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Day 40 Date: 15th Feb 2023
Starting
CBSE Sample Papers for Class 12 Geography Set 1 with Solutions
Time Allowed : 3 hours
Maximum Marks: 70
General Instructions:
This Question paper has four sections: Section A, Section B, Section C, and Section D
In Section A question number 1 to 17 are MCQ Type Questions.
In Section B question number 18-23 are Short Answer Type Questions (80-100) words. Question 18 & 19 are
source-based questions.
In Section C question number 24 to 28 are Long Answer based Questions (120-150) words.
In Section’D question number 29 to 30 are Map based Questions having 5 sub-parts.

Section-A

There are 17 questions in this section, All are mandatory

Question 1.Which two cities are connected by Channel Tunnel? [1]
(A) London with Barcelona
(B) London with Berlin
(C) London with Paris
(D) London with Rome
Answer: (A) London with Barcelona
Explanation: Underground Railways are important in London and Paris, Channle Tunnel, operated by Euro
Tunnel Group through England, connects London with Paris.
Question 2. Which of the following pairs is matched correctly? Name of the Country Oil Port [1]
(A) Tunisia Tripoli
(B) Lebanon Esskhira
(C) Venezuela Maracaibo
(D) Oman Aden
Answer:
(C) Venezuela Maracaibo
Explanation: Venzuela has oil reserves in the Mene Grande field on eastern shore of Lake Maracaibo.
Question 3.
Which of the following may be interpreted as a spontaneous effort to achieve a better balance between
population and resources? [1]
(A) Migration
(B) Growth Rate
(C) Birth Rate
(D) Death Rate
Answer:
(A) Migration
Explanation: Because migration maybe permanent, temporary or seasonal. It may take place from rural to
rural areas, rural to urban areas, urban to urban areas and urban to rural areas.
Question 4.
Which of the following features is related to the second stage of Demographic Transition Theory? [1]
(A) Fertility and Mortality decline considerably
(B) Decline in Mortality but fertility remains high
(C) Fertility and Mortality are high
(D) Fertility declines and Mortality high
Answer:
(B) Decline in Mortality but fertility remains high
Explanation: Fertility remains high in the beginning of second stage but it declines with time. This is
accompaied by reduced mortality rate
Question 5.
What is the major export from New Mangalore ports? [1]
(A) Coal
(B) iron ore
(C) Copper
(D) Mica
Answer:
(B) iron ore
Explanation: The major exports shipped through the new Mangalore Ports is Iron Ore. It also handles the
imports of petroleum products, Fertilizers, edible oil etc.
Question 6.
Which of the following is a feature of Kandla Port? [1]
(A) It is the biggest port of the country
(B) Its harbour is situated at Zuari estuary
(C) It is situated at the head of Gulf of Kachchh
(D) It is the oldest port of India
Answer:
(C) It is situated at the head of Gulf of Kachchh
Explanation: Kandla, officially Deendayal port, is a port and city in Kutch in Gujarat, near the city of
Gandhidham.
Question 7.
Which of the following is incorrectly matched? Name of the State Coal Mining Centre [1]
(A) Telangana Singareni
(B) Maharashtra Korba
(C) Odisha Talcher
(D) West Bengal Raniganj
Answer:
(B) Maharashtra Korba
Explanation: Korba coal mine is situated in Chhattisgarh. It is not located in Maharashtra.
Question 8.
Identify the correct order of location from west to east, for the given natural gas reserves of India. [1]
(A) Ankaleshwar, Tripura, Jaisalmer, Krishna Godavari basin
(B) Jaisalmer, Ankaleshwar, Krishna Godavari basin, Tripura
(C) Tripura, Jaisalmer, Krishna Godavari basin, Ankaleshwar
(D) Krishna Godavari basin, Ankaleshwar, Tripura, Jaisalmer
Answer:
(B) Jaisalmer, Ankaleshwar, Krishna Godavari basin, Tripura
Question 9.
Which of the following are industrial towns of India? [1]
(A) Hugh, Salem, Bhilai
(B) Jamshedpur, Pushkar, Ujjain
(C) Coimbatore, New Delhi, Imphal
(D) Chandigarh, Mugalsarai, Shillong
Answer:
(A) Hugh, Salem, Bhilai
Explanation: Some of the most well known industrial towns in India are Salem, Bhilai and also in some sense
Hugh.
Question 10.
Which of the following are the features of Urban Settlements in India? [1]
(A) Complex way of life, manufacturing of finished goods, nodes of economic growth.
(B) Intimate social relations, mainly primary economic activities, people are less mobile.
(C) Economy mainly based on primary activities, providing food and raw materials, and social relations are
formal.
(D) Provide a variety of services, poor transport networks, social relations are intimate.
Answer:
(A) Complex way of life, manufacturing of finished goods, nodes of economic growth.
The urban settlements are engaged in a variety of non-agricultural, economic and administrative functions
and they lead a very complex way of life and are totally different from rural settlements.
Question 11.
Arrange the following in correct sequence: [1]
Following is the sequence of generating geothermal energy :
(i) It is so hot that when it rises to the earth’s surface, it turns into steam.
(ii) Groundwater in such areas (where the geothermal gradient is high) absorbs heat from the rocks and
becomes hot.
(iii) This steam is used to drive turbines and generate electricity.
(iv) Geothermal energy exists, because the earth grows progressively hotter with increasing depth.
(A) (iv) – (ii) – (i) – (iii)
(B) (ii) – (i) – (iv) – (iii)
(C) (i) – (iv) – (iii) – (ii)
(D) (iii) – (ii) – (iv) – (i)
Answer:
(A) (iv) – (ii) – (i) – (iii)
Explanation:
(i) Geothermal energy exists, because the Earth grows progressively hotter with increasing depth.
(ii) Groundwater in such areas (where the geothermal gradient is high) absorbs heat from the rocks and
becomes hot.
(iii) It is so hot that when it rises to the Earth’s surface it turns into steam.
(iv) This steam is used to drive turbines and generate electricity.
Question 12.
Consider the following statements and choose the correct option from the given options : [1]
I. The WTO however has been criticized and opposed by those who are worried about the effects of Free trade
and economic globalization.
II. Free trade does not make ordinary people’s lives more prosperous.
Options:
(A) Only statement I is correct
(B) Both the statements are true and statement II correctly present the reason for statement I
(C) Only Statement II is correct
(D) Both the statements I and II are incorrect
Answer:
(B) Both the statements are true and statement II correctly present the reason for statement I
Explanation: It is argued that Free Trade does not make ordinary people’s live more prosperous. It is actually
widening the Gulf between rich and poor by making rich countries more rich.
Question 13.
Assertion: Settlements can be of various types. [1]
Reason: Various physical factors affect the growth of settlements.
Options:
(A) Only assertion is correct
(B) Only reason is correct
(C) Both statements are correct. Statement II correctly explains statement I
(D) Both are correct but not related to each other
Answer:
(C) Both statements are correct. Statement II correctly explains statement I
Explanation: Several physical features like nature of terrain, altitude, climate and availability of water etc.
affect the growth of settlements.
Question 14.
Assertion: Mediterranean regions have been inhabited from early periods in history. [1]
Reason: Plain areas are favorable for the production of crops and to build roads and industries.
(A) Only assertion is correct
(B) Only reason is correct
(C) Both assertion and reason are correct and reason is the correct explanation for assertion
(D) Both assertion and reason are correct but reason is not the correct explanation for assertion
Answer:
(D) Both assertion and reason are correct but reason is not the correct explanation for assertion
Explanation: The Mediterranean Sea was the Central Superhighway of Transport, Trade and Cultural exchange
between diverse people encompassing three continents : Western Asia, North African and Southern Europe.
Read the following case study and answer question no 15 to 17 :
Ralegan Siddhi is a small village in the district of Ahmadnagar, Maharashtra. It has become an example for
watershed development throughout the country. In 1975, this village was caught in a web of poverty and illicit
liquor trade. The transformation took place when a retired army personnel settled down in the village and took
up the task of watershed development. He convinced villagers about the importance of family planning and
voluntary labour; preventing open grazing, felling trees, and liquor prohibition.
Voluntary labour was necessary to ensure minimum dependence on the government for financial aid. Even
those who were working outside the village contributed to the development by committing a month’s salary
every year. Work began with the percolation tank constructed in the village. In 1975, the tank could not hold
water. The embankment wall leaked. People voluntarily repaired the embankment. The seven wells below it
swelled with water in summer for the first time in the living memory of the people. The people reposed their
faith in him and his visions.
A youth group called Tarun Mandal was formed. The group worked to ban the dowry system, caste
discrimination and un touch ability. Liquor distilling units were removed and prohibition imposed. Open
grazing was completely banned with a new emphasis on stallfeeding. The cultivation of water intensive crops
like sugarcane was banned. Crops such as pulses, oilseeds and certain cash crops with low water
requirements were encouraged. All elections to local bodies began to be held on the basis of consensus. “It
made the community leaders complete representatives of the people.
” A system of Nyaya Panchayats (informal courts) were also set up. Since then, no case has been referred to
the police. A Rs. 22 lakh school building was constructed using only the resources of the village. No
donations were taken. Money, if needed, was borrowed and paid back. The villagers took pride in this
self-reliance. A new system of sharing labour grew out of this infusion of pride and voluntary spirit. People
volunteered to help each other in agricultural operations. Landless labourers also gained employment.
Question 15.
Which of the following methods of water conservation brought prosperity in Ralegan Siddhi? [1]
(A) Rainwater harvesting
(B) Watershed development
(C) Groundwater recharge
(D) Construction of dams.
Answer:
(B) Watershed development
Question 16.
Which of the following measures were taken to increase democratic participation in the village? [1]
(A) Construction of school
(B) Local body elections
(C) Liquor prohibition
(D) All of the above
Answer:
(B) Local body elections
Question 17.
Which of the following made Ralegan Siddhi independent of government’s financial aid? [1]
(A) Prohibition of liquor
(B) Voluntary labour
(C) Local body election
(D) Agriculture
Answer:
(B) Voluntary labour
Section-B
Short Answer Type Questions 18 & 19 are source based questions
Question 18.
Read the given Passage carefully and answer the questions that follow: [3]
Bharmaur tribal area comprises Bharmaur and Holi tehsils of Chamba district of Himachal Pradesh. It has
been a notified tribal area since 21 November 1975. Bharmaur is inhabited by “Gaddi”, a tribal community who
have maintained a distinct identity in the Himalayan region as they practiced transhumance and conversed
through Gaddiali dialect. Bharmaur tribal region has harsh climate conditions, low resource base and fragile
environment. These factors have influenced the society and Economy of the region.
According to the 2011 .census, the total population of Bharmaur sub-division was 39,113 i.e., 21 persons per
sq km. It is one of the most (economically and socially) backward areas of Himachal Pradesh. Historically, the
Gaddis have experienced geographical and political isolation and socio-economic deprivation. The economy
is largely based on agriculture and allied activities such as sheep and goat rearing. The process of
development of the tribal area of Bharmaur started in the 1970s when Gaddis were included among
“scheduled tribes”.
Under the Pifth Live Year Plan, the tribal sub-plan was introduced in 1974 and Bharmaur was designated as
one of the five Integrated Tribal Development Projects (ITDP) in Himachal Pradesh. This area development
plan was aimed at improving the quality of life of the Gaddis and narrowing the gap in the level of
development between Bharmaur and other areas of Himachal Pradesh. This plan laid the highest priority on
development of transport and communications, agriculture and allied activities, and social and community
services.
1. How have the Gaddi Tribal Community maintained a distinct identity in the Himalayan region?
2. Which factors have influenced the society and Economy of the region to remain backward?
3. Under the Integrated Tribal Development Project, Which areas were given the highest priority?
Answer:
1. The Gaddi Tribal Communities have maintained a distinct identity in the Himalayan region as they
practiced transhumance and conversed through Gaddiali dialect.
2. Bharmaur tribal region has harsh climate conditions, low resource base and fragile environment. These
factors have influenced the society and economy of the region.
3. This plan laid the highest priority on development of transport and communications, agriculture and
allied activities, and social and community services.
Question 19.
Observe the given map and answer the following questions: [3]
(i) Name the Railway line and name the country where it lies.
(ii) Name the stations marked as A’ and ‘B’.
(iii) State two reasons why it is the most important route in Asia?
Answer:
(i) The longest railway line is Trans-Siberian Railway Line. It is located in Asiatic Russia. 1
(ii) Station A: Moscow
Station B: Chita 1
(iii) It is the most important route in Asia because :
(a) It has helped in opening up its Asian region to West European Markets.
(b) Chita is an important Agro-centre and Irkutsk, a fur center connecting them to Odissa in the South.
Question 20.
What is meant by the density of population? Explain with examples the physical and economic factors which
affect population distribution. [3]
OR
With the help of a neat and labeled diagram, explain the three stages of the Demographic Transition Theory.
Answer:
(1) The density of population is a measure of human and land relationship. It is expressed as the number of
persons per unit area. It helps in getting a better understanding of spatial distribution of population in relation
to land.
(2) The physical factors like climate, terrain and availability of water affects population distribution. For
example the North India Plains, Deltas and Coastal plains have a higher proportion of population than other
regions of the country.
(3) Economic factors like industrialisation, urbanisation and development of transport networks cause high
concentration of population in urban regions of Delhi, Mumbai, Kolkata, Bangalore, Pune etc.
OR
The above diagram explains the three-stages model of Demographic Transition Theory :
(1) The first stage has high Fertility and high mortality because people reproduce more to compensate for the
deaths due to epidemics and variable food supply. The population growth is slow and most of the people are
engaged in agriculture where large families are an asset. Life expectancy is low, people are mostly illiterate
and have low levels of technology. Two hundred years ago all the countries of the world were in this stage.
(2) Fertility remains high in the beginning of the second stage but it declines with time. This is accompanied
by a reduced mortaility rate. Improvements in sanitation and health conditions lead to decline in mortality.
Because of this gap the net addition to population is high.
(3) In the last stage, both fertility and mortality decline considerably. The population is either stable or grows
slowly. The population becomes urbanised, literate and has high technical know how and deliberately
controls the family size. This shows that human beings are extremely flexible and are able to adjust their
fertility.
Question 21.
Examine the features of cottage manufacturing or household industries. [3]
Answer:
The features of cottage manufacturing or household industries :
1. It is the smallest manufacturing unit.
2. Use of local raw materials and simple tools by the artisans.
3. Goods are produced for everyday use in the homes of artisans with the help of family members.
4. Finished products are used in the same household or sold in the local market.
5. Some common examples of products produced in this sector include food stuffs, containers, fabrics,
tools, furniture, figurines, jewelry, pottery etc. (Any three points)
Question 22.
How is “Naturalization of Humans” different from “Humanisation of Nature”? [3]
OR
Answer:
Naturalization of humans Humanisation of nature

(1) This refers to early stages of (1) This refers to the interaction
interaction between the natural between the forces of nature and
environment and humans where humans who begin to understand
humans are adapted to dictates of the forces of nature.
nature.
(2) It indicates a very low level of (2) It indicates devel-opment of
technol-ogy and social devel-opment. efficient technology and better
social and cultural relations.

(3) Naturalized humans listen to (3) Humans move from a stage of

nature, are afraid of its fury and necessity to a state of freedom.
worship nature.

(4) Direct dependence of humans on (4) Resources are ob-tained from

nature. the en-vironment to create more
opportunities.

(5) The physical envi-ronment for (5) Humans make use of nature so
natu-ralised humans becomes mother that nature gets humanized
na-ture. show-ing the imprints of hu-man
activities.
“The approaches to the study of human geography have been evolving over a period of time”. How have
these schools of thought changed the approaches of study to human geography? of human geography have
been evolving over a period of time”. And these schools of thought changed the approaches of study to
human geography in following ways :
(1) Welfare of humanistic school of thought in human geography was mainly concerned with the different
aspects of social well-being of the people. These included aspects such as housing, health and education.
Geographers have already introduced a paper as Geography of Social well-being in the Post Graduate
curriculum
(2) Radical school of thought employed Marxian theory to explain the basic cause of poverty, deprivation and
social inequality. Contemporary social problems were related to the development of capitalism.
(3) The behavioral school of thought laid great emphasis on lived experience and also on the perception of
space by social categories based on ethnicity, race and religion, etc.
Question 23.
Elucidate any 3 characteristics of the most effective and advanced personal communication system in India.
[3]
Answer:
The characteristics of Internet are as follows :
1. The Internet is the most effective and advanced personal communication system in India.
2. Enables the user to establish direct access to the word of knowledge and information.
3. It’s like a huge central warehouse of data with detailed information on various topics.
4. Provides information on low cost.
5. Its being used increasingly for e-commerce and carrying out money transactions. (Any three) (3)
Section-C
Questions numbers 24 to 28 are Long Answer based questions
Question 24.
Describe the main characteristics of Intensive Subsistence Agriculture. In which parts of the world this type of
agriculture is practiced? [5]
Answer:
Intensive agriculture is largely found in densely populated regions of monsoon Asia. There are two types of
Intensive Subsistence Agriculture.
(i) Intensive subsistence agriculture dominated by Wet Paddy cultivation :
● This type of agriculture is characterized by dominance of the Rice crop.
● Land holdings are very small due to the high density of population.
● Farmers work with the help of family labour leading to intensive use of land.
 ● Use of machinery is limited and most of the agricultural operations are done by manual labour.
● Farm, yard manure is used to maintain the fertility of the soil. In this type of agriculture, the yield per unit
area is high but per labour productivity is low. (Any two)
(ii) Intensive subsistence agriculture dominated by crops other than Paddy:
● Due to the difference in relief, climate, soil and some of the other geographical factors, it is not practical
to grow paddy in many parts of monsoon Asia.
● Wheat, Soyabean, Barley and Sorghum are ‘grown in Northern China, Manchuria, North Korea and North
Japan.
● In India wheat is grown in Western parts of the Indo-Gangetic plains and Millets are grown in dry parts of
Western and Southern India.
● Most of the characteristics of this type of agriculture are similar to those dominated by Wet Paddy
except that irrigation is often used. (Any two)
Question 25.
Discuss the problems of Slums and Urban Waste Disposal in developing countries like India. [5]
Answer:
The problems of Slums and Waste Disposal are following:
The slums, jhuggi-jhopri clusters and colonies of shanty structures is a major problem faced by the urban
settlements in developing countries like India. These are inhabited by those people who were forced to
migrate from the rural areas to these urban centers in search of livelihood but could not afford proper housing
due to high rent and high cost of land. They occupy environmentally incompatible and degraded areas.
Slums are residential areas of the least choice, dilapidated houses, poor hygienic conditions, poor ventilation,
lack of amenities, like drinking water, light and toilet facilities, etc. Open defecation; unregulated drainage
systems and overcrowded narrow street patterns are serious health and socio environmental hazards. Most of
the slum population works in low-paid, high risk- prone, unorganized sectors of the urban economy.
Consequently, they are the undernourished, prone to different types of diseases and illness and can not
afford to give proper education to their children. The poverty makes them vulnerable to drug abuse,
alcoholism, crime, vandalism, escapism, apathy and ultimately social exclusion. 5
Question 26.
How have good governance and people-oriented policies with reference to the pillars of human development,
increased the values of freedom and capabilities? [5]
OR
“The ways to measure human development are constantly being redefined”. Evaluate this statement keeping
in mind the attainments and shortfall in human development.
Answer:
Just as any building is supported by pillars, the idea of human development is supported by the concepts of
Equity, Sustainability, Productivity and Empowerment.
(i) Equity refers to making equal access to opportunities available to everybody. The opportunities available to
people must be equal irrespective of their gender, race, income and in the Indian case, caste. Yet this is very
often not the case and happens in almost every society.
For example, in any country, it is interesting to see in which group the most of the school dropouts belong to.
This should then lead to an understanding of the reasons for such behaviour. In India, a large number of
women and persons belonging to socially and economically backward groups dropout of school. This shows
how the choices of these groups get limited by not having access to knowledge.
(ii) Sustainability means continuity in the availability of opportunities. To have sustainable human
development, each generation must have the same opportunities. All environment, financial and human
resources must be used keeping in mind the future. Misuse of any of these resources will lead to fewer
opportunities for future generations. A good example is about the importance of sending girls to school.
If a community does not stress the importance of sending its girl children to school, many opportunities will
be lost to these young women when they grow up. Their career choices will be severely curtailed and this
would affect other aspects of their lives. So each generation must ensure the availability of choices and
opportunities to its future generations.
(iii) Productivity here means human labour productivity or productivity in terms of human work. Such
productivity must be constantly enriched by building capabilities in people. Ultimately, it is people who are the
real wealth of nations. Therefore, efforts to increase their knowledge, or provide better health facilities
ultimately leads to better work efficiency.
(iv) Empowerment means to have the power to make choices. Such power comes from increasing freedom
and capability. Good governance and people- oriented policies are required to empower people. The
empowerment of socially and economically disadvantaged groups is of special importance. 5
OR
The ways to measure human development are constantly being refined and newer ways of capturing different
elements of human development are being researched. Researchers have found links between the level of
corruption of political freedom in a particular region. There is also a discussion
regarding a political freedom index and a listing of the most corrupt countries. The Human Development Index
measures attainments in human development. It reflects what has been achieved in the key areas of human
development. Yet it is not the most reliable measure. This is because it does not say anything about the
distribution. The human poverty index is related to the human development index. This index measures the
shortfall in human development. It is a non-income measure.
The probability of not surviving till the age of 40, the adult illiteracy rate, the number of people who do not
have access to clean water, and the number of small children who are underweight are all taken into account
to show the shortfall in human development in any reigon. Often the human poverty index is more revealing
than the human development index. Looking at both these measures of human development together gives an
accurate picture of the human development situation in a country. (5)
Question 27.
Justify the tremendous growth of the Service Sector in developed and developing countries than the
manufacturing sector? Explain giving suitable examples. [5]
Answer:
(i) Highly sophisticated machines and technology are available now. Manufacturing sector which can be
operated and controlled by a few people, due to which many people earlier employed in the manufacturing
sector are seeking jobs in the service sector.
(ii) Most of the manufacturing companies need a large number of people in non direct production sector like
clerical, managerial, advertising, sales, legal and financial experts which have a higher income than the
people employed in direct production.
(iii) The service sector is growing in importance because more and more females are seeking employment in
this sector which provides a better working environment and high per capita income than in the
manufacturing sector.
(iv) With growing income, people are demanding more services like medical facilities, entertainment,
hospitality industries, travel and tourism, etc. As a result of which the service sector has drastically expanded
in all directions. It is a good thing that many people get employment through these industries. For example, if
tourism increases, then people in the hospitality industry get employment.
(v) Growth in Service Sector indicates a growth in GDP. Hence, the government makes all efforts to uplift the
service sector by providing provident funds, gratuity, pension, etc. to the employees. This also increases the
per capita income of the people.

Question 28.
Analyse any five problems faced by Indian farmers in agriculture. [5]
OR
On the basis of the main source of moisture for crops, analyse the types of farming in the Indian scenario.
Answer:
Problems faced by Indian Farmers in Agriculture are as follows :
(i) Dependence on Erratic Monsoon: Irrigation covers only about 33 per cent of the cultivated area in India.
The crop production in the rest of the cultivated land directly depends on rain. Poor performance of
South-west Monsoon also adversely affects the supply of canal water for irrigation. On the other hand, the
rainfall in Rajasthan and other drought
prone areas is too meagre and highly unreliable. Even the areas receiving high annual rainfall experience
considerable fluctuations. This makes them vulnerable to both droughts and floods. Drought is a common
phenomenon in the low rainfall areas, which may also experience occasional floods. The flash floods in
drylands of Maharashtra, Gujarat and Rajasthan in 2006 and 2017 are examples of this phenomenon. Droughts
and floods continue to be the twin menace in Indian agriculture.
(ii) Low Productivity :
The yield of the crops in the country is low in comparison to the international level. Per hectare output of most
of the crops such as rice, wheat, cotton and oil seeds in India is much lower than that of the U.S.A. Russia and
Japan. Because of the very hgih pressure on the land resources, the labour productivity in Indian agriculture
is also very low in comparison to international level. The vast rainfed areas of the country, particularly
drylands which mostly grow coarse cereals, pulses and oilseeds have low yields.
(iii) Constraints of Financial Resources and Indebtedness:
The inputs of modem agriculture are very expensive. This resources intensive approach has become
unmanageable for marginal and small farmers as they have very meagre or no savings to invest in agriculture.
To tide over these difficulties, most of such farmers have resorted to availing credit from various institutions
and moneylenders. Crop failures and low returns from agriculture have forced them to fall in the trap of
indebetedness.
(iv) Lack of Land Reforms:
Indian peasanty had been exploited for a long time as there had been unequal distribution of land. Among the
three revenue systems operational during the British period, i.e., Mahalwari, Ryotwari and Zamindari, the last
one was most exploitative for the peasants. After Independence, land reforms were accorded priority, but
these reforms were not implemented effectively due to lack of strong political will. Most of the State
Governments avoided taking politically tough decisions which went against strong political lobbies of
landlords. Lack of implementation of land reforms has resulted in continuation of iniquitous distribution of
cultivable land which is detrimental to agricultural development.
(v) Landholdings:
There are a large number of marginal and small farmers in the country. The average size of land holding is
shrinking under increasing population pressure. Furthermore, in India, the land holdings are mostly
fragmented. There are some states where consolidation of holding has not been carried out even once. Even
in the states where it has been carried out once, second consolidation is required as land holdings, have
fragmented again in the process opf division of land among the owners of next generations. The small size of
fragmented landholdings are uneconomic.
(vi) Lack of Commercialisation:
A large number of farmers produce crops for self-consumption. These farmers do not have enough land
resources to produce more than their requirement. Most of the small and marginal farmers grow foodgrains,
which are meant for their own family consumption. Modernisation and commercialization of agriculture have,
however, taken place in the irrigated areas.
(vii) Vast Underemployment:
There is a massive underemployment in the agricultural sector in India, particularly in the unirrigated tracts. In
these areas, there is seasonal unemployment ranging from 4 to 8 months. Even in the cropping season, work
is not available throughout as agricultural operations are not labour intensive. Hence, the people engaged in
agriculture do not have the opportunity to work round the year. (Any 5 points) (5)
OR
On the basis of the main source of moisture for crops, the farming can be classified as irrigated and rainfed
(barani).
There is difference in the nature of irrigated farming, as well as based on the objective of irrigation, i.e.,
protective or productive. The objective of protective irrigation is to protect the crops from adverse effects of
soil moisture deficiency which often means that irrigation acts as a supplementary source of Water over and
above the rainfall. The strategy of this kind of irrigation is to provide soil moisture to the maximum possible
area. Productive irrigation is meant to provide sufficient soil moisture in the cropping season to achieve high
productivity. In such irrigation the water input per unit area of cultivated land is higher than protective
irrigation. Rainfed farming is further classified on the basis of adequacy of soil moisture during cropping
season into dryland and wetland farming
In India, the dryland farming is largely confined to the regions having annual rainfall less than 75 cm. These
regions grow hardy and drought resistant crops such as Ragi, Bajra, Moong, Gram and Guar (Fodder crops)
and practice various measures of Soil Moisture conservation and Rainwater Harvesting. In wetland farming,
the rainfall is in excess of the soil moisture requirement of plants during the Rainy season. Such regions may
face Flood and Soil Erosion hazards. These areas grow various water intensive crops such as Rice, Jute and
Sugarcane and practice Aquaculture in the freshwater bodies. [5]
 Section-D
Questions numbers 29 & 30 are Map based questions having 5 sub-parts each
Question 29.
On the given political map of the world, the following seven features are shown. Identify any five of these
features and write their correct names on the lines marked near each feature. [5]

(A) A Shipping Canal

(B) An International Airport
(C) An International Seaport
(D) An area of Extensive Commercial Grain farming
(E) A Nomadic Herding area
(F) Largest Country of South America
(G) A Major Seaport
Answer:
(A) Panama Canal
(B) Frankfurt Airport
(C) Hong Kong Port
(D) Downs
(E) Sub-Sahara or Sahara Desert
(F) Brazil
(G) Sydney Port
Question 30.
On the given political map of India, locate and label any five of the following with appropriate symbols
Answer:
(A) Kandla
(B) Khetri
(C) Baraursi
(D) Arunanchal Pradesh
(E) Karnataka
(F) Thiruvananthapuram
(G) Goa

(From cbselearn)