the supply through a protective device called ‘NO – Volt Coil’. Another

protection given to the motor in this starter is ‘over load release coil’. To

start the motor the starter handle is moved from OFF position to Run

position gradually against the tension of a hinged spring. An iron piece is

attached to the starter handle which is kept hold by the No-volt coil at Run

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position. The function of No volt coil is to get de-energized and release the

handle when there is failure or disconnection or a break in the field circuit

so that on restoration of supply, armature of the motor will not be

connected across the lines without starter resistance. If the motor is over

loaded beyond a certain predetermined value, then the electromagnet of

overload release will exert a force enough to attract the lever which short

circuits the electromagnet of No volt coil. Short circuiting of No volt coil

results in de-energisation of it and hence the starter handle will be released

and return to its off position due to the tension of the spring.

If it is desire to control the speed of the motor in addition, then a field

rheostat is connected in the field circuit. The motor speed can be increased

by weakening the flux (N фBut there is one difficulty for control speed

with this arrangement. If too much resistance is cut in by the field rheostat,

then field current is reduced too much so that it is enable to create enough

electromagnetic pull to overcome the spring tension. Hence the arm is

pulled back to OFF position. It is this undesirable feature of a three-point

starter which makes it unsuitable for use with variable-sped motor. This

can be overcome with four-point starter.

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Four Point Starter

One important change is the No Volt Coil has been taken out of the shunt

field and has been connected directly across the line through a Protecting

resistance ‘R’. When the arm touches stud one. The current divides into

three paths, 1. Through the starter resistance and the armature, 2. Through

shunt field and the field rheostat and 3.Through No-volt Coil and the

protecting resistance ‘R’. With this arrangement, any change of current in

shunt field circuit does not affect the current passing though the NO-volt

coil because, the two circuits are independent of each other. Thus the

starter handle will not be released to its off position due to changes in the

field current which may happen when the field resistance is varied. Fig

given below shows internal view of 4-point starter.

Internal view of four point starter

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Speed Control of DC Motors

Speed control theory:

Speed of a DC motor can be controlled in a wide range.

The speed equation shows that speed can be controlled by :

1.Variation of field current which varies the flux/pole and is known as field

control.

2. Variation of armature resistance known as armature voltage control.

3. Variation of terminal voltage ‘V’ known as Ward Leonard method.

A- Speed control of Shunt motor:

1. Flux control method: It is already explained above that the speed of a dc

motor is inversely proportional to the flux per pole. Thus by decreasing the

flux, speed can be increased and vice versa.

To control the flux, a rheostat is added in series with the field winding, as

shown in the circuit diagram. Adding more resistance in series with the field

winding will increase the speed as it decreases the flux. In shunt motors, as

field current is relatively very small, Ish2R loss is small. Therefore, this

method is quite efficient. Though speed can be increased above the rated

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value by reducing flux with this method, it puts a limit to maximum speed as

weakening of field flux beyond a limit will adversely affect the commutation.

2. Armature control method: Speed of a dc motor is directly proportional to

the back emf Eb and Eb = V - IaRa. That means, when supply voltage V and

the armature resistance Ra are kept constant, then the speed is directly

proportional to armature current Ia. Thus, if we add resistance in series with

the armature, Ia decreases and, hence, the speed also decreases. Greater the

resistance in series with the armature, greater the decrease in speed.

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B- Speed control of dc series motor

1. Flux control method:

a. Field diverters: variable resistance is connected parallel to the series field

as shown in fig (a). This variable resistor is called as a diverter, as the desired

amount of current can be diverted through this resistor and, hence, current

through field coil can be decreased. Thus, flux can be decreased to the

desired amount and speed can be increased.

b. Armature diverter: Diverter is connected across the armature as shown in

fig (b). For a given constant load torque, if armature current is reduced then

the flux must increase, as Ta ∝ Ø Ia This will result in an increase in current

taken from the supply and hence flux Ø will increase and subsequently

speed of the motor will decrease.

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c. Tapped field control: As shown in fig (c) field coil is tapped dividing

number of turns. Thus we can select different value of Ø by selecting

different number of turns.

d. Paralleling field coils: In this method, several speeds can be obtained by

regrouping coils as shown in fig (d).

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2. Variable Resistance in series with Motor:

By increasing the resistance in series with the armature as shown in figure

given below the voltage applied across the armature terminals can be

decreased.

With reduced voltage across the armature, the speed is reduced. However, it

will be noted that since full motor current passes through this resistance,

there is a considerable loss of power in it.

C- Speed Control of a DC Compound Motor

Speed is controlled by variable resistors in the shunt field and armature

circuit. The series winding may be arranged that it aids the shunt field

(cumulative compound) or opposes it (differential compound).

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Cumulatively compounded motors are similar in characteristics to series

motors, while differential compounded motors are similar to shunt motors as

shown in the figure below:

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Losses and Efficiency of DC Machines

Efficiency of a DC motor:

Various losses occurring in a DC machine are listed below- Total losses can be
broadly divided into two types.
1) Constant losses
2) Variable losses

These losses can be further divided as :

1) Constant losses :
i) Core loss or iron loss
 Hysteresis loss
 Eddy current loss
ii) Mechanical loss
 Windage loss
 Friction loss – brush friction loss and Bearing friction loss.
2) Variable losses :
i) copper loss (I2 r)
 Armature copper loss
 Field copper loss
 Brush contact loss
ii) Stray load loss
 Copper stray load loss
 Core stray load loss

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Core loss or iron loss occurs in the armature core is due to the rotation of armature
core in the magnetic flux produced by the field system. Iron loss consists of a)
Hysteresis loss and b) Eddy current loss.

Power Stages of DC Motor:

Power flow in a DC generator is shown in figure

Power flow in a DC motor

Overall or commercial Efficiency= C/A

Electrical Efficiency = B/A
Mechanical Efficiency = C/B
A-B = Cu Losses And B – C = iron and friction losses

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Example :

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