TOPIC 2
PAVEMENT
MATERIAL
PREPARED BY:
ZURAIDAH HASHIM
LECTURER
POLYTECHNIC SULTAN HAJI AHMAD SHAH
Describe the material used in
highway construction
LESSON
LEARNING
Explain the objectives and
characteristics of asphaltic
concrete mix
OUTCOME
Discuss the types and their
objectives of tests on road
construction materials:
Material
a. Aggregate b. Fillers used in
Highway
construction
c. Cement d. Steel
reinforcement
e. Binder
Aggregate
Classified as:
a. Naturally occurring aggregate
- Crush Rock Aggregate
- Gravels
- Sand
b. Artificial Aggregate
- Blast Furnace Slag
This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA
Crush Rock
Aggregate
• Coarse materials; from disintegration of
natural rocks due to weathering
• Produced from different types of rocks
• Igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic
• One type of hard rock
Gravel • Properties of gravels depend upon the properties of the
rocks from which they are formed
• Must be tested, should form a high proportion and thus act
as a source of weakness
Aggregate
Aggregate Properties
Filler
• The strength of the road pavement will be increased if
dust additives which dense the graded mixture is added.
• Dust additives known as MINERAL FILLER
• Mineral filler reduces the void content in the mixture
where the size is < 75 micron.
• Types of mineral filler are finely powered limestone,
slag, hydrated lime, Portland cement, trap rock dust and
fly ash
Filler
Cement
Cement is a very useful binding material in construction.
•Types of cements used in road construction are Ordinary
Portland cement (OPC) Ordinary Portland cement and
High Strength Ordinary Portland Cement.
Cement Properties
•Provides strength to masonry.
•Stiffens or hardens early.
•Possesses good plasticity.
•An excellent construction material.
•Easily workable.
•Good moisture-resistant.
Reinforcement
Reinforcement has good tension bearing capacity.
•The used of reinforcement is to enhance moment
carrying capacity of the concrete.
•It can also be used to provide load transfer.
•Reinforcing steel can be used in the form of bars or
rods that are either plain or deformed or in the form of
expanded metal, wire, wire fabric, or sheet metal. Each
type is useful for different purposes, and engineers
design structures with those purposes in mind.
Asphaltic
Concrete
Asphaltic concrete (AC) is agraded mixture
of aggregate, and filter with asphalt or
bitumen, placed hot or cold, and rolled
(ICAO).
•It is used in construction of operating
surfaces like runways, taxiways, and aprons.
Also called bitumen concrete. (by
Encyclopaedia dictionary)
Asphaltic Concrete
An asphalt concrete mixture must be designed, produced and placed in order to obtain the following desirable mix
properties:
• Stability : to resist shoving and rutting under loads (traffic).
• Durability : ability to resist factors such as changes in the binder (polymerization and oxidation), disintegration of the
aggregate, and stripping of the binder films from the aggregate. These factors can be the result of weather, traffic, or a
combination of the two
• Flexibility : ability of an asphalt pavement to adjust to gradual settlements and movements in the sub-grade without
cracking.
• Fatigue Resistance: pavement’s resistance to repeated bending under wheel loads (traffic).
• Skid Resistance : ability of an asphalt surface to minimize skidding or slipping of vehicle tires, particularly when wet.
• Impermeability : the resistance of an asphalt pavement to the passage of air and water into or through it
• Workability : Mixtures with good workability are easy to place and compact; those with poor workability are difficult to
place and compact. Workability can be improved by changing mix design parameters, aggregate source, and/or gradation.
Road oils or Slow-Curing Liquid Asphalts (SC)
• Road oil is an asphalt product used in sealing and
protecting roadways
• Described as petroleum distillates
• It may range from liquid road oil having poor binding to a
very viscous material having excellent binding
• Temperatures application may range from 50 C to
375 C
• Apply using sprayer
Cut-Back Asphalt Medium Curing Type
Produced by cutting back asphalt cement with heavier oils
like kerosene or light diesel oil
•Gives good wetting properties and ensures satisfactory
coating of fine graded & dusty aggregates
•The application temperatures is range from 500C to 2750C
• While in its dissolved state, the asphalt is less viscous and
the mix is easy to work and compact. After the mix is laid
down the lighter fraction evaporates.
Cut-Back Asphalt - Rapid Curing Type
• Produced by cutting back asphalt cement with light oils such as Naphtha or
Gasoline
• More volatile than kerosene and diesel oil
• Lower penetration asphalt cements are usually mixed with these oils to prepare rapid
curing cut back asphalt
• are designed to react quickly and are primarily used in spray applications such as
bond/tack coats, aggregate chips seals, sand seals, granular priming and similar
surface treatments.
Asphalt Cement
• AC is obtained by the distillation process from crude petroleum
• Excessively high temperatures reduce ductility, lower penetration can cause cracking and
cause less homogeneous product
• Softest grade for paving is 200 –300 penetration
• The hardest grade is 30 –40 penetration
• Working temperatures is range from 2250F to 3500F
• Using asphalt cement additives for highway construction project depends on
many factors such as cost, construction ability, availability, and expected performance.
Asphalt cement additives have been used to improve asphalt pavement performance as
well as to reduce asphalt pavement distresses such as moisture damage, permanent
deformation, and thermal fatigue cracking.
Emulsified Asphalt (EA)
• EA simply called emulsion is a mixture of asphalt cement, water & emulsifying agent.
• EA are also categorized as liquid asphalt because they are liquid at ambient temperature
• Emulsion are made to reduce the asphalt viscosity (kelikatan) for lower temperatures
TWO most common EA specified in ASTM D977 & D2397 are:-
–Anionic- electro-negatively charged asphalt droplets
–Cationic-electro- positively charged asphalt droplets
THREE uses of EA are:-
I. Rapid-Setting Grades: surface treatments & penetration macadam
II. Medium-Setting Grades: open-graded cold asphalt-aggregates mixtures
III. Slow-Setting Grades: Tack coat, fog seal, dense-graded cold asphalt-aggregate mixtures, and slurry seals.
Powdered Asphalt (PA)
Hard solid asphalts
•Penetration of 10 or less
•When use, it pulverized (crushed) to a very fine state of sub-division with 100% passing (No.10 ASTM –
2mm sieve) & 50% passing (No.100 ASTM –0.15mm sieve)
PA is usually for low cost road construction with a fluxing medium such as SC (Slow Curing)-2, SC-3, SC-4
liquid asphalts
•Sometimes used in the penetration of patented mixes
•Advantage used of PA –can cold mix
• Bituminous material or asphalt is a viscous (gelatinous) liquid used as binder for
Bituminous aggregates in road construction.
• The purpose of the asphalt binder is to resist the abrasive force brought about by
Materials heavy traffic.
• Two type of bituminous materials known as Bitumen and Tar
Bituminous
Materials
4 FUNCTIONS of Bituminous Materials
1. Act as Cushion (pelapik) – Act as cushion for the surface materials and absorbs the kneading
action of traffic.
2. Seals (kedap) the surface – Seals the road surface against the way in of water, provided the
granular material used is dense-graded
3. Binds the surface – Binds the surface particles together and loss of material from surface by
suction under the body of the moving vehicle.
4. Resist action of weathering (luluhawa) agencies – It resists the action of weathering agencies, for
example wind and sun, and ensures a long life for the pavement
ROAD MATERIAL TESTING
a. Aggregate impact value test
b. Polished stone value test
c. Aggregate crushing value test
d. Flakiness index test
e. Elongation test
f. Penetration test
Aggregate impact value test
Due to movement of vehicle on the
road the aggregates are subjected to
impact resulting in their breaking The aggregate impact value is a
down into smaller pieces. The determining measure of resistance to
aggregates should therefore have sudden impact or shock, which may
sufficient toughness to resist their differ from its resistance to gradually
disintegration on due to impact. This applied compressive load.
characteristics is measured by impact
value test.
Aggregate impact value test
To assess their
To determine the
suitability in road layers
impact value of
(base course, surface
Uses of the test the aggregates used in
course ) construction
pavement
on the basis of impact
construction(Road);
value.
Aggregate impact value test
Apparatus used in Impact test
• The apparatus of the aggregate impact value test consists of:
• A testing machine weighing 45 to 60 kg and having a metal base with a plane lower surface of not less than 30 cm
in diameter. Level and plane concrete floor of minimum 45 cm thickness are used to support it. The base of the
machine should also have provisions for fixing its base.
• A cylindrical steel cup of internal diameter 102 mm, depth 50 mm and minimum thickness 6.3 mm.
• A metal hammer or tup weighting 13.5 to 14.0 kg the lower end is cylindrical in shape, is 50 mm long, 100.0 mm
in diameter, with a 2 mm chamfer at the lower edge and case hardened. The hammer is arranged in such a way that
it should slide freely between vertical guides and be concentric with the cup. It is arranged that the free fall of the
hammer should be within 380±5 mm.
• A cylindrical metal measure having an internal diameter of 75 mm and depth 50 mm for measuring aggregates.
• One end rounded tamping rod 10 mm in diameter and 230 mm long.
• A balance of capacity not less than 500 g, and readable and accurate up to 0.1 g.
Aggregate impact value test
Polished Stone Value Test
(Ujian Nilai Gilapan
Batu)
• Introduction – PSV (BS 812: Part IIV) gives a measure of
resistance of road stone to the polishing action of the pneumatic
tire. Under conditions similar to those occurring on the surface of
the road where the surface of the road consists largely road stone,
the state of polish of the sample will be one of the major factors
affecting the resistance of the surface to skidding
• Objective – To measure the extent of aggregates in wearing
course that would be polished under the traffic flow
Polished
Types of Polishing and Control Material
• Four types of material are used in equipment for calculating PSVs.
Stone Emery Corn
Value Test
The first three hours of the polishing operation uses this material to
remove high spots and condition the surface of the specimen.
(Ujian Emery Flour
Nilai
The second three hours of the polishing operation uses this material
to polish the samples.
Gilapan Control Stone
Batu)
This stone is used in the polishing Machine to provide a comparison
against which the results of the aggregate under test can be measured.
2 out of 14 samples in each test are from this material.
Criggion Stone
Used in the Skid Tester for calibration purposes.
• Introduction – This test done in accordance with BS
Aggregate Crushing 812: Part III. The aggregate crushing values gives a
Value Test (Ujian relative measure of the resistance of an aggregate to
Nilai Hancur Batu crushing value a gradually applied compressive load –
Baur) Aggregate crushing value > 30 – result may be
anomalous (10% finest value should be determined)
• Objective
• To determine the hardness of the aggregates
• Gives a relative measure of the resistance of an
aggregate crushing under gradually applied compressive
load
• Recommended for roads and pavements as it
indicates a lower crushed fraction under load and
would give a longer service life and a more economical
performance
Introduction
Flakiness Index
• –The type of rocks & the type of crushing machine highly determine the shape & size of the aggregates produced.
Elongated & flaky stones are normally not very suitable for road works since the shape & size make them difficult to compact
Ujian Indeks Objective
Pelupasan) • –To determine the flakiness index of aggregates (the percentage by weight of particles in them whose dimension is less
than three-fifths of their mean dimension)
ELONGATION INDEX
(Ujian Indeks
Pemanjangan)
Objective
• To determine of the elongation index of
aggregates.
• –The elongation index of aggregates is
the % by weight of particles whose greatest
dimension (length) is greater than 1 4/5
times their mean dimension.
SOUNDNESS
TEST(Ujian
Ketahanan Batu
Baur)
Objective
1.To determine the resistance of
aggregates to disintegration by saturated
solution of sodium sulphate
2.To measure the resistance of aggregates
to cycle of freezing and thawing
3.To judge the soundness of aggregates
subject to weathering action
PENETRATION
TEST(Ujian
penusukan)
Introduction
–PT is an empirical test used to measure the
consistency of AC
–Penetration of bituminous substance can be defines as
distance in hundredths to which a standard needle
penetrates the material under known conditions of time,
loading & temperature
Objective
–To measure the penetration value of asphalt (which
melted and cooled & kept at room temperature of
25 C)
