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  • Lecture 2A - (MMW) Variables

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    Shannen Dionio
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    1. A variable is a placeholder that can represent one or more possible values and is used to make statements universally true for all elements of a set. 2. There are three main types of mathematical statements: universal statements which are true for all elements of a set, conditional statements which relate an if-then proposition, and existential statements which assert there is at least one element for which a property holds. 3. Universal conditional statements combine universal and conditional statements, stating a property is true for all elements if another condition is met, while universal existential statements assert a property is true for all elements and something exists for each element.

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    Lecture 2A- (MMW)Variables

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    1. A variable is a placeholder that can represent one or more possible values and is used to make statements universally true for all elements of a set. 2. There are three main types of mathematical statements: universal statements which are true for all elements of a set, conditional statements which relate an if-then proposition, and existential statements which assert there is at least one element for which a property holds. 3. Universal conditional statements combine universal and conditional statements, stating a property is true for all elements if another condition is met, while universal existential statements assert a property is true for all elements and something exists for each element.

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    29 views4 pages

    Lecture 2A - (MMW) Variables

    Uploaded by

    Shannen Dionio
    1. A variable is a placeholder that can represent one or more possible values and is used to make statements universally true for all elements of a set. 2. There are three main types of mathematical statements: universal statements which are true for all elements of a set, conditional statements which relate an if-then proposition, and existential statements which assert there is at least one element for which a property holds. 3. Universal conditional statements combine universal and conditional statements, stating a property is true for all elements if another condition is met, while universal existential statements assert a property is true for all elements and something exists for each element.

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    Lecture #2A-(MMW) Variables

    Definition : A variable is sometimes thought of as mathematical. Variables


    can be used as placeholders when to talk about something but either:
    a. Can imagine that it has one or more values
    b. If someone wants, if ever he says about it to be equally true for all
    elements in a given set and so he doesn't want to be restricted to
    considering only a particular, concrete value for it.
    c. Used of variables
    Example: #1. Is there a number with the following property:
    “ Doubling it and adding 3 gives the same result as squaring it?” If
    your answer is yes, then what is/are the number/s?
    Example: #2. Consider the statement:
    “ No matter what number might be chosen, if it is greater than 2,
    then its square is greater than 4” . Site example to prove that it is
    true.
    For discussion: Writing sentences using variables(translate the given
    statement into symbols). Prove your answer
    1. Are there numbers with the property that the sum of their squares
    equals the square of their sum?
    2. Given any real number, its square is non-negative.
    3. Are there numbers whose squares are smaller than the numbers
    themselves?
    4. A prime number is an integer greater than 1 and whose only positive
    divisors are 1 and itself?

    Some important kinds of Mathematical Statement


    There are three most important kinds of sentences in mathematics such
    as: Universal Statement; Conditional Statement; and existential Statement
    Definitions:
    a. Universal Statement- says that a certain property is true for all
    elements in a set. ( Example :” All positive numbers are greater than
    zero”.)
    b. Conditional Statement - says that if one trying is true then some other
    thing also has to be true ( Example: “ If 378 is divisible by 18, then
    378 is divisible by 6.”)
    c. Existential Statement- says that there is at least one thing for which
    the property is true. (Example: “There is a prime number that is
    even.”) In this type of statement a property that may or may not be
    true.
    There are other statements such that:
    a. Universal Conditional Statement - it contains some variation of the
    words “for all” and conditional statements contain versions of the
    word “if-then” A universal conditional statement is a statement that
    is both universal and conditional.
    Example: “For all animals a”,if a is a dog, then a is a mammal.
    One most important fact about universal conditional statements is
    that they can be rewritten in ways that make them appear to be
    purely conditional.
    Example: “If a is a dog, then a is a mammal”
    Or: “ If an animal is a dog, then the animal is a mammal.”
    The statement can also be expressed so as to make its universal
    nature explicit and its conditional nature implicit
    “ For all dogs a,a is a mammal”
    Or “ all dogs are mammals”
    Discussion (recitation)
    A. Fill-in the blanks: Universal Statement: For all real numbers x.
    Conditional Statement If x is nonzero then x^2 is positive.
    1. If a real number is nonzero, then its square is _____.
    2. For all nonzero real numbers , _______.
    3. If x _____ then ______.
    4. The square of any nonzero real number is _____
    5. All nonzero real numbers have _____.

    B. Rewriting a universal existential statement:


    “ Every pot has a lid”
    1. All pots______.
    2. For all pots P, there is _____.
    3. For all pots P, there is a lid L such that_____

    Universal Existential Statements


    A universal existential statement is a statement that is universal
    because its first part says that a certain property is true for all objects of a
    given type , and it is existential because its second part asserts the
    existence of something. For example:
    Every real number has an additive inverse
    Or it can be stated: For all real numbers r, there is an additive
    Inverse for r
    Or it can be stated : For all real number r, there is a real number s
    Such that s is an additive inverse for
    Example: Rewriting a Universal Existential Statements
    Fill in the blanks to rewrite the statement.
    All bottles have caps.
    1. Every bottle ____
    2. For all bottles B, there _____
    3. For all bottles B, there is a cap C such that ______

    Existential Universal Statement


    A existential universal statement is a statement that is existence
    because its first part asserts that a certain object exists and is universal
    because its second part says that the object satisfied a certain property for
    all things of a certain kind.For example:
    There is a positive integer that is less than or equal to every positive
    Integer.
    It can be stated in this way: “ Some positive integer is less than or equal to
    every positive integer.”
    Or: There is a positive integer m that is less than or equal to every
    positive integer.
    Or: There is a positive integer m such that every positive integer is
    greater than or equal to m.
    Or: There is a positive integer m with the property that for all positive
    integers n, m</=n
    Fill in the blanks, consider the given statement; state it in three
    different ways. There is a person in my class who is at least as old as
    every person in my class
    1. Some _____is at least as old as _____
    2. There is a person p in my class such that p is _____.
    3. There is a person p in my class with the property that for every
    person q in my class, p is ______.

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