Experiment 1 Title: Comparison of strength of cylinder and cube strength of concrete. Objective: To study on comparison between the strength of cylinder and cube. Theory: Factors affecting Concrete Cube and Cylinder Strength Ratios are: 1. Concrete cube and cylinder casting, curing and testing procedures 2. Geometry of the specimen 3. Level of strength 4. Direction of loading and machine characteristics 5. Grading of aggregates 1. Effects of conerete cube / cylinder casting, curing and testing procedures: ‘The method of casting and capping of cube and cylinder affects the strength ratios of both. The use of rigid and non-rigid moulds affects their strength. Also the method of capping these moulds affects the strength as out of plane surface also influences their strength ratio. Proper curing and testing procedure is necessary to associate a proper relation between conerete cube and cylinder compressive strength ratios, otherwise the ratio obtained will be misleading. 2, Effects of geometry of specimen Geometric factors such as volume of concrete, shape of concrete and h/d ratio (height to en affects the concrete cube and cylinder strength ratio. The lateral dimension) of specim b following figure shows the effect of height/diameter ratio to concrete strength ratio.affected ecient ee throughout height - wee Centeral region CeMected bY tateral stress Siena ‘Serength of Specimen whi WiP2 é ing of rength ratio ranges from 0.77 to 0.96 depenti concrete strength level, Direction of loading and machine characteristics Concrete cubes may be loaded in the direction always loaded in the direction of casting. $i casted in multiple layers, their strength w Grading of Aggregates Grading of aggregates in Concrete affect, Meet of compression test on Particles to g ‘| le cylinders Perpendicular to casting while cy ae . ince these concrete cubes and cylin ill differ based on direction of loading. iment s the strength of any structure or spe ores imen anor COHerete specimens ane large due to relative size of Pecimen dimensions, Most 7 cametet ° mel Standards sets limits for the ratio of dia!size of specimen ir a to maximum nomi e of agg ‘ fuiniiidmn eesiea sie nominal size of aggregates. Typically this allowable Direction of PEN Z| Ba ay aap in LoL) pirection of Loading ces Reasons for concrete cube to have greater compressive strength as compared to cylinder is + contact area of a standard cube mould with the upper platen in the testing mach which results in more confinement . = moge confinement resist against specimen expansion resulting in more compressive strength ween cube strength and cylinder strength is commonly assumed to be 1.25, The ratio bet but it is not constant. Apparatus: 150 x 150 x 150 mm Cube mould, CTM, Trowel, mechanical vibrator, tray, measuring jar for water, tamping rod, cylindrical mould. Procedure: Preparation of Cube Specimens ‘The proportion and material for making these test specimens are from the same concrete used in the field. Specimen 6 cubes of 15 em size Mix. MI5 or above VIVA UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY, GORAKHPUR (U.P.) eoMixing i ra batch mixer Mix the concrete either by hand or ina laboratory Hand Mixing ight none-absorbent platform until the mix, dre ()Mix the cement and fine aggregate on & water ti thoroughly blended and is of uniform color (ii)Add the coarse aggregate and mix with-cement and fine aggregate until the coarse aggregate; uniformly distributed throughout the batch ix it until the concrete appears to be homogeneous and of the desired ii)Add water and mi consistency Sampling. (i) Clean the mounds and apply oil (ii) Fill the concrete in the molds in layers approximately Sem thick (iii) Compact each layer with not less than 35: n stroki ver usi i 16mm diameter and 60cm long, bullet pointed at ee using tamping rod (eee OM (iv) Level the top surface and smoothen it with a trowel Curing ‘The test specimens al i ist ai aaedand Maneatis aoe hal 2dhours and after this peri ea ept submerged in cleat fresh wate sonnee a ar fresh water until taken out Pl” PrecautionsProcedure (1) Remove the g; Pecimen from wat the surface ee after specified curing time and wipe out excess water from (1) Take the dimension of the specimen tothe nearest 0.2m (HI) Clean the bearing surface of the testing machine (IV) Place the specimen i oe in the machine in such a manner that the load shall be applied to the opposite sides of the cul e cast. (V) Align the specimen centrally on the base plate of the machine, (WD Rotate the movable portion gently by-hand so that it touches the top surface ofthe specimen. (VID Apply the load gradually without shock and continuously at the rate of 140kg/om2/minute till the specimen fails (VHT) Record the maximum load and note any unusual features in the type of failure. Note Minimum three specimens should be tested at each selected age. Ifstrength of any specimen varies by more than 15 per cent of average strength, results of such specimen should be rejected. ‘Average of there specimens gives the crushing strength of concrete. The strength requirements of concrete. Calculations Size of the cube =15cm x15om x15em Area of the specimen (calculated from the mean size of the specimen )=225em* rea ol Characteristic compressive ‘strength(fck)at 7 days = Expected maximum load =fek area x f's aN MOF A ‘HPUR (U.P.) * MADAN MOHAN MALAVIYA UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY, GORAKHPUR ( MWected is Range to be selec essive strength for compressive streng! ieulation should be done for 28 day comp Similar calculati catones = sse0" Maximum load applied ea strength = (Load in N/ Area in mm Compressive Nim? Report a) Identification mark 7 b) Date of test ©) Age of specimen 4) Curing conditions, including date of manufacture of specimen 1) Appearance of fractured faces of concrete and the type of fracture if they are unusual Result ‘Average compressive strength of the concrete cube Average compressive strength of the conerete cube Compressive strength of concrete at v; lous ages: ‘The strength of conerete incre: 1 a . -fferent as in comparison with ihe Be ’s with age. Table shows the strength of concrete at different th at 28 days after casting, Age Strength per cent 1day 2 z 16% — MAD; : "AN MOHAN MALAVIVA UNIVERSITY OF TECHNY OLOGY, GORAKHPUR (U.P.) ee —3 days 40% 7 days 1 65% 14 days 20% 28 day: . 29% Compressive strength or ai pressive Strength of different grades of conerete at 7 and 28 days: Grade of pada anes compressive strenath Specified characteristic compressive strength ys (N/mm’) at 28 days Mis = (Nir = 5 20 ae = Mes 5 = 30 = a Mae. 235 35 no eres 2h 40 aS 30 45 Preparation of cylindrical specimen: Apparatus: Compression testing machine, cylinder mould of 150mm diameter and 300mm height, weighing balance. Procedure (i Cast the cylinder and cure for 28 days. (ii) Takeout the specimen from the curing tank, (iii) Wipe out the excess water from the surface of specimen. (iv) Place the specimen vertically on the platform of compression testing machine, iv) Plac (v) Apply thé load continuously and uniformly without shock at the rate of 315 kn/min. And v) Apply the i f at continue the loading until the specimen fails. i imum load taken. (vi) Record the maximu a ; MOHAN MALAVIYA UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY, GORAKHPUR (UP.)Note Test at least 3 specimens. Report Date of casting : Date of testing : Age of specimen : Cuting condition : Calculations: Range Calculation Characteristic compressive strength at 28 days = N/ mm2 Area of cross section = pid? Expected load = stress x-area xfs = Range to be selected is, MADAN MOHAN MALAVIYA UNIVERS(TY OF TECHNOLOGY, GORAKHPUR (UP.)Compressive Strengths Maximum load = Compressive sj _ *rength = (Maximum load/ Cross sectional area) Result Compressive strength of eylinde 7 Sracking et approx, 45° toavte near erica. ~ /\ erm Cube |HID=1) G Cylinder (HID=3) Cracking parallel 10 leads sway from ancs Figure: MOHAN LP, MADAN MOHAN MALAVIYA UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY, GORAKHPUR (U.P.) MAD:Observation: S.No. Compressive Compressive Remarks strength of cube | strength of cylinder @\/mm’) (N/mm?) 1. 2 3. Conclusion / R: % Varitation).Experiment 2 Title: Modulus of rupture OF concrete, Objective: To determine the Py y sural Strength of Concrete, which comes into Play when a road slab with inadequate sub-grade uj jecte : to i peat seg 's subjected to wheel loads and / or there are vol }e changes due References: IS: 516-195 IS: 516. 1959 — Methods Of tests for strength of concrete Sist-allstensile forces. However, tensile stresses are likely to 's shrinkage, rusting of steel reinforcement, temperature gradients ve the knowledge of tensile strength of concrete is of importance. Conerete Pavement carries load as a simple, plain, (non-reinforced) concrete beam. The strength of the concrete in flexure is the most important requirement, In previous labs then primary interest has been the compressive strength of Concrete. This strength is used in the structural design of reinforced ‘concrete, where tension, in which Concrete is very weak, is assumed to be taken entirely by the reinforcing steel, Apparatus: + Beam mould of size 15 x 15x70 cm (when size of aggregate is less than 38 mm) or of size 10 x 10 x 50 em (when size of aggregate is less than 19 mm) + Tamping bar (40 om long, weighing 2 kg and tamping section having size of 25 mm x25 mm) F hine- The bed of the testing machine shall be provided with two steel leas hal vn diameter, on which the specimen is to be supported, and these rollers shall be so mounted that the distance from centre to centre is 60 cm for 15.0 cm spe or 40 em for 10.0 em specimens. The load shall be applied through two similar rollers he third points ofthe supporting span that is, spaced at 20 or 13.3 em centre to cone. The i d shall be divided equally between the two loading rollers, and al rollers Gils eeu such a manner that the load is applied axially and without subjecting shal the specimen to any torsional stresses or restraints. lens MADAN MOHAN MALAVIYA UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY, GORAKHPUR (U.P.)Procedure "+ Prepare the test specimen by filing the concrete 3 oie the ae er as specenimately equal thickness. Tamp each layer tomy over the ene crossection of the pultd above. Tamping should be Perea i "beam mould and throughout the epth of each layer. lean the teenie Sire tte See eee ee eee ee oc with Grote material from te surfaces ofthe specimen where they are to make ae With the rollers, ith di Citculr roles manufactured ou of tel having cross section with diameter 38 mm wiy sen {2 Providing support and loading points to the Hipage rollers shall be atleast 10 mm more than the width of the test specimen. A total of four THets shall be used, three out of which shel be capable of rotating along their own axes inoglstance between the outer roles (or peg) da Be ao peastance between ty seg Colles shall bed. The inner rollers she be cqually spaced between the outer rollers Such that the entire system is systéfnatic, 5. The load shall be applied at a ‘ate of loading of 400 kg/min for the p 15.0 om specimens anc at arate of 180 kg/min for the 10.0 cm specimens, Calculation The Flexural Strength or modulus of rupture (h) is given by f= pl/bd? (when a > 20.00m for 15,0em Specimen or > 13.0em for 10cm specimen) or f)= 3pa/bd (when a <20.0em but > 17.0 for 15.0em specimen oF < 13.3 gm, f Sem but> 11oom p 10.0cm specimen.) em for Where, a= the distance between the line of fracture and the nearer SMPPOHL, Measured on the centerline of : : ; the tensile side of the specimen b= width of specimen (cm) d= failure point depth (em) MADAN MOHAN MALAVIYA UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY, GORAKHPUR (u,p )I= supported length (em) p= max. Load (ky) Figure: Third-point loading 3 > Span leng hel Flexural Strength Test Arrangement | Observation: S.No. Grade of Compressive Flexural Remaris concrete (MPa) | strength (MPa) | Strength (MPa) 1. M20 | 2. M25 % 3. M30 [ies er [oe Ee 4, M35 ee ee Be Conclusion / R: vvensiTY OF TECHNOLOGY, GORAKHPUR (U-P.) MADAN MOHAN MALAVIYA unitExperiment 3 Title: Study of admixtures and their effect on workability Objective: To study on effect of different admixture on workability. References: IS 9103 (1999): Specification for Concrete Admixtures Theory: Water reducing Concrete admixtures and Superplastict Semis mechanical and structural properties of fresh and hardened concrete. These adm! re mor i d dense frequently used in pre-stressed concrete, slender components with congested a ly packe reinforcement, beams and slabs pre-cast elements and long slender columns. iser are widely used to improve 1. Introduction a ‘The history of the use of concrete admixtires is n of air entraining agent was used in 1930 to resist the freezing of pavements. Today concrex admixtures are widely used to improvethe chemical and physical properties of concrete whict include increased workability, reduction in water requirements, control setting, acceleratec hardening, high strength, better durability to the external conditions, decreased permeability. The superplastisizers ( SP) are referred to as high range water reducing admixture by ASTMC494 which mainly disperses t he water inc oncrete matrix. This property iss ometimes c ailed as dispersion- f luidification property 0 f concrete admixtures. The superplastisizers are classified in the following four major groups; + Sulfonated Nephthalene Formaldehyde Condense (SNF) + Sulfonated Melamine Formaldehyde Condense (SMF) + Modified Lignosulfonates (MLS) + Others, including polyarcylates, polysterene Sulfontes, Polymers etc. Today superplastisizers are in all important projects across the world in high rise buildings, pre-stressed concrete, slender components with congested and densely packed reinforcement, beams and slabs pre-cast elements 7 ong paelopacs ees affect the various properties of concrete both in is mainly due t i a ees ae © the following facts as commented by M . C ollperdi in + Reduction in interfacial tension, + Maltilayered adsorption of Organic molecules, + Protective Adherent Sheath layer of water molecule, spo else of cement hydration, e maine id of hydrated cement. by the max sive a of concrete, The wor ratio, there ig ', Shape , texture one value of coarse ‘ot well documented however the first admixtun E 7 is ikly that many of these phenomena contribute 7 = flow properties of concrete depend on the IY of concrete of concrete is mainly governedcompressive strength of gp concrete. Most rece; : ntly ne : high . strength cmege eS Generations of superplasticisers have been developed to give ultra and very high early eae eon concretes with compressive strengths of 15000 psi and more St 2 to 4 hours, In water reduced SP conerete no undue segregation and bleeding of Concrete o, ‘ aggregates in the concrete, men ou 1° deerease in water cement ratio. If there are sufficient fine : rete can also be controlled ‘The use of SP in fly ash eae gcergation in high workability SP cone: absorb the surface water, Matha ee ma fede its effectiveness as the unbumt carbon may content of low calcium fy ct | - others initiated studies with high volume fly ash with the Kg/ms. it was shown the aan and the Portland cement contents varying from 100 to 180 achieved for fly ash added = a: carly.age strength, workability, low temperature rise can be SP on C~ of Portland cement o tes using higher than the normal SP dosage. The adsorption of ent occurs even with in few seconds whereas adsorption on the of C3S. Sunt in the first hogr and further adsorption occurs in next five hours. The Tete generally increases with the addition of SP, however the extent of this On the type of cement, temperature, and the dosage of SP . The setting time when SP are used in combination with other admixtures. In this research the of High Range water Reducers of Polymer base and modified lignosulfonate base respectively conforming to ASTM C-484 Type-D have been used for five concrete mixes and three values of water cement ratios to study their effects on various properties of Concrete such as workability, compressive strength, tensile strength. modulus of rapture. 2. Experimental Details 2.1 Material: Cement: Ordinary Portland Type- I cement was used. Fine Aggregates: Fine aggregates conforming to the gradation of ASTM-136 were used. Coarse aggregates: Lime Stone Crushed stones of Sizes -y; in and below were used. High Range Water Reducers: two types of superpastisizers (HRWR) conforming to ASTMC 484 type D with polymer base ( PB) and Modified Lignosulfate base (MLS) respectively were used as 2% of cement by weight. ( hereafter referred to as PB-SP and MLS-SP respectively) Water Cement ratio: Three value of water cement ratios were used for experimental study .Le. 0.55,0.60 and 0.65. .2 Mix proportioning of material: ee Sipe oe reed major constituents ( Cement: Fine aggregates: oe : in nominal ratis ght as 1:1:2, 1:1.25:2.5 , 1:1.5:2.5, 1:15:3, n nominal ratios by weight as 1:1:2, 11 ; / beopaat ae ‘cement values of water cement ratios. The admixture was used in 2:4 for all the constant dosage of 0.80 % by weight of cement. setting time of conct retardation depends may be accelerated effect of two types 2.3 Testing of SAMPIES, a ugerlasicines on he works, comprse tenth To study the a ae of rapture the following fess procedures used. tensile strength, an‘ A P. LAVIYA UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY, GORAKHPUR (U.P.) MADAN MOHAN Mal5.1 Workability tests cd : tests were used. To study the workability of different concrete mixes, standard slump : ix design nine cylinders of 64 3'= Tests for the Compressive Strength of Concrete:For each mix desig 12 in Were prepared and tested at 3, 7 and 28 days of age after pouring, 2.3.3 Tests for the tensile Stren; 5 : gth of Concrete: j 28 days of age Split cylinders tests were used to check the tensile strength of concrete mixes at yy’ is and the sizes of cylinders were kept as 6in x 12 in, 2.3.4 Tests for Modul Plain cement concret loading to d Apparatus: lus of Rapture of Concrete: fae f beams of size 4 in x 4in and 12 in long were tested under third point letermine modulus of rapture of the concrete. Procedure: : Observations and discussions: To study the effect of the addition of both types of superplasticizers on the different properties of concrete, Control mixes without the addition of SP were also prepared. Effect of Superplsticisers on the workability and Compressive strength The effect addition of Sp on the workability and compressive strength has been shown in table No.1. WIC ratio | Superplastisizers | Slump (mm) Compressive strength W/nm™) (Type) 7 days Concrete mix 0.55 0.60 0.65 Conclusion / R:Experiment 4 te admixtures ral propertic frequently used in cece erties of reinforcement, beams and re oe and Superplastiiser are widely used to improve the fresh and hardened concrete. These admixtures are more Ssed concrete, slender components with congested a nd densely packed slabs pre-cast elements and long slender columns. 1. Introduetion The history of the use of cone of air entraining agent was admixtures are widely useq Tete admixtures is not well documented however the first admixture tsed in 1930.to resist the freezing of pavements. Today concrete a re ‘0 improve the chemical and physical properties of concrete which include increased workability, reduction in wane requirements, control setting, accelerated hardening, high strength, better durability to the external conditions, decreased permeability. The superplastisizers ( SP) are referred to ag high range water reducing admixture by ASTMC494 which mainly disperses t he water ine onoree matrix, This property iss ometimes ¢ ailed as dispersion- f luidification property 0 f concrete admixtures. The superplastisizers are classified in the following four major Sroups; * Sulfonated Nephthalene Formaldehyde Condense (SNF) + Sulfonated Melamine For hyde Condense (SMF) + Modified Lignosulfonates (MLS) + rmaldel Others, including polyarcylates, polysterene Sulfontes, Polymers etc. Today superplastisizers are the world in high rise buildings, pre-stréssed concrete, slender in all important projects across densely packed reinforcement, beams and slabs pre-cast elements Superplastisizers affect the various properties of concrete both in fresh and hardened forms mainly due to the following facts as commented by M . C ollperdi [ 1] in Conerete Admixtures Hand Book; + Reduction in interfacial tension. « of Organic molecules. + Protective Adherent Sheath layer of water molecule. « Release of water trapped amongst the cement particles. « Retarding effect of cement of cement hydration, + Change in morphology of hydrated cement. It is likely that many of these phenomena contribute to the fluidifying effect of concrete, Many of the flow properties of concrete depend on the cement paste component of concrete. The workability of concrete of concrete is mainly governed by the max size, shape , texture and grading of the aggregates. For a given value of water cement ratio, there is one value of coarse/fine ratio for given material that gives the highest workability [2]. Parenchio [3] developed a miniature slump test forthe cement paste which requires small amount of paste and less testing time. The high workability of SP concrete is however lost in the early 30 minutes due to formation of hydrates [4]. The compressive strengths of SP Coneretes are usually higher than the corresponding strengths of cylinders cast from the reference mixture, When SP is used, a water reduction up to 32-33% can be achieved [5]. This fact leads to the increase in the Compressive strength of SP Multilayered adsorption MADAN MOHAN MALAVIYA UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY, GORAKHPUR (U,P.)ed to give ultey concrete. Most r ‘ « ccors have been develop 7 recently new generations of superplasticisers fh ths of 15000 psi nd tae eI high . 8 : igh . strength concrete producing concretes with compressive Sent mt Ber bleh early strength at 2 to 4 hours, In water reduced ae ih oe occurs due to decrease in water as anes OrSeiat a ie the segregation in high workability cid aber ei . = added concrete may reduce its effectiven pe goad cae fer. Malhotra and others initiated studies wit ‘aeving from 100 10180 Kg/m3. it w: im fly ash >50% and the Portland cement contents feet er ‘as shown that adequate early age strength, workability, low temperatur : e for fly ash added concretes using higher than the normal SP dosage. The adsorption of SP on C~ of Portland cement occurs even wit in few seconds whereas adsorption on the oF COS occurs by a small amount in the first hour and further adsorption occurs in next five hours. The setting time of concrete generally increases with the addition of SP, however the extent of this retardation depends on the type of cement, temperature, and the dosage of SP. The setting time may be accelerated when SP are used in.combination with other admixtures. In this research the effect of two types of High Range water Reducers of Polymer base and modified lignosulfonate base respectively conforming to ASTM:C-484 Type-D have been used for five concrete mixes and three values of water cement ratios‘to study their effects on various properties of Concrete such as workability, compressive strength, tensile strength. modulus of rapture. 2. Experimental Details 2.1 Material: Cement: Ordinary Portland Type- I cement was used. Fine Aggregates: Fine aggregates conforming to the IS_gradation. Coarse aggregates: Lime Stone Crushed stones of Sizes -y; in and below were used. High Range Water Reducers: two types of superpastisizers (HRWR) conforming to ASTMC 484 type D with polymer base ( PB) and Modified Lignosulfate base (MLS) respectively were used as 2 % of coment by weight. ( hereafter referred to as PB-SP and MLS-SP respectively) Water cement ratios were used for experimental study i.e. 0,55,0.60 te no undue segregation t ratio. If there are sufficient fine ronerete can also be controlled as the unburnt carbon may fh high volume fly ash with the | SP conerel Cement ratio: Three value of water and 0.65. 2.2 Mix proportioning of material: x designs of concrete major constituents (Cement: Fine aggregates: Coarse Five mi al ratios by weight as 1:1:2, 1:1.25:2.5, 1:1.5:2.5, 1:1.5:3 aggregates) were used in nomin 1:2:4 for all the three water cement constant dosage of 0.80 % by weight of cement. t values of water cement ratios. The admixture was used in 2.3.1 Workability tests: To study the workability of different concrete mixes, standard slump tests were used, 2.3.2 Tests for the Compressive Strength of Conerete: For each mix design nine cylinders of Gin 12 in were prepared and tested at 3, 7 and 28 days ‘ of age after pouring.Procedure: Observations and To study the effect pani enol mixes without tie aa {YPes Of superplasticizers on the different properties of Effect of Superpisticiser, LOM Of SP were rp On the workan so prepared, on the workability anq anya ale and Compressive strength The effect addition of SP rengt ' has been shown in table No. WIC ratio Compressive strength (Nimm™) T days 14 days 28 days Case When the water/cement ratio is I tbe. ge Poured into a cube of formwork, there are a large in the cube. So when the hydration reaction starts on the surface of Products of hydration get precipitated in the water. away from of cement particles. The gels formed in such a case are termed as Outer Products of Hydration. Now there are two reasons why the strength of concrete is low inthis case namely ~ 1. Since there is a large space for them to develop, the outer products of hydration are large in size. And we know, from the size effect, that larger size particles have lower strength compared to particles of smaller size. 2. No matter how high the water consumption rate of the reaction is, of water present in the mix, some water will still be left when the ready for use. This trapped water will gradually evaporate, lea concrete block. The presence of voids results in greatly reduced st due to the large amount conerete hardens and is wing some voids in the trength. Case 2: When the waterfement ratio’ is gy, Case 2: i i less amount of water inthe block of formwork when the eonerete is ne fran nets le elds When the hydration rection proceeds, the gels formed do not have enough space to migrate out and precipitate in the voids. So they get deposited on the surface of the cement particle itself, Such products of hydration are sprmed 2s Inner Products of products of Hydration, The space available for the crystals to grow is limited, so they rem: in muel oor ler in Pater com na ie the outer products o ydration. le strength of co more when the w/c ratio is low, because of the following reasons - is i/c ratio is low, becaus gtl nerete is mort|. AS per the law of size effect, the smaller sized gels formed in this case have much greater a Sin es compared to those formed when the w/e is high. . ae © the water available for hydration is very less, almost all of itis utilized during the Teuton. So no water is left to get evaporated later, and hence the strength-reduetion due Subsequent void formation is also much lower when the w/c ratio is low. The water-cement ratio is one of the most important aspect when it comes t0 maintaining the strength of Concrete. The ratio depends on the grade of concrete and the structure size. We Senerally prefer a W/C ratio of 0.4 to 0.6, but it can be decreased in case of high grade concrete, we reduce the =~ amount = of -~—s water += and ~—suse__ plasticizers _instead. WIC ratio affects the workability of concrete and thus should be taken into careful consideration. Also, if the ratio exceeds the normal value, segregation of concrete occurs and the coarse aggregate settles at the bottom, thus affecting the strength of concrete greatly. The water cement ratio is the ratio of the weight of water to the weight of cement used in a conerete mix and has an. importaini~influence on the quality of concrete produced. A lower water-cement ratio leads to higher strength and durability, but may make the mix more difficult to place. Placement difficulties can be resolved by using plasticizers or super-plasticizers, changing the water-cement ratio in concrete has a large effect on its strength. The question is, why? Explains that the volume of water in fresh cement paste, and therefore fresh concrete, is related directly to the volume of empty pore space in hardened cement paste, and therefore hardened concrete. Similarly, the volume of cement in fresh concrete is related directly to the solid volume in hardened concrete. Water-cement ratio is therefore a measure of the void volume relative to the solid volume in hardened cement paste, and its strength goes up as the void volume goes down. So, the lower the wl, the lower isthe void volumelsold volume, and the stronger the hardened cement paste. Conclusion / R:Theory: Concrete js structures. Its popular aa asic: engineeri erin, i as basic bar tS material used i use, good durability ary oS 8 building materi Used in most of the civil engineering for more severe conditions 9 i revised, IS 456-2000 advocates use of higher grade of concrete generation admixtures, ite pos dab considerations. With advent of neve Ievels economically Use of esse achieve higher grades of concrete with high workability have revolutionised the soo nineral admixtures Tike Ny ash, slag, mete kaolin an sii fume many folds Mn gaat Conetee technology by increasing strength and durability of concrete by a , ign of concrete is becoming more relevant in the above-mentioned scenario. However, it should be borne in mind that mix design when adopted at site should be implemented with proper understanding and with necessary precautions. Concrete is an extremely versatile building material because, it can be designed for strength ranging from M10 (10Mpa) to M100 (100 Mpa) and workability ranging from 0 mm slump to 150 mm slump. In all these cases the basic ingredients of concrete are the same, but it is their relative proportioning that makes the difference. Basic Ingredients of Conerete: 1. Cement = It is the basic binding material in concrete. 2) Water — It hydrates cement and also makes concrete workable. 3. Coarse Aggregate — It is the basic building component of concrete. ee 3 Sine Ageregate ~ Along with cement paste it forms mortar grout and fills the voids in the rse aggregates. ; ; Senaimixtures They enhance certain properties of concrete e.g. gain of strength, workability, ing properties, imperviousness ete ; : cane en to be des .ed for certain properties in the plastic stage as well as in the hardened tage. er Properties desired from concrete in plastic stage: ~ + Workability + Cohesiveness + Initial set retardation : Properties desired from concrete in hardened stage: ~ + Strength + Imperviousness + Durability ‘MADAN MOHAN MALAVIYA UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY, GORAKHPUR (UP)od of correct proportioning © ngredients of concrete, in f erties of 60! er site reat other words, a f concrete as per site red irements. In ot! ions of ingred ints of concrete to achieve gredic! most economical Way. Conerete mix design is the meth order to optimise the above prop we determine the relative propor desired strength & workability ina Procedure: esign Formation while giving material for mn design to the Information required for concrete mix d aterial The site engineer should give following in! mix design laboratory: - a) Grade of concrete (the characteristic strength) b) Workability requirement in terms of slump c) Other properties (if required): - i. Retardation of initial set (to avoid cold j ix concrete) Slump retention (in case of ready mix Concrete) iii. Pumpability (In case of ready mix concrete) iv. Acceleration of strength (for precast members or where early de-shutte v. Flexural strength (normally required for concrete pavements) 4d) Ascertain whether condition of exposure to concrete is mild, moderate severe or very severe Proper investigation of soil should be done to ascertain presence of sulphates & chlorides, in cas: of doubt. > ¢) What is the degree of control at site? Following factors indicate degree of control at site: - i, Batching — weigh batching / volume batching. ii, Type of aggregates — whether mixed graded aggregate will be used or 20mm, 10mm aggregate will be used separately. iii. Testing of concrete ~ whether casting & testing of concrete cubes will be done regularly at site, iv, Source of aggregate — whether sources of sand and aggregate will be standardised or likely t change frequently. y. Supervision — whether qualified staff will be present to supervise concreting work and mak necessary corrections ¢.g. correction for moisture in sand and changes in material properties. vi. Site laboratory - whether the site will have necessary laboratory equipment like sieve weighing balance etc. to check material properties. ints in case of longer leads or for ready ring is desired) Conerete Mix Design Methods The basic objective of concrete mix design is to find the most economical proportions (Optimisation) to achieve the desired end results (strength, cohesion, workability, durability, ‘As mentioned earlier the proportioning of concrete is based on certain material properties of cement, sand and aggregates. Concrete mix design is basically a process of taking trials with certain proportions. Methods have been developed to arrive at these poms ina scientific manner. No mix design method dircetly gives the exact proportions that will most economically achieve end results, These methods only serve as a base to start and achieve the end results in the fewest possible trials. The code of practice for mix design-IS 10262 clearly states following: - The basic assumption made in mix design is that the compressive strength of workable MADAN MOHAN MALAVIVA UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY, GORAKHPUR (U.P.)a ea coneretes, by and large, governed by the water/cement ratio. Another most convenient relationship applicable to normal concrete is that for a given type, shape, size and grading of aggregates, the amount of water determines its workability. However, there are various other factors which affect the properties of conerete, for example the quality & quantity of cement, water and aggregates; batching; transportation; placing; compaction; curing; etc Therefore, the specific relationships that are used in proportioning concrete mixes should be considered only as the basis for trial, subject to modifications in the light of experience as well as for the particular materials used at the site in each case. Different mix design methods help us to arrive at the trial mix that will give us required strength, workability, cohesion etc. These mix design methods have same common threads in arriving at proportions but their method of calculation is different. Basic steps in mix design are as follows: Find the target mean strength. b. Determine the curve of cement based on its strength. c. Determine water/cement ratio. d. Determine cement content. Be . Determine fine and coarse aggregate proportions We will now follow above steps and solye a mix design problem by different methods. Mlustratior Consider a mix design for M30 grade of concrete, having moderate workability (Slump range 50mm to 75mm). Material Properties Cement 53 grade (Although, actual 28 days compressive strength = 63 N/mm2) Fine aggregate — FM. = 3.26 (Zone 1) 600 micron passing = 32 % Specific gravity = 2.75 Coarse aggregate 20mm - Specific gravity - 2.95 Dry Rodded bulk density — 1600 Kg/m3 10mm - Specific gravity 2.86 Dry Rodded bulk density — 1700 Kg/m* 2.1 Find the target mean strength Concrete is designed for strength higher than characteristic strength as a margin for statistical variation in results and variation in degree of control exercised at site. This higher strength is defined as the target mean strength. It is calculated as follows: Target mean strength = Characteristic strength + K * s K= Himsworth Coefficient is taken as 1.65 for 5 % probability of failure. = Standard deviation The values of s are given in IS 10262 for fair, good and very good degree of control However, IS 456-2000 has given revised values of s to be considered for mix design. Better the degree of control lesser is the value of s and lower is the target mean strength. In other words, the ‘margin’ kept over characteristic strength is more for fair degree of control to that of good degree of control. : Say for M30 grade of concrete, K=1.65 (for 5% failure) and Standard Deviation _=5N/mm2. ee MADAN MOHAN MALAVIYA UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY, GORAKHPUR (U.P)Target Mean Strength = 30+ 1.65 * 5 = 38.25 Nimm2 sed on its bua methods given in IS 4031- i 2 — tioned in IS 1026: method med into various CUTVES ; i ent ba 2.2 Determine the curve of cement PT The strength of cement is determined either > 1988 Part 6 or by accelerated curing reference rn cls 1982 pagel S (Appendix B Clause 3.1.1.) The o based on the strength of cement. Curve Strength of Cement (N/mm?) A31.9 to 36.8 Nimm2 B 36.8 to 41.7 Nimm2 C 41.7 to 46.6 Némm2 D 46.6 to 51.5 Nimm2 E 51.5 to 56.4 Nimm2 F 56.4 to 61.3 N/mm2 ement ‘After selecting the appropriate curve based on the strength of cement, water/c« ratio is interpolated for a given target mean strength. 2.3 Determine water/eement ratio ; The relation between Target Mean Strenjth and water cement ratio for different cement curves is given in IS 10262 Fig 2 (Refer Annexure II page 61 of Durocrete Mix Desigt Manual Once the cement curve is fixed, water/eement ratio required for achieving the target mean strength can be interpolated (Refer Appendix B) For Example For F curve and Target Mean Strength of 37 ‘The water cement ratio is 0.48 For F curve and target mean strength of 38.25 The water cement ratio is 0.46 All the mix design methods follow same procedure up to this stage. 2.4 Finding cement content ‘Most of the mix design methods find cement content with following formula: Weight of Water per m3 Water /cement ratio = Weight of cement per m3 Weight of Water per m3 Weight of cement = Water/cement ratio Weight of water required per m3 also called as water demand, Water demand depends on: i, Required Workability of conerete: Higher the workability required greater is the water demand. ii, Aggregate properties: Fineness and silt content of fine aggregate, size, shape and flakiness of coarse aggregate, type of aggregate e.g. crushed, uncrushed. Use of admixtures: Plasticizers will reduce the water demand Different mix design methods give empirical relations to find the water demand Say, we want to find water demand for 20 mm maximum size of crushed aggregate and MADAN MOHAN MALAVIVA UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY, GORAKHPUR (U.P,)3 a sand of zone II (F.M. = 3.0) for a slump range of 60 to 80 mm (compaction factor A. IS method Refer annexure Il (page no 61) Water Demand =186 lit for compaction factor of 0.8 Add 3% water for incremental compaction factor of 0.1 Water demand = 186 + 5.58 = 191.38 Lit Cement Content =191.58/0.46 =416.47Kg/m3 B. DOE Method Refer Annexure III - (page 65). We will select water demand for 30 to 60mm range Water demand for natural fine aggregate = 180lit Water demand for crushed coarse 20mm_max size aggregate = 210 lit, Water Demand = 2/3 x 180+ 1/3 x 210 = 120 + 70= 190 lit ‘Cement Content =190/0.46 3 =413.04 C. ACI Method Refer Annexure IV ~ (page no 69) Water deniand for 30 to 50mm Slump =185 Lit ‘Water demand for 80 to 100 mm Slump = 200 Lit Water demand for 50 to 80 mm can be interpolated as average of the above =192.5 Cement Content = 192.5 /0.46 = 418.47 2.5 Determine fine and coarse aggregate content: The fine aggregate to coarse aggregate ratio is determined in different methods as follows: A. IS method Sand % by volume for zone II sand, compaction factor 0.8 and water cement ratio 0.6 for 20mm down coarse aggregate = 35% (Refer table 2 Annexure III, page no 65 of Durocrete Mix Design Manual) Corrections Correction for zone 1 sand = +1.5% Correction for water/cement ratio of 0.46= - 3% Net Sand content = 35=1.5-3-33.5% Weights of fine and coarse aggregates are calculated as V=(W +C/Sc + I/p(fa/Sfa) ) x 1/1000 V=(W 4C/Se + I/I-p x (Ca/Sca) ) x 1/1000 V= Absolute volume of fresh concrete i.e. (gross volume —volume of entrapped Ait) =0.98 MADAN MOHAN MALAVIYA UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY, GORAKHPUR (U.P.)8 = C can cn ool agree 2 fa = total quantity of fine aggregate : eet m3 ca = total quantity of coarse agerees | Se ‘ecific Gravity of Cement =3.19 Se = Specific Grav orrine aggregate 2-75 a, (assuming 30% of coarse Sca= Combined Specific Gravity of Coarse asta te (ASS DD aegregate is 1mm down aggregate =2.90 x 0.7% Fa= 606 Kg/m3 Ca =1278Kg/m3 B. DOE Method Tk Sei Chaen Remy Fc 0% 600 micron passing fraction in 1d 30% 60 Sand Content for slump range ne to 60 mm ant sand is calculated from fig 2 as 42% : “Average specific gravity of combined aggregates IS calculated as = 0.42 x 2.75 + 0.58 x 2.89 = 2.83 2 7 Plastic Density of concrete is interpolated from fig 4 Lope? Perils Total aggregate content per m3 is calculated as 2525 — 416-1 follows: - 2.5 Determine fine and coarse aggregate content: ‘The fine aggregate to coarse aggregate ratio is determined in different methods as follows: A.IS method Sand % by volume for z01 20mm down coarse aggregate = 35% (Refer table 2 At Durocrete Mix Design Manual) ne II sand, compaction factor 0.8 and water cement ratio 0.6 for nnexure III, page no 65 of Corrections Correction for zone 1 sand = +1.5% Correction for water/cement ratio of 0.46= - 3% Net Sand content = 35=1.5-3-33.5% Weights of fine and coarse aggregates are calculated as V =(W-+C/Sc + 1/p(fa/Sfa) ) x 1/1000 ‘W +C/Sc + 1/1-p x (Ca/Sca) ) x 1/1000 V = Absolute volume of fresh concrete i.e. (gross volume —volume of entrapped Air) 02=0.94 water demand = 190Lit C= cement content = 416Kg tio of fine aggregate to total aggregate =0,335, fotal quantity of fine aggregate in Kg per m3 ‘otal quantity of coarse aggregate in Kg per m3 Specific Gravity of Cement =3.15 Specific gravity of fine aggregate =2.75 Sca = Combined Specific Gravity of Coarse aggregate (Assuming 30% of coarse aggregate is 10mm down aggregate =2,90 x 0.7 + 2.86x 0.3=2.89 MADAN MOHAN MALAVIYA UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY, GORAKHPUR (U.P.)Experiment 6 Title: Study and draw compression test diagram of concrete. Objective: To study and i observation on c i diagram. ‘Ompressive behaviour of conerete using stress-strain Theory: At stress below 30% of ultimate a 7 strength, the transitic i strain plot remains linear at ansition zone cracks remain stable. The stress- at stress etween 30% and 50% of ultimate strength, the transition zone microcracks begin to Tease in length, width and numbers. The stress-strain plot becomes non-linear. At 50 to 60% of the ultimate stress, crackstbegin to form in the matrix. With further increase to about 13% of the ultimate stress, the cracks in the transition become unstable, and crack propagation in the matrix will increase. The stress-strain curve bends towards the horizontal. (4) At75 to 80% of the ultimate stress, tife stress reaches a critical stress level for spontaneous crack growth under a sustained stress. Cracks propagate rapidly in both the matrix and the transition zone, Failure occurs when the cracks join together and become continuous. Conerete is not a truly elastic material, as evident from the nonlinear stress-strain curve for concrete, shown in the fig Stres Strain MADAN MOHAN MALAVIYA UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY, GORAKHPUR (U.P)Fa= 606 Kg/m3 Ca =1278Kg/m3 Observation: Strength of concrete: .......seseeerereeeeeett Conclusion / R: (28 days)The “initial tangent modulus” is given by the slope of a line drawn tangent to the stress-strain curve at the origin ‘The “tangent modulus” is given by the slope of a line drawn tangent to the stress-strain curve at any point on the curve in to a point on the curve The “secant modulus” is given by the slope of a line drawn from the o' corresponding to a 40% stress of the failure stress The “secant modulus” is given by the slope of a line drawn from the origin to a point on the curve corresponding to a 40% stress of the failure stress Modulus of elasticity for concrete determined from an experimental stress-strain relation curve, as described above, is generally termed ic modulus of elasticity (Ec) whereas the modulus of elasticity determined through the longitiiinal vibration test is termed as dynamic modulus of elasticity (Ed) Initial tangent’ Tangent Secant gta & Eu Strain Apparatus: 7 Procedure: Testing of cube or cylinder in uni-axial compression test. MADAN MOHAN MALAVIYA UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY, GORAKHPUR (U.P.)dling deformation as the load is increased Draw the stress strain Measure load and the correspon' curve Strain =Dial gauge reading/gauge length = dI/L- 1A Stress = Load/Cross sectional are: ‘i near dl Use Compressometer and Extensometer to measure deformations. Draw stress strain diagram ang determine the required modulus. Deflection: E can be determined from testing of beam also. For central point load, Max. deflection, : Wwe a The test uses a 150 X 300 mm cylindrical specimen, which is loaded in compression. compresso meter is used to measure the longitudinal strains, and an extensometer is used measure the transverse strains on the specimen. The chord modulus (E) is calculated as: (S,-5)) €, -0.00005 where S2 = stress corresponding to 40% of ultimate strength E= S1 = stress corresponding to a strain of 50 X 10° E2= longitudinal strain produced by stress $2Observation: Grade of conerete: S.No. Stress (N) Strain (mm) Conclusion / R:Objective: To determi Pulse velocity instr ual Creagh ity/ i ity instruments, > Te"Sth of concrete by using Rebound hammer! Ultrasonic LUPV TEST Object The test is Performed on structural elements. ai Homogeneity of Concrete, x Presence of Cracks, Voids & Other Imperfections. Changes in Concrete Structure with time. 5. Velocity co-related to strength. ~ References: 1S Codes applicable: As per 18 13311. (Part 1): 1992 Theory: Ultrasonic velocities. laboratory. Pulses travel faster in denser material. Each material has typical ultrasonic pulse E.g, steel, Concrete etc. using benchmarks over a period of time and conducting extensive ‘and in-situ tests, we have co-related ultrasonic pulse velocity and estimated strength. Apparatus: Electric Pulse Generator, Transducer: One Pair, Amplifier, Electronic Timing, Device. Procedure: Assess access, Single sided, double sided ete on the structural element Clean the concrete surface thoroughly (on plaster ot without plaster). { Apply grease on the concrete surface where test is to be conducted. j Press probes on the surface of the structural element to remove ait gaps. j Note down the distance between the 2 probes. Read time taken for the ultrasonic pulse from the instrument, Calculate Velocity = distance / time Repeat the test on multiple areas of the element if necessary, Test at different members of the structure. Ser AVESInfluencing factors for readings: . Readings taken on plaster or directly taken, .. New/old construction in elements. . New + old material (e.g. jacketed colu . Single sided or double sided access. (i Grade of Concrete. mns Where new and old concrete coexist), indirect or direct) Understanding results: a. The estimated strength may vary from actual strength upto about #/- 15%, or so. b. In order to confirm the findings ofthe tests, core tests may be conducted on a select sample of elements, if necessary. ¢. The interpretation of strength of concrete frot Judgment & to the best of our knowledge. 4. The IS code 13311 (Part 1) 1992 (Indian Standard Code of Practice) gives velocity, mn the UPV is based on our experience, MADAN ‘MOHAN MALAVIYA UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY, GORAKHPUR (U.P,)Observation: Criterion for concrete quality grading, part of which is reproduced below: Concrete Quality Grading Sr. No Pulse velocity be cross probing (direct method) 1. Above 4.3 knv/s Encelleny 2. 3.5 km/s to4.5 km/s ee 3. 3.0 km/s to 3.5 km/s — Doubtful 4. Below 3.0 km/s However the code does not give any interpretation of UPV in terms of strength. Hence the IS code gradings should be taken only as guidelines. 2.REBOUND HAMMER This test measures the surface hardness-of concrete. For new structures, the hardness reading is used to co-relate the strength of conerete,’The hammer has to be used normal to the test surface, vertically (up or down) or horizontally depending on the structural element. IS Codes applicable: IS 13311, (Part 2): 1992. References: IS 516: 1959 Test for strength of concrete, IS 8900: 1978 Criteria for rejection of outlying observations. Applications of the test: ‘a. Assessing the Compressive Strength of Concrete b. Assessing the Uniformity of Concrete. c. Applicable for new concrete. Applicable for old concrete only with special techniques. Equipment Used: Rebound Hammer Test basis: Harder the surface of the material tested, greater is the rebound. In new concrete, as it gains strength, hardness increases and as a result, the readings increase. The hammer can be used in 3 orientation, Vertical up or down (typically used for slab), horizontal (for columns). Depending on the orientation used and age of concrete, the results are interpreted for strength. Methodolo; Identify test Locations. Clean the concrete surface thoroughly (remove plaster, if present ). Press hammer and release. Note down the reading. Take an average of multiple readings. Repeat the test on multiple areas of the element if necessary. Test at different members of the structure. NOM eROE invacy cap avuliR (HIP)Influencing factors for reading FREmeaoge Readings taken on directly concrete. New/old construction in element ‘New + old material (¢.g. jacketed columns w! Carbonation of surface. Condition of the surface. é Moisture content. Curing and age of concrete. Cement and aggregates ( detailed mix design) used. hhere new and old concrete coexist). Understanding results: sures surface hardness only (upto about 50 mm depth). a. b. c. dq. The Rebound Hammer test meast In order to assess continuity insid The estimated strength may very In order to confirm the findings of tests, element. le the element, UPV test is recommended. from actual strength about +/- 10%. core tests may be conducted on a select sample of Conclusion / Rz esa MALAVIYA UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY, GORAKHPUR (U.P.)