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/ 12
Journal of Physics: Conference Series
PAPER + OPEN ACCESS
A Review Paper on Fog Computing Paradigm to
solve Problems and Challenges during Integration
of Cloud with loT
‘To cite this article: Saurabh and Rajesh Kumar Dhanara] 2021 J. Phys.: Cont. Ser 2007 012017
View the article onlin for updates and enhancements.
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"EMME 2021
JOP Publishing
Toumal of Physics: Conference Series 2007 (2021) 012017 doi:10.1088/1742-6596/2007/1/012017
A Review Paper on Fog Computing Paradigm to solve
Problems and Challenges during Integration of Cloud with
ToT.
Saurabh, Rajesh Kumar Dhanaraj!
‘Computer Science and Engineering, School of Computing science and Engineering,
Galgotias University, Greater Noida, India
2Computer
“Management, Greater Noida, India
e-mail: ‘sauravsharmal437@ gmail.com
ence and Engineering, G. L Bajaj Institute of Technology and
Abstract, In Today's world technologies such as Intemet of Things, Cloud Computing as wel
as Fog. Computing are growing at an exponential ate which depend upon each other directly ar
ini
cars, washing machines,
frigerator which can interact with each other
ely. The Internet of Things ean be described as a network of substantial matter su
rough internet,
Billions of devices will be oT enabled in near future and generate enormous amount of dala
but [oT devices has some limitations like storage capabilites, processing capabilit
and
utilization of resources which can only be handled by integrating it with cloud technology.
Cloud model provide environment in which software, Infastructure, sharable pool of
configurable resources, virual environment, sensors, hardware and database is provided as @
utlty for ToT devices and users, In cloud computing paradigm some Ii
example distance of the data source from multi-hop, geological us
ntations exist for
fied structure, latency,
heterogeneity and meny more. To address such limitations, Fog computing approach can be
used to bring computing assets nearer to [oTT devices, Fog computing is an enhancement of the
cloud-based Network and computing services, It provides computational and storage services
of cloud proximate to oT devices. This paper provides an overview regar
‘computing uses in [oT devi
the cloud
2s and issues of problems that occur during integration. Handling
fof problems that occurs during integration of cloud with JoT can be done through fog
computing. The purpose of this survey is to understand the concept of fog computing to
improve the existing system of Integration of Cloud with loT
Keywords: Fog, nodes, Cloud Compating,
1, INTRODUCTION
internet of Things, rolisbility, latency, heterogencity
This can be very significant to integrate IoT with Cloud as counting of JOT devices increasing
rapidly and by 2020 various devices will be ToT enabled .In such scenario massive quantity of data
will be produced by these devices and can only be stocked up or manipulated in a Cloud It is
extensively approved that utilization of Cloud computing is to be utilized for efficacy utilities in the
upcoming time [1].This Cloud creates environment in which it provide software scrvices, hardware
(Ea cone tonne at we ane eer of te
of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the title of the work, journal citation and DOL
sive Commons Aribation 3.0 licence. Any ICCEMME 2021 IOP Publishing
Toumal of Physics: Conference Series 2007 (2021) 012017 doi:10.1088/1742-6596/2007/1/012017
resources, networking, distributed computing, virtualization and parallel processing as utilities (2)
Cloud provides services which can be sharable on the internet. On another side, Internet of things is a
association of substantial items that communicate with each other over internet but these devices have
limited storage and computational capabilities [3]. This paper provides overview of integration of
cloud with IoT devices where cloud ean also provide sensors as a service in sensor- cloud framework
for IoT devices. Open issues or challenges which can be occur during integration of these two
technologies and proposed Fog framework to overcome these issues or challenges are also describe in
this paper. Organization of remaining paper can be given as: Section - Il depicts fundamental
perceptions of Cloud computing, [oT as well as [oT which is based on Cloud paradigm. III Section
depicts Literature survey. Section IV talk about the significance of integrating cloud with IoT. Section
V discusses problems or challenges occurred during integration. Section VI discusses. the
implementation of fog in ToT. Section VII discusses proposed framework of FOG computing to
‘overcome these issues. Section VIM compare cloud computing and fog computing in loT infrastructure
Section IX discusses future scope and conclusion and X section include ref
1. Basic Concepts
Basie concepts such as Cloud Comput
section.
‘A. Cloud Computing: Cloud Computing provide computing as a utility such as hardware
resources, memory, workstations, processor. According to NIST Cloud computing as "a model for
enabling ‘ubiquitous, convenient, on-demand network access to a shared pool of configurable
computing resources (e.g,, networks, servers, storage, applications, and services) that can be rapidly
provisioned and released with minimal management effort or service provider interaction” [7]
compared to internet, Internet of things is an association of corporeal items which comprises of
entrenched technology expertise for communication as well as sense or interact with external
environment in which they are operating. Sensors and Actuators are the two basic building blocks of
internet of things where sensor senses the physical environment like lighting conditions, temperature;
humidity and passed information over network or cloud. Based on sensed information actuator
perform action. In today world there are various IoT applications such as Structural health, Noise
‘urban maps, Traffie congestion, Water flow, Smart roads and more,
Essential building blocks for IOT devices are given as:
(Sensors: They perform some input function by sensing or feeling physical changes in the
cnvironment or characteristics of system in response to stimuli such as heat is converted into electrical
signals in temperature sensor and pressure is converted into electrical signals in Barometer.
(iiJActuators: Actuator is mechanism by which control system act on environment. It requires
control signal along with source of energy, and after getting control signal it responds by switching
energy into mechanical motion, Various actuators can be used by IoT devices such as hydraulic
actuators, pneumatic actuators, electrical actuators, thermal /magnetic actuators.
B. Cloud based IoT- [oT is a ubiquitous technology through which normal physical objects can
also be able to connect with internet and communicates. But the main problem is that there will be lot
of IoT devices which in tum generate lots of data and these devices have limited storage and
‘computational capabilitics [5]. Cloud based IOT means that model which helps IoT devices to fetch
data and send data to cloud for storing and computation. Sensor cloud is a example of cloud based [oT
in which sensor as a service (Se-aaS) provided to IoT devices. sensor cloud integration comprises of
virtualization of sensor nodes due to which virtual instances of physical sensors are ereated on cloud,
C. Fog computing: This term invented by CISCO. Fog computing was initiated to broaden
cloud closer to IoT devices for solving problems faced by cloud for data processing. By 2020,
approximately 50 billion of devices shall be online and presently billions of devices bring into being
enormous data every day. Device compactness is still escalating every day and present cloud
‘computing representation is not capable to process that data. Another problem of latency is also
‘unhandled by the cloud sometime. If time sensitive data is propelled through loT devices to cloud and
then there is a waiting situation for appropriate act so that afterwards it may direct to numerous of
useless consequences. Fog can be seen as an intermediary layer connecting Cloud and lo devices.
. IoT, Sensor eloud, fog Computing are explained in this ICCEMME 2021 JOP Publishing
Toumal of Physics: Conference Series 2007 (2021) 012017 doi:10.1088/1742-6596/2007/1/012017
2. LITERATURE SURVEY
Rentact al. [12] describe the procedure for the storage of data that is received through distributed
ToT devices to remote cloud. In this paper It is discussed that IoT devices are enabled to collect user
data in real time through date management system. Cloud computing processed data ina faster way so
those users subseribed to IoT devices get notification quickly. System also runs alert services on the
basis of previous health policy. Chen et al. [13] describe the safety measures of medical data sharing
through cloudlet. A model is developed for reliable destination such as hospitals, doctors ete. Data is
divided into three different parts to accumulate within cloud. This system of detection of Intrusion
works effectively to prevent malicious attacks in the whole process. Zhang et al [14] introduced one
new patient ~ centric eyber physical system which is termed Health-CPS which mainly depends upon
cloud computing and data analytics. Pedi etal. [15] suggests an e-health care system of calorie
calculation on mobile which is based on cloud platform. In this system diverse food substance are
classified out of the meal to calculate the overall calorie. These systems incorporate offloading
mechanism from mobile application to cloud. In cloud system, there is a broker entity which employs
dynamic memory allocation schemes to manage resources effectively. Muhammad et al [16]
{niroduced Healtheare solution on the basis of ToT ~ Cloud technology forthe monitoring of the user's
voice pathology. This solution proposes incorporate pathology detection system which applies binary
pattern onto voice signal all the way through Mel spectrum technique. To conduct efficient pathology
classifier based on machine leaming is used. Author describe that connotation of cloud computing
with ToT devices shows an improvement in the precision as well as ease of access of Healtheare
solution. Gupta et al [17] discusses the loT based on Cloud- empowered physical and corporeal
activity investigation prototypical for the different users, The proposed model contains the entrenched
sensors, Cloud computing and Web services of XML for quick as wel as trustworthy communication.
‘These model alert user for abnormal physical activity. Hosssain et al, in [18] discuss the impact of
Health Industrial IoT for scrutinizing real time health concems of matured people, In this paper
proposed context gathers data of ECG via smart phones as well as sensors. Data collected will be sent
to cloud through which it can be accessed through doctors effortlessly. Ahmad et al [19] projected @
new Healthcare framework grounded on Fog which operate as an intermediary stratum in between
cloud and IoT devices. This framework ensure confidentiality of data and its security along with Cloud
Access security broker (CASB). This proposed structure also proficient of aggregate data from
distributed sources and cryptographic evaluation, Dubey et al [20] suggested service leaning
architecture of Fog computing to appraise sensed data related to raw health with the help of lot
devices. Various illustrations identify important patterns from health-related data and store those on
cloud for its storage as well as processing. The foremost objective of this work is to draw attention to
processing of big data with fog computing resources with low power.
3._ SIGNIFICANCE OF INTEGRATING CLOUD WITH IOT
In today world IoT devices are increasing rapidly but there are some limitations like storage,
computation, privacy, reliability, scalability, interoperability, Cloud tech2nology can help ToT devices
to overcome these issues. In Cloud model user of IoT devices can rent server, software, data center
space of network equipment and cloud service provider offer resource management, PaaS, SaaS,
database as a service and many more in response. There are some Essential characteristics of Cloud
which provides benefits to loT devices and are given as follows:
(i) Scalabitity and elasticity: Cloud provides dynamic scaling and large amount of resource
allocation can be released in very short time period without any variation in system performance
‘whether scale in or out.
(i Manageability and interoperabitiy: In Cloud model client have total control of virtualized
infrastructure resources and pre-configured facility for allocation of virtualized resources,
(iii Availability and reliability: Stored data can be retrieved at any time without any failure and
uninterrupted facility for computation and communication,
(iv)Performance and optimization: High utilization of physical resources among different clients
and enable high computing power with large pool of physical resources using parallel processing.
(s)Real time communication: Data sharing and various applications are the two main components,
of cloud based IOT and applications that may be transmitted through IoT devices [7] ICCEMME 2021 JOP Publishing
Toumal of Physics: Conference Series 2007 (2021) 012017 doi:10.1088/1742-6596/2007/1/012017
(vi)Storage: IOT devices are increasing at a very fast rate and generate enormous amount of data
that is either structured or semi structured but due to limited storage capabilities they must be required
to operate in Cloud environment [8
(vii) Computing or processing capabilities: loT devices have limited capability of processing the
data and to achieve scalability they need some kind of infrastructure. On the other hand, Cloud.
provides unlimited virtual processing and on- demand model {9]
(vill) Models offering services: In cloud computing there are various models used for providing.
services to ToT devices on-demand and are given as follows:
+ Eaa$ (Ethemet as a Service) In the deseribed mode cloud endow with omnipresent connectivity
to their clients
‘SAaaS (Sensing and Actuation as a Service) that makes sensing and actuation service available
online by creating virtual instance of physical sensors on cloud.
+ IPMaaS (Identity and Policy Management as a Service), that makes strategy available to identify
that the user which are accessing the cloud is authentic.
+ DBaaS (Database as a Service) In Cloud computing there is huge capacity of storing data and
provide DB as a service to their users.
+ SaaS (Sensor Event as a Service), this provides s
produced by events of sensor.
+ SenaaS (Sensor as a Service), such service supervises the sensors located remotely
+ DaaS (Data as a Service), this makes everywhere access and acceptance of any form of data
The well-known architecture of loT is having three layers which are first application, next
perception and then network layer. Mostly presume that available network layer in architecture of IoT
is the Cloud layer, that become conscious about the architecture of Cloud-based ToT, as illustrated
within Figure 1[29
vices of messaging available which are
feet erion
comers > . Physical featur col
Ehesthcare Posen dentin
Eo Le RDS hence me ema
‘rtigent | protocols we eects a mace
mm - Emeuon examining
= Ponertbece®
Figure 1: Cloud Based oT architecture
4. PROBLEMS AND CHAL
WITH IOT DEVICES.
NGES OCCUR DURING INTEGRATION OF CLOUD
()) Authorization:
In Cloud based IOT lots of data can be transferred from real world to the cloud, but one important,
issue that need focus of many researchers that there must be some policies or authorization rules which
censure that only authorized user is permitted to access sensitive data generated by IoT devices [10]
Some other challenges like malware analysis, Distributed denial of service attack, Quality of service,
session hijacking ,virtual machine hacking need special focus of researchers, ICCEMME 2021 JOP Publishing
Toumal of Physics: Conference Series 2007 (2021) 012017 doi:10.1088/1742-6596/2007/1/012017
(i) Heterogeneity.
Cloud model is mainly found insufficient to handle many heterogencous devices; Cloud services
have proprietary interface and allow shatable pool of resources to their users or IoT devices based on
cloud service provider[10].On the other hand IoT uses different type of devices which are made by
different vendors and made by different specifications, not follow common standard ;One device uses
fone protocol and another devices uses another protocol, therefore handling or processing of data
‘generated by these loT devices by a Cloud is a big challenge for researchers.
(Data processing or Latency:
By 2020 billion of devices will be connected to internet. IoT devices are heterogeneous and
‘generate enormous amount of data in terms of volume, velocity and variety which cannot be processed
by today Cloud model in a specified time period Suppose in a "Smart car accident detection system’
car automatically send signals generated by a device named accelerometer and other GPS sensor to the
Cloud [6] .Time sensitive data is sent through ToT devices to cloud for its investigation and after that
these devices stay for the proper action to be performed by the cloud,
Latency time = Time taken from device to cloud + Time for analysis of data + Time from cloud to
device.
If latency will be increased then accident may have already occurred in above detection system.
(iv)Data Filtering:
‘AS we already discussed that lots of data will be generated by IoT deviees in future and current
cloud model unable to processed or store all data, it means data need to be filtered. Data can be
divided on the basis of sensitivity and are listed as follows:
Time sensitive data: In smart health care system immediate response of cloud to [oT device is
required for the treatment of patient sometimes, otherwise patient would be died.
Less time sensitive data: In smart health care system immediate response of cloud to [oT device is
not urgently required when patient is notin critical condition,
‘Non - time sensitive data: In smart health care system there may be a possiblity where patient
ion is ok and just going under treatment for personal satisfaction,
IL is a big issue which require attention of many researchers that how to identify the data which is
time sensitive when it comes to real time approach.
()Operation Reliability:
‘The data which is generated by IoT devices is utilized to give solution of real time problems, It is
‘meant that data integrity along with its accessibility should be sure, data unobiainability as well as
altering may be risky.
Big data:
‘According to data analytics it has been predicted that by upcoming years Big data will reach
approximately 50 billion devices. This is very essential that focusing on transportation, processing and
storage of enormous amount of data that will be produced. [tis very well-known fact that loT is @ core
source of big data but Cloud framework is the only way to store this data over long period of time.
Application whole performance is heavily depending upon characteristics of data management service.
is very big issue to manage massive amount of data
IMPLEMENTATION OF FOG IN IOT
Implementation of fog computing paradigm in IoT shows in the Figure 2, example of fog network
‘example has shown in the Figure 2 that is required to be implemented for building a smart city. The
data which is received from peer nodes as well as lower-level nodes, fog nodes is required that much
capability of its proceeding for doing various tasks. In the given figure fog nodes nearer to end devices
uses cumulative data delivered via IoT devices for its transfer to the central fog node whose position is
within a building or street, Fog nodes are accountable for controlling as well as managing scalability
and extendibility of various 1oT devices for vatious tasks whose requitement is low latency like
biometric system, anti-collision system in train, ICCEMME 2021 JOP Publishing
Toumal of Physics: Conference Series 2007 (2021) 012017 doi:10.1088/1742-6596/2007/1/012017
S@e000eCG0GG00
Figure 2 Fog implementation for smart city
However, requirement of some processes is proportion of computational resource that cannot be
processed by a single fog node as well as on cloud. Augmented reality is a prime example of such
application which requires lot of computational resource and outcomes prerequisite is dclivered in real
ime. Fog nodes require peer to peer connection in such situation,
6. PROPOSED FRAMEWORK OF FOG COMPUTING TO OVERCOME ISSUES.
Fog computing as well as fogging both these terms are anticipated by CISCO and the awareness
that was provided is the expansion of cloud more closely to loT devices, Solving the problems is the
principal aim of Fog computing that are faced by the cloud for data handling out. This is an
intermediary between cloud & IoT devices. In real time scenario lots of data is generated by [oT
devices which can be divided on the basis of time sensitivity as explained above, Sometimes cloud
take too much time to respond to loT devices due to which unwanted results may occur, the most
‘important question arise that can we reduce this latency. By the end of 2020, 40% of the data of whole
‘world will arrive from sensors, 90% from the overall data of world were produced firstly throughout
the span of last 2 years, Overall expenses on IoT devices will be approximately 1.78 trillion. Current
cloud model's ability is not that sufficient to grip the necessities of IoT devices. Billions of devices
consuming bandwidth, if all devices become online, facilities to all the ToT devices will not be
provided even by IPv6, To handle variety, volume, and velocity of IoT data upgraded model of
‘computing is required to solve problems such as latency, network bandwidth, security issues, secure
data across wide geographical areas under different environmental conditions [11]. Fog computing
‘model requires when data need to be analysed within fraction of second, huge number of IoT devices,
dovices are separated by a large geographical distance, devices are needed to be subjected to extreme
conditions
Fog and Cloud differ from each other in various parameters such as resource capacity, capability,
bandwidth ete. Cloud based IoT Health care solution loose interoperability as soon a8 these are
projected to dwell in fog, A cluster-based fog architecture has been proposed in [21] by Redowan,
Mahmud, Fernando Luiz Koch, Rajkumar Buyyah. In the cluster-based fog architecture (Figure 2)
multiple nodes form cluster at similar or different fog level. Some nodes in the cluster execute
application like healtheate and other manage database. Each cluster is dependable for meticulous
hialth care solution. In this architecture all inter and intra node communication are handled by cluster
hhead node. In this structural design individually a fog node may receive health related data through
various linked node. On every occasion when node receive data from cluster, it checks importance of
data and forward it to cluster head node.
Fog computing provide distributed environment for computing and networking amenities amid IoT
dovices as well as conventional cloud computing. In fog environment various omnipresent as well as
distributed devices are proficient of performing various jobs independent way without any third-party
intervention. It is a type of computing which can outspread its amenities provided through cloud data,
centers at IoT devices of the network. This environment can facilitate to store data within cloud data ICCEMME 2021 IOP Publishing
Toumal of Physics: Conference Series 2007 (2021) 012017 doi:10.1088/1742-6596/2007/1/012017
centers as well as IoT devices, There ate various applications which are based on fog computing
framework and are listed as follows:
L.Health care:
‘A system assisted by fog computing was proposed and named as FAST in CaO [22]. The objective
of this system was to monitor fall condition for stroke patient in real time. In this paper set of
algorithms for fall detection using data such as measurement of acceleration, methods for time series
analysis, algorithms for noise reduction were proposed.
2Augmented reality.
Some applications which are grounded on the basis of augmented reality will not tolerate
sometimes small amount of delay or latency in response as it can damage user experience. Augmented
brain Computer interaction game was the proposal of Zao [23] which was on the basis on fog
computing,
3.Caching and pre-processing
Performance of website improves by usage of fog servers where user establishes a connection with
internet via fog boxes and each user's HTTP request is sent through fog devices (24). Fog devices
loading request on user page and perform many optimizations. Some techniques for saving the time
like caching HTML components, organizing the configuration of web pages which helps in reducing
the size of components in web.
my
-n
Figure 3 Generalized cluster-based fog architecture [28]
es
According to this architecture fog computing explore new features which are given in Table 1.[28]
Facts Fog caster Cloud data center
‘Anes Tay Tough
Number of servers High Few
odes or servers inclusion Flexible Tough
contiguity to source of data (hop) Oneliwo Mul
Topographical symmet Dispersed Centralized
Real ime inleracton Possible Hand
Tolerance catastrophe Tigh Tow
Tink of Communication Adjustable Satie
Power usage Fewer Tih
Preservation of Management Simple Tomplee
Subject to under fover provision Tess Higher
Configuration Adjustable Rigid
[ Cost Low Thigh
‘Table -1: Enhanced Feature of proposed Fog system. ICCEMME 2021
IOP Publishing
Toumal of Physics: Conference Series
2007 (2021) 012017 doi:10.1088/1742-6596/2007/1/012017
Fog and Cloud Computing Comparison in loT Infrastructure are given in Table 2.
“Areas Cloud Fog
‘Computing Tm small data centeritis centralized | It is very nearer to the user and
Model and its distributed along large geographical
location areas, Controlling of nodes and
system can be carried out by
centralized node / distributed
‘Size Size of cloud data center is very high | Every fog node is comparable to
as compared to fog node and it| single server machine and this is
contain thousands of servers. designed to meet the user demands
Deployment | Exceptional and well-defined | Common of these don't necessitate
planning is required forceful planning, depends on the
environment
Operation This is operaied in Tully controlled | It is operaied according to the
environment and exert teams are | demand of user. It can be operated
required for operation by a company of any size and
‘operate in an environment.
Network Client need to connect with proper | Uninternupied nelwork services can
requirements | network while waiting for the user] be provided as it can operate
who want to access its services. | autonomously within intermittent
Bandwidth prerequisite increases as | network connectivity
overall quantity of data is increased
which is generated by all clients
7._ ARCHITECTURE
Fog layer is proposed or designed amid of cloud as well as ToT devices and layered architecture of
fog is given in figure 4. Arrangement of fog nodes is done in a distributed manner in ordered different
fog levels. This node may be outfitted using memory, processing as well as storage space and
bandwidth of network. The fog nodes at lower level which are very nearer to IoT devices and propose
interface for associated applications. ‘These nodes commonly known as application gateway nodes
which sense health data and promote it to upper fog nodes. Resources can be virtualized as well as
shared in the structure of Micro computing instances (MCI)
"Table- 2; Comparison of Cloud and Fog Computing in IoT Infrastructure ICCEMME 2021 JOP Publishing
ons
