1S 15792 : 2008 Indian Standard ARTIFICIAL RECHARGE TO GROUND WATER — GUIDELINES SCOPE, These guidelines provide details of methods aimed at augmentation of ground water resources by modifying the natural movement of surface water 2 BASIC REQUIREMENTS FOR ARTIFICIAL RECHARGE PROJECTS ‘The basic requirements for recharging the ground water reservoir are: a) Availability of non-committed surplus ‘monsoon runoff of suitable quality in space and time. b) Identification of suitable hydrogeological environment and sites for augmenting ‘groundwater through cost effective artificial recharge techniques. 2.1 Source Water Availability Availability of source water of suitable quality. one of the prime requisites for ground water recharge is basically assessed in terms of non-committed surplus monsoon runoff, which, as per the water resource development scenario, is unutilized. This can be assessed by analyzing the monsoon rainfall pattern, its frequency, number of rainy days, maximum rainfall jn a day and its variation in space and time. The variations in rainfall patern in space and time, and its relevance i relation tothe scope for anificial recharge to sub-surface reservoirs should be considered for assessing the sueplus surface water availability. The physical, chemical, and biological quality of the recharge water also affects the planning and selection ‘of recharge method. 2.2 Hydrogeotogical Aspects Detailed knowledge of geological and hydrological features of the area is necessary for proper selection of ste and type of recharge structure. In particular, the features, parameters and data to be considered are: geological boundaries; hydraulic boundaries; inflow and outflow of waters: storage capacity: porosity; hydraulic conductivity; transmissivity; natural ‘discharge of springs; water resources available tor ‘recharge; natural recharge: water balance; lithology; depth ofthe aquifer; and tectonic boundaries, features, such as lineaments, shear zones ete. The aquifers best suited for artificial recharge are those that can hold large quantities of water and do not release them too quickly. The evaluation ofthe storage potential of sub- surface reservoirs is invariably based on the knowledge of dimensional data of reservoir rock, which includes their thickness and lateral extent. The availability of sub-surface storage space and its replenishment capacity further govern the extent of recharge. The hydrogeological situation in each area needs to be "appraised with a view to assess the recharge capabilites of the underlying geological formations. The thickness ‘of unsaturated rock formations, occurring beyond three eters below ground level should be considered to assess the requirement of water (0 build up the subsurface storage by saturating the entire thickness ‘of the vadose zone up to 3 m below ground level. ‘The upper3 mof the unsaturated zone is not considered for recharging, since it may cause adverse ‘environmental impacts like water logging, soil salinity, dampness etc. The post-monsoon depth to water evel represents 4 situation of minimum thickness of vadose zone available for recharge which can be considered vis-a-vis surplus monsoon runoff inthe area Antficial recharge techniques envisage integrating the surface water resources to ground water reservoirs Aificil recharge causes: (a) Rise in water level, amd. by increment inthe total volume of the ground water 3 PLANNING OF ARTIFICIAL RECHARGE PROJECTS 3.1 Identification of Area Anificial recharge projects are site-specific and even the replication of the techniques in similar areas are to bbe based on the local hydrogeological and hydrological environments. The frst step in planning the project is to demarcate the area for implementation of recharge schemes. The project can be implemented systematically by adopting a hydrologic unit Like watershed or micro-watershed for implementation. However, localized schemes may also be taken up to augment ground water resources. Arificial recharge of ground waters normally undertaken in the following areas:1S 15792 : 2008 a) Areas where ground water levels are continuously declining, ) Areas where substantial volume of aquifer has already been desaturated, ©) Areas where availability of ground water is inadequate in lean months, and d) Areas where studies indicate scope for improvement of quality of ground water or areas where salinity ingress into fresh water aquifers has already taken place or is likely to happen in the near future. 3.2 Technical Inputs For proper planning of artificial recharge schemes the studies given in 3.2.1 10 3.2.6 are needed. BZA Remote Sensing Studies ‘Remote sensing data provides quick and useful baseline information on various parameters controlling the occurrence and movement of ground water such as geology, structural features, geomorphology, soils land use. Jand cover lineaments etc. A systematic study of these factors eads to better delineation of areas suitable for anificial recharge, which is then followed up in the field through detailed hydrogeological and geophysical investigations, Observations from satellite data must bbe complemented by field checks, existing geologic ‘maps and topographic sheets, 3.2.2 Hydrometeorological Studies “These are undertaken to decipher the rainfall pattern, evaporation losses and climatological features. The data on rainfall intensity, number of rain-days, ete. eps in deciding the capacity and design of the atficial recharge structures. These studies can also bring out the extent of cvaporation losses in post-monsoon period which would bbe helpful in designing the storage of particular capacity with a view (© have minimum evaporation losses. In semi-arid regions, evaporation losses are significant after January ard hence the stored water should percolate to ‘ground water reservoir by this period. 3.2.3 Hydrological Smdies Hydrological studies are undertaken to work out non- ‘committed surplus monsoon runoff which can be harnessed as source water for artificial recharge. Hydrological investigations should be carried out in the Watershed/Sub-basin/basin where the actficial recharge schemes are envisaged. Four types of source water may be available for antficial recharge, namely: a) neste precipitation on the watershed, b) Surface (canal) supplies from large reservoirs located within basin, ©) Surface supplies through inter-basin water ‘transfer, and ) Treated municipal and industrial waste water. “Ia-situ’ precipitation, available almost at every location, may or may not be adequate to cause artificial recharge. However, the non-committed unutilized runoff can be stored/transmitted through recharge structures at appropriate locations. Incase other sources. are available in any of the situations, the following, information will be required: 8) Quantity of water that may be diverted for anificial recharge, ») Time for which the source water will be available, and ©) Conveyance system required for bringing the ‘water to the recharge site. 3.24 Soil Infrration Studies ‘In case of artificial recharge through water spreading ‘methods, soil and land use conditions, which control the rate of infltrtion and downward percolation of the water, assume special importance, Infiltration can be defined as the process of water entering into a soil through the soil surface, Although a distinction is made between infiltration and percolation (the movement of ‘water within the soil), the two phenomena are closely related since infiltration cannot continue unimpeded ‘unless percolation removes infiltrated water from the surface soil. 3.24.1 Infiltration capacity ‘The maximum rate at which water can enter soil at a particular point under a given set of conditions is called. the infiltration capacity. The actual rate of infiltration equals the infiltration capacity only when whe supply fate (cainfall intensity less rate of retention) is greater than or equal tothe infiltration rate. 3.2.4.2 Factors affecting infiltration capacity Infiltration capacity depends on many factors, such as type of soil, moisture content, organic matter, ‘vegetative cover, season, air entrapment, formation of surface seals or ervsts ete. OF the soil characteristics affecting infiltration, non-capillary porosity is perhaps the most important. Porosity determines storage capacity and also affects the resistance t0 flow. Infiltration tends to increase with porosity. Vegetal ‘cover increases infiltration, as compared to barren soil, because of the following: a) It retards surface flow giving the water additional time to enter the soil, 1b) The root system makes the soils more ‘pervious, and©) The foliage shields the soil from raindrop impact and reduces rain packing of surface soil, AAs water inflates the soil under natura conditions, the displacement of aris not complete even after many hours. Air spaces in the soil and intermediate zones interfere with infiltration as the air is not pushed out by the infiltrating water but is gradually absorhed by water, Due to this phenomena, infiltration rate may start rising towards a new high after a few days of ‘continuous application of water. Surface conditions have a marked effect on the infiltration process and the formation of surface seals or crusts which form ‘under the influence of extemal forces such as raindrop {impact and compaction, reduces the rat of infiltration, 3.24.3 Infiltration process Infiltration of water through surface takes place generally over small periods of time. The process of redistribution of the soil water however, goes on for most of the time. Infiltration is critically inter-linked with the phenomena of water evolution in the vadose zone, which includes wetting front propagation. 3.244 Infiliration rate Infiltration rate of soils is determined by infiltration tests. Cylinder or flood Infilttometers are common instraments, which measure infiltration as the rate of. waler leaving the device. Maps showing infiltration rates of soils are either available or can be prepared based on the results of infiltration ests. These help in designing suitable artificial recharge structures and assessing the extent of recharge from these structures. 3.28 Hydrogeological Studies A cotrect understanding of hydrogeology of an area is of prime importance in suecessfal implementation of any artificial recharge scheme. A desirabte first step is, to synthesize alt the available data on hydrogeology from diffetent agencies. Regional geological maps indicate the location of different geotogical strata, their geological age sequence. boundaries/contacts of individual formations and the structural expressions, like strike, dip, faults, folds, fractures, intrusive bodies ete, These maps also indicate the correlation of topography and drainage to geological contacts Maps providing information on regional hydrogeological rock units, their ground water potenti and general pattern of ground water flow and chemical quality of water in different aquifers are necessary. Satellite Imagery provides useful data on eomorphic units and lineaments, which govern the ‘occurrence and movement of ground water. A detailed hydrogeological study, besides the regional picture of hydrogeological set up available from previous studies 1S 15792 : 2008 is imperative to know precisely the promising hydrogeological units for recharge and conrectly decide ‘onthe location and type of structures to be constructed in the field. 3.2.5.1 Detailed hydrogeological mapping ‘The purpose of hydrogeological mapping isto prepare. the following maps, which facilitate the analysis of the ‘ground water regime and its suitability to artificial recharge schemes: 4 Map showing hydrogeological units demarcated on the basis oftheir water bearing capabilities, both at shallow and deep levels; b) Map showing ground water contours to determine the form of the water table ad the hydravlie connection of ground water with rivers, canals ete; ©) Map showing the ground water table, usually compiled for the periods of the maximum, imum and meen annual position of water levels; 4) Maps showing amplitudes of ground water level fluctuations and the maximum position of the water table; ©) Maps showing piezometric heads of aquifers and their variations with time: 1) Maps showing ground water potential of different hydrogeological units and the levet of ground water development; and 8) Maps showing chemical quality of ground water in different aquifers. ‘The usage of the above interpretative maps is additive, that is their conjunctive usage provide greater knowledge and understanding of an area than when @ ‘map is used in isolation, ‘The maps mentioned above should be utilized for determining: (a) whether there are any gaps inthe data ‘on sub-surface geology or if the available lithological logs of the boreholes inthe area are sufficient to arrive ata correct picture of aquifer geometry ofthe area, (b) whether the available data on aquifer parameters is, sufficient in case the area shows promise for artificial recharge techniques for decper aquifers through suitable recharge techniques, and (c) whether the available ground water structures can serve the purpose cof monitoring the effects of an artificial recharge project. 32.8.2 Aquifer geometry ‘The data on the sub-surface hydrogeological units and their thickness and depth of occurrence are required to bring out the disposition and hydraulic propertics of unconfined, semi-confined and confined aquifersIs 15792 : 2008 in the area. For surface water spreading techniques, the atea of interest is generally restricted to shallow depths, The main stress is on knowing whether the surface rock types are sufficiently permeable or not to maintain high rate of infiltration during artificial recharge. 3.2.6 Geophysical Studies ‘The main purpose of applying geophysical methods for the selection of appropriate sites for artificial fecharge studies is to assess the unknown sub-surface hydrogeological conditions economically, adequately and unambiguously. They are usually employed to narrow down the target zone, pinpoint the probable site for artificial recharge structure and its proper design. The applications of geophysical techniques is ‘so useful for bringing out a comparative picture of the sub-surface litho-environment and correlate them withthe hydrogeological seting. Besides defining the sub-surface stricture and lithology, geophysics! studies ean also help in studies for identifying the brackish? fresh ground water interface, contaminated zones (aline) and area prone to seawater intrusion. 3.2.6.1 Resistivity and seismic methods Resistivity and seismic geophysical methods, which are commonly used, can determine the following parameters: 8) Suatification of aquifer system and spatial variability of hydraulic conductivity of the characteristic zone suitable for artificial recharge, b) Negative or non-productive zones of low hydrautic conductivity in unsaturated and saturated 2ones, ©) Vertical hydraulic conductivity discontinuities such as dykes and fault zones, 4) Moisture movement and infiltration capacity, of the wasaturated zone, ©) Direction of ground water flow under natural artificial recharge processes, and £) Salinity ingress, trend and short duration! seasonal depth-salinity changes inthe aquifers ‘duc to varied abstraction or recharge. 3.2.1 Hydrochemical Swudies The physical, chemical, and biological quality of the fecharge water also affects the planning and selection of recharge method. The physical quality of recharge water refers tothe type and amount of suspended solids, the temperature, andthe amount of entrapped air. The chemical quality refers to type and concentration of dissolved solids and gases. The biological quality refers {0 1ype and concentration of ving Orgamisms, Under certain conditions, any or afl of these characteristics can diminish recharges rates. ‘A detailed study of the quality of source waters vitally important wherever direct recharge techniques are ‘contemplated. In cases where in situ precipitation ot water supplied from canals are used for recharge, no constraints on account of water quality may arise. However, in cases where waters in the lower reaches of rivers or recycled municipavindustral waste waters are proposed to be used, the quality of water requires to be precisely analyzed and monitored to determine the type and extent of treatment required Problems of quality of water arising as a result of recharge to ground water are mainly related to the quality of raw water that i available for recharge and swhich generally require some sort of treatment before being used in recharge installations, They are also related to the changes in the soil structure and biological phenomena which take place when infiltration begins. Tis also necessary to study the chemical compatibility of source water o ground water. ‘The chemical and bacteriological analysis of source ‘water besides that of ground water is therefore essential. 3.2.8 Clogging of the Soil by Suspended Matter A major requirement for water that is to be used in. recharge projects is that it should be siltfree. Sit may be defined as the content of undissolved solid matter, usually measured in mg/l, which settles in stagnant water with velocities not exceeding 0.1 m/h. To obtain, still clearer water with only 10 mg/l to 20 mg/l suspended solids, further addition of flocculants and ‘frequent agitation of the water should be resorted to. [Near the surface, the intersices ofthe soil may be filed up anda layer of mad may be deposited on the surface ‘On the other hand, suspended particles may penetrate ) ° 4) 2 Pumping rate, Permeability of aquifer, Distance from stream, Natural ground water gradient, and ‘Type of wel5s 15792 : 2008 SHAFT / WELL ‘8A Use of ShatvWell for Artificial Recharge for Shallow Depth and BoreweliTubowells for Deeper Depth of Target Strata - AVIOUS STRATA} 2.45 r pet CREAR EEINES SIN aii eat thered Rocks/ Fractured Rock /Sondstones/Gronulor Bade) fe eee £88 Use of PW/Trench for Ariicial Recharge in Impervious Top Layer Setup Fig. & Favourabie Hyproorotocicat. Sever For Sup-sunrAce TECHNIQUES,st suport ° ° ACUMER ZONE hs ene Centon seat sya ee gf moe Sod én g assenour doviren so'sem 2 3:2mm SLOT CPCH AREA 22% HL aes s 6mm rea GRAVE, eos? 5209 nowres z0We rons or ss Rio. 9 Agrisiciat Recharas Turovan Iuvecrion WELLIs 15792: 2008 ‘The effectiveness of recharge through injection wells is limited by the physical characteristics ofthe aquifers. ‘The attempt to augmient recharge may prove to be ‘counter- productive in cases where the aquifer material ets eroded due to the speed of ground water flow, especially in unconsolidated or semi-consolidated aquifers. Pilure of confining layers may also docur if excessive pressure is applied while injecting water, ‘These may result in clogging and/or even collapse of the bore/tube well. As a means of artificial recharge, injection wells are costlier and require specialized {echniques of well construction supported by operation and maintenance to protect them from clogging. 5.2.2 Gravity Head Recharge Wells (Dug Well/Bore Welt/Tube Well Recharge) Existing dug wells and tube/bore wells in alaviaUinard rock areas may also be slternatively used as recharge wells, as and when source water becomes available. In areas where considerable desaturation of aquifers have already taken place due to over-exploitation of ground: ‘water resources resulting in the drying up of dug wells ‘and lowering of piezometric heads in bore/tube wells, existing ground water abstraction structures provide a cost-effective mechanism for artificial recharge of the phreatic or deeper aquifer zones as the case may be (Gee Fig. 10 and Fig. 11). Storm water, tank water, canal water etc, can be diverted into these structures to directly recharge the dried aquifer. In doing so, the soil moisture Losses during the normal process of artificial recharge are reduced. The recharge water is guided through & pipe to the bottom of the well below the water level to avoid scouring of bottom and catrapment of air bubbles in the aquifec. The quality of source water, ‘mcluding the sil content, should be such tha the qua of ground water reservoir is not deteriorated. 5.2.3 Recharge Pits Recharge pits are normally excavated pits, which are sufficiently deep (0 penetrate the low-permeability layers overlying the unconfined aquifers (see Fig. 12). ‘They are similar to recharge basins in principle, the only difference of being deeper and having restricted bottom area. In many such structures, most ‘of ce infiltration oecurs laterally through the walls of the pit as in most layered sedimentary or alluvial material, the lateral hydraulic conductivity is considerably higher than the vertical hydraulic conductivity. Abandoned gravel quarry pits or brick Jsiln quarry pits in alluvial areas and abandoned quarries in hardrock ateas ean also be used as recharge pits wherever they are underlain by permeable horizons. Nala trench isa special case of recharge pit dug across stream bed. Ideal sites for such trenches are influent, stretches of streams. Contour trenches, described earlier, also belong to this category. 16 5.2.34 Site characterisics and design guidelines 8) Therecharging capacity ofthe pitsinctease with their area of cross-section. Hence, itis always advisable to construct as large pitas possible. The permeability of the undertying strata should be ascertained theough infilteation tests before taking up construction of recharge pits. ‘The side slopes of recharge pts should be as steep slopes reduce clogging and sedimentation on the walls of the pit. Recharge pits may be used as ponds for storage and infiltration of water, or they may ‘be backfilled with gravel sand filter material over a layer of cobbles/boulders at the bottom. ‘Even when the pits are ro be used as ponds, it is desirable to provide a thin layer of sand at the bottom to prevent the silt from clogging permeable strata. Asin the case of water spreading techniques, the source water being used for recharge should be as silt-free as possible. ‘The bottom area of the open pits and the top sand layer of filter-packed pits may req periodic cleaning to ensure proper recharge. Recharge pits focated in flood-prone areas and ‘on stream beds are likely to be effective for short duration only due to heavy silting. Similar pits by the sides of stream beds are likely to be effeetive for longer periods. In hard rock areas, stream bed sections crossing weathered or fractured rocks or sections along prominent lineaments or interserrion af lineaments form ideal locations for recharge pits. 5.2.4 Recharge Shafts These are the most efficient and cost-effective structures to recharge the aquifers directly. In areas ‘where source water is available either perennially or for a period of time, for example base flow, springs, ‘canals etc, recharge shafts can be constructed. Recharge Shafts are similar to recharge pits but are ‘constructed to augment recharge into phreatic aquifers where water levels are much deeper and the aquife ones are overlain by strata having low permeability (Gee Fig. 13). Further, they are much smaller in cross section when compared to recharge pits. Detailed design ‘Buidelines of a recharge shaft are shown in Fig. 14. 5.24.1 Design guidelines 8) Recharge shafts may be dug manually in non- caving strata, For construction of deeper shafts, drilling by direct rotary or reverse circulation may be required, 6) ° 4 ° »a ‘SKETCH PLAN OF DUG WELL ‘SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM OF RECHARGE THF WHO LEVEL Uy s+ 00 stiow oo Fic. 10 Recuance Trrouci Dua WeiRGE THROUGH DUG WELL. RECHARGE THROUGH INJECTION WELL INJECTION WELL soseesio Fic. 11 RecHancs Throucn Existina Gnouxp Water ABSTRACTION STRUCTURES 8007 : Z6L51 SI1S 18792 : 2008 Fig, 12 Schemanies oF a Recuarct Pir Fic. 13 Scuemanics oF RECHARGE SHAFTSSCHEMATIC PRESENTATION OF DETAIL DESIGN OF RECHARGE SHAFTS AT ARTIFICIAL RECHARGE THROUGH SHAFT ‘SAWKHEDA AND NAGADEVI ROAD CEMENT CONCRETE LiMn serrienent section c= a E 3 Lee et fre or & bes | 5 i ES i's beeact cH "= erate ntinronces ESF tue etroctia Too= Fh ts wine ween = + eS + tenner serton ee I, soutbins orto te te Fic, 14 Desion Guioeties oF a TreicaL Recuarae SHAFTby ‘The shafts may be about 2 m in diameter at the bottom if marwally dug. Incase of drilled shafts, the diameter may not exceed In. ‘The shalt should reach the permeable strata by ‘penetrating the overlying low permeable layer, Dut need not necessarily touch the water table. Unlined shafts may be backfilled with an inverse filter, comprising bovldersfeobbles at the bouom, followed by gravel and sand. The ‘upper sand layer may be replaced periodically. Shafts getting clogged due to biotic growth ‘are difficult tobe revitalized and may have to be abandoned Deeper shafts constructed in caving strata may fequire lining or casing, In such cases, the shafts need not be completely backfilled and reverse pravel sand filter, few meters thick, ‘atthe bottom of the shaft will suffice. In such cases, the water from the source may be fed through 2 conductor pipe reaching down to the filter pack. ‘The source water should be rade as sill-ftee as possible before letting into the shaft by providing suitable filters 5.3 Combination Techniques Various combinations of surface and sub-surface recharge methods may be used in conjunction under favorable hydrogeological conditions for optimum recharge of ground water reservoirs. The selection of methods in such cases is site-specific. Commonly adopted combination methods include a recharge basins with shafts, percolation ponds with recharge pits ‘or shafts and induced recharge with wells tapping ‘multiple aquifers permitting water to flow from upper to lower aquifer zones through the annular space between the walls and easing (connector wells), etc. ® 2 S.4 Indirect Methods ‘S41 Induced Recharge and Required Structures Induced recharge is an indirect method of recharge and involves pumping water from an aquifer, which is, hydraulically connected with surface water to induce recharge tothe ground water reservoir. When the cone ‘of depression intercepts the river recharge boundary, hydraulic connection is established with the sucface water source which starts providing part ofthe pumping yield. In such methods there is actually no artificial build-up of ground water storage but only passage of surface water to the pump through an aquifer. In this sense, itis more a pumpage augmentation rather than ial recharge measure (see Fig. 15), Induced a 1S 18792 : 2008 recharge, under favorable hydrogeological conditions, can be used for improving the quality of surface water resources due to its passage through the aquifer ‘material, Collector wells and infiltration galleries, used! for obtaining very large water supplies from fiver beds, lake beds and water-logged areas also functioa on the principle of induced recharge. In hard rock areas, abandoned buried channels often provide favorable sites for the construction of structures for induced recharge. Check dams constructed in the river channel upstream of the channel bifurcation can help in high infiltration to the channel when wells located ia the channels are pumped with high discharge for prolonged periods (see Fig. 16) SALI Collector wells For obtaining large water supplies from river bed/lake bed deposits or waterlogged areas, collector wells may be constructed. A Collector well isa large diameter (4.mto8 m) well from which laterals ae driventdrilled rear the bottom at one or two levels into permeable strata, The central well sa vertical concrete cassion in precast rings (wall thickness 0.45 m) sunk down to the bottom of the aquifer horizon. The bottom of the ‘cassion is sealed by thick concrete plugs. Slotted steel Pipes, 9 mm thick, 150-mm to 500 mm in diameter, having open area above 15 percent and tapered leading are driven laterally through port holes at appropriate places in the cassion. The successive slotted pipes are welded and driven using special hydraulic jacks installed at the bottom of the casing. The number of laterals are usually Jess than 16, thus permitting a minimum angle of 22° 30” between two laterals. The ‘maximum length of lateral reported is 132.m and the total length ot laterals range from 120 m to 900 m depending upon requirement of yield. ‘The laterals are developed by ushing and if entrance velocity is kept between 6 masec to 9 mnvsec, these do not get filled by sand. The effective radius of a collector well is 75 to 85 percent of the individual lateral length, 5.4.2 Aquifer Modification Techniques ‘These techniques modify the aquifer characteristics to increase its capacity to store and transmit wate through antici means, thereby inereasing its capacity to store and transmit water. The most important techniques under ‘this category are bore blasting techniques end hydrofracturing techniques. Though they are yield ‘augmentation techniques rather than artificial recharge structures, they ate also being considered as artificial recharge structures owing fo the resultant increase in the storage of ground water in the aquifers.Is 15792 : 2008 6 GROUND WATER CONSERVATION watershed by aesting the sub-surface flow. The known ‘TECHNIQUES techniques of ground water conservation are: (a) i i Ground water dams/sub-surface dykes/Underground Ground water conservation echniques are intended vo “Bonharas" and (b) Fracture sealing Cementation retain the ground water for longer periods in thebasin’ eet vigaes, Ground surface Water table ZZ LZZZILIZLLLED ELE EZILDELEL ET PER EN OPN “ bow 2 ~~ -------- impermeable 1A Natural Flow Pattern ing well Ground surtoce Pumping ~~ é Water table LUTFTOTTTFT TTF 7 Impermecble 156 Flow Pattern with Pumping Well Fig, 15 Iypucen Recharce Resuctine FRoM « WeLt Pumpin Near 4 RIVER WenSaawewe | Pumped weile Fic. 16 Arniriciat, ReckaRce oF BURRIED CHANNEL n6.1 Sub-surface Dykes/Ground Water Dams/ Underground ‘Bandharas’ These are basically ground water conservation, structures and are effective to provide sustainability to {ground water structures by arresting sub-surface flow. A sub-surface dyke/ground water dam is sub-surface, barrier constructed across a stream channel which retards the natural ground water flow and stores water below the ground surtace to meet the demands during periods of need (see Fig. 17). Tke main purpose of ‘ground water dams i to arsest the flow of ground water ‘out of the watershed/sub-basin and increase the storage within the aquifer. In doing so, the water levels ‘upstream of the dam rises saturating the otherwise dry Patt of the aquifer. 2B Is 15792 : 2008 ‘The sub-surface dyke has the following advantages: 8) Since the water is stored withia the aquifer, submergence of land can be avoided and the land above the reservoir can be utilized even after construction ofthe dam; No evaporation losses take place from the reservoir, [No siltation ofthe reservoir takes place; and Potential disasters like collapse of dams can be avoided. » 2 a At favourable locations, such dams ean also be ‘constructed not only aerozs streams, but in fange-arcas. of the valley as well for conserving ground water.MURRAM oR son —1 WaTER Table ——t. *> CLAY OR CONCRETE WALL SECTION ‘STREAM BED g__WATER TABLE > REGIONAL WATER TABLE PHREATIC AQUIFER - IMPERMEABLE ROCK. Fig. 17 Anriviciat RecHaRce THROUGH UNDERGROUND BanDHARAANNEX A (Foreword) AS 15792 : 2008. COMMITTEE COMPOSITION Ground Water and Related Investigations Sectional Committee, WRD 3 Organization ‘Cental Ground ater Board, New Det Central Eletricity Autboriy, Hyderabad Cents} Ground Water Bosrd, Fardsba Cena Potion Comot Board, New Del [Central Soil and Sainy Researeh tase, Karnal Central Water & Power Research Station, Pune Central Water Coniston. Foisbad Cen foe Water Resouces Development & Maragement, Kozbikode Gostical Survey of Indi, Lucknow ‘Ground Water Surveys and Development Agency, Pune ‘Gajrar Water Resomees Development Corporation, Gujant India Meteologieul Department, New Delhi Indian Inttte of Technology, Roorkee Itsgaion Deparment, Government of Panjab, Chandigarh Urigation Department, Government of Utaakhd, Dehra Dan Minisy of Environment & Forests, New Delhi Nations! Bureau of Soil Survey & Land Use Pen [National Geophysical Ressarch Instat, Hyderabad National Hydeoelecwic Power Corporation Ltd, Fridabad i New Del Nations Instowe of Hydeology, Rearkne National Remote Sensing Agency. Hyderabad [Noh Eastern Region, Tejpur Rivor Research Institue, Goveraent of West Bengal, Kolkata ‘Survey of lia, New Del Woter & Land Management Insite, Aurangabad over Technology Cestee for Basten Region, Orissa, Bhubaneshwar IS Directorate General Represetoivets) ‘Sua BM. Ina (Chairman) (Member (SAM)] ‘Sum Mason SwoH ‘Sua SB. Aw (Altemate) Dx 8. K. Joos ‘Su 8. Sima (Atermaied Da RC. Trove Dx Sastnw Adtauat (Alternate) De S. K. Gursa DN, Gros Sh RS, Raw (Alternate) Surunranoine Escnen (Panning Cirle) DDucron (WH ¢Altemare) Hse rE J nuts (Abereate) Seer 5. Kosa ‘mY. evs (Alterna) Dr. B, S. Chavoraseenan ‘Sha SP Rane (Alternate) ‘Sem J.P. RAL ‘Sum A. D. Gow. Alternate) Siu N.Y. Ae De Daze Kin Car Encinas Dasctom (Alternate) Chee Bane Suresnrowooes Encnern (1 PD) ¢Aliernare) ‘Avason ‘Dr cMns) Nauna Biot (Alternate) Drscroe Dr D. Muraupnanas ‘Sm la Save ‘Sis P.Poeria Alert) DR ALK. Bust De N.C. Gust (Akernate) isa, Hiroto Govoay Drascr Dx PV, Sernuarana Da 5, C. Patea (Alerate) Swe CuaKsanonty Baio. 8, Craoets ‘Sunt CB. Sait (Alternate) Dr BM. Save ‘Ser B.B. Satun Alternate) ‘Sims R. C. SuiasTAv4 Su A. M. Das, Dicetor OWRD) [Representing Director General (Ee offal) Member Secretary Me Bivins SHasiua ‘Assistant Digecior Scientist "B" (WRD), BIS 2sBureau of Indian Standards BIS fs a statutory institution established under the Bureau of Indian Standards Act, 1986 to promote harmonious development of the activites of standardization, marking and quality certification of goods and attending to connected matters in the country. Copyright BIS has the copyright of all its publications. 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