Matlab
Tutorial
for
Basic
Matrix
Operations
and
Force
Analysis
Quan
Wang,
ECSE,
RPI
IEA
Graduate
TA
for
Section
3
wangq10@rpi.edu
My
Office
Hours
* Location:
JEC
2001
* Monday:
4:00
–
5:00
* Tuesday:
1:00
–
5:00
* Friday:
1:00
–
4:00
Row
Vector
* Use
space
or
comma
to
separate
elements
* E.g.
>> A=[1 2 3]!
!
A =!
!
1 2 3!
!
>> B=[4,5,6]!
!
B =!
!
4 5 6!
Column
Vector
* Use
semicolon
to
separate
elements
* E.g.
!
>> C=[7;8;9]!
!
C =!
!
7!
8!
9!
Matrix
* Matrix
can
be
viewed
as
a
column
vector
of
row
vectors
* Use
semicolon
to
separate
rows,
and
use
space
or
comma
to
separate
elements
in
a
row
* E.g.
!
>> D=[1 2 3;4,5,6]!
!
D =!
!
1 2 3!
4 5 6!
Vector
and
Matrix
* Row
vector
is
a
special
case
of
matrix:
only
one
row
* Column
vector
is
a
special
case
of
matrix:
only
one
column
* Scalar
is
also
a
special
case
of
matrix:
only
one
row
and
only
one
column
Element
of
Matrix
* If
A
is
a
matrix,
then
A(i,j)
is
the
element
in
the
ith
row
and
jth
column
* E.g.
>> A=[1 2 3 4;5 6 7 8;1 3 5 7]!
!
A =!
!
1 2 3 4!
5 6 7 8!
1 3 5 7!
!
>> A(3,2)!
!
ans =!
!
3!
Submatrix
* If
A
is
a
matrix,
then
A(i:j,m:n)
is
the
submatrix
of
A,
which
is
the
intersection
of
ith
row
to
jth
row
of
A
and
mth
column
to
nth
column
of
A
(colon
means
“to”)
* E.g.
>> A=[1 2 3 4;5 6 7 8;1 3 5 7]!
!
A =!
!
1 2 3 4!
5 6 7 8!
1 3 5 7!
!
>> A(2:3,1:2)!
!
ans =!
!
5 6!
1 3!
Basic
Operations
of
Matrix
* Addition:
A+B
* Subtraction:
A-‐B
* Scalar
multiplication:
a*A
* Element
by
element
multiplication:
A.*B
* Matrix
multiplication:
A*B
* Power
of
matrix:
A^n
* Determinant
of
matrix:
det(A)
Example
* Use
Matlab
to
verify
that
AB=BA
is
not
necessarily
true
* Observe
the
difference
between
A.*B
and
A*B
* E.g.
Use
A =!
1 2!
3 4!
!
B =!
4 3!
2 1!
Example
>> A=[1 2;3 4]! >> A*B!
A =! !
1 2! ans =!
3 4! 8 5!
! 20 13!
>> B=[4 3;2 1]! !
! >> B*A!
B =! !
4 3! ans =!
2 1! 13 20!
! 5 8!
! !
! >> A.*B!
! !
! ans =!
! 4 6!
! 6 4!
!
!
!
Transpose
* Transpose
of
A:
A’
* Transpose
of
a
row
vector
is
a
column
vector,
vice
versa
>> A=[1 2;3 4;5 6]! >> u=[1 2 3]!
! !
A =! u =!
! !
1 2! 1 2 3!
3 4! !
5 6! >> u'!
! !
>> A'! ans =!
! !
ans =! 1!
! 2!
1 3 5! 3!
2 4 6!
Norm
and
Size
* norm()
computes
the
magnitude
of
a
vector
* size()
gives
the
dimensionality
of
a
matrix
* E.g.
>> u=[1;1]! >> A=[1 2 3;4 5 6]! >> size(A)!
! ! !
u =! A =! ans =!
! ! !
1! 1 2 3! 2 3!
1! 4 5 6!
! !
>> norm(u)! >> size(u)!
! !
ans =! ans =!
! !
1.4142! 2 1!
! !
Dot
(Inner)
Product
of
Vectors
* dot(u,v)
* If
both
u
and
v
are
column
vectors,
we
can
also
use
matrix
multiplication:
u’*v
>> u=[1;2;3]! >> dot(u,v)!
! !
u =! ans =!
! !
1! 10!
2! !
3! >> u'*v!
! !
>> v=[3;2;1]! ans =!
! !
v =! 10!
!
3!
2!
1!
Example:
Angle
and
Projection
* u=(2,0,0),
v=(3,3,3)
* Use
Matlab
to
compute
1. The
angle
between
u
and
v
in
degrees
2. The
projection
of
v
on
u
!!!
!"#! ! ! !
! !
!!!
!"#!! ! ! !!
! !
Example:
Angle
and
Projection
>> u=[2;0;0]! >> angle=acosd(dot(u,v)/(norm(u)*norm(v)))!
! !
u =! angle =!
! !
2! 54.7356!
0! !
0! >> proj_v_on_u=dot(u,v)/norm(u)^2*u!
! !
>> v=[3;3;3]! proj_v_on_u =!
! !
v =! 3!
! 0!
3! 0!
3!
3!
!
Cross
Product
and
Moment
* cross(u,v)
computes
the
cross
product
of
u
and
v
* E.g.
* F=(3,1,1)
is
a
force
on
point
B,
the
vector
from
B
to
point
A
is
(2,0,0),
what
is
the
moment
of
F
about
point
A?
Cross
Product
and
Moment
* F=(3,1,1)
is
a
force
on
point
B,
the
vector
from
B
to
point
A
is
(2,0,0),
what
is
the
moment
of
F
about
point
A?
>> F=[3,1,1]!
!
F =!
!
3 1 1!
!
>> B_A=[2,0,0]!
!
B_A =!
!
2 0 0!
!
>> moment=cross(F,B_A)!
!
moment =!
!
0 2 -2!
Cross
Product
and
Moment
* P=(2,3,1),
Q=(4,0,3),
R=(6,1,0),
what
is
P×(Q×R)?
>> P=[2 3 1]!
!
P =!
!
2 3 1!
!
>> Q=[4 0 3]!
!
Q =!
!
4 0 3!
!
>> R=[6 1 0]!
!
R =!
!
6 1 0!
!
>> cross(P,cross(Q,R))!
!
ans =!
!
-6 -11 45!
Linear
Equations
>> A=[1 3;2 1]!
!
* x1+3x2=9
A =!
!
1 3!
* 2x1+x2=8
!
2 1!
>> b=[9;8]!
!
b =!
!
* First
method:
9!
8!
A=[1
3;
2
1],
x=[x1;
x2],
b=[9;
8]
!
* >> x=inv(A)*b!
!
Equations:
Ax=b
x =!
* !
3!
* Solution:
x=A-‐1b
!
2!
>> x=A^(-1)*b!
!
x =!
!
3!
2!
Linear
Equations
* x1+3x2=9
>> B=[1 3 9;2 1 8]!
!
B =!
* 2x1+x2=8
!
1 3 9!
2 1 8!
!
>> B=rref(B)!
!
* Second
method:
B =!
!
1 0 3!
* rref():
reduced
row
echelon
form
!
0 1 2!
>> x=B(:,end)!
* B=[1
3
9;
2
1
8],
x=[x1;
x2]
!
x =!
!
* B
is
the
augmented
matrix
3!
2!
Exercise
* Solve:
* 2x1+x2-‐4x3=5
* 3x1+8x3+10x4=7
* x1-‐5x2+9x3+3x4=8
* 5x1+3x3+6x4=-‐15
Key
to
Exercise
>> A=[2 1 -4 0;3 0 8 10;1 -5
9 3;5 0 3 6]!
!
A =!
!
2 1 -4 0!
3 0 8 10!
1 -5 9 3!
5 0 3 6!
!
>> b=[5;7;8;-15]!
!
b =!
!
5!
7!
8!
-15!
!
>> x=inv(A)*b!
!
x =!
!
-12.6680!
-17.0810!
-11.8543!
13.9838!
