UNIT 1: Integrative Art as Applied to

Philippine Contemporary Art

Table of Contents
Introduction 2
Lesson 1: Integrative Arts
Jump Start 3
Learn about It! 4
Check Your Understanding 6
Lesson 2: The Elements and Principles of Art
Jump Start 7
Learn about It! 7
Check Your Understanding 14
Lesson 3: Art Forms in the Philippines
Jump Start 15
Learn about It! 15
Check Your Understanding 20
Did You Know? 21

Check and Reflect 23

Wrap Up 24
Answers to Check Your Understanding 25
Bibliography 27
Glossary 29

GRADE 11/12 |Contemporary Philippine Arts for the Regions

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UNIT 1

Integrative Art as Applied to Philippine

Contemporary Art
There is art everywhere you look. In today’s world, where technological advancement is driven
rapidly, art is commonly categorized simply as paintings, sculptures, and other similar forms.
Not many know that art comes in various forms that can be integrated. Social media, print
advertisements, radio programs, and even noontime television shows are the results of
integrated art.

Fig. 1. Oroborus at Conrad Manila by Leeroy New

The artwork above is an example of an art piece that integrates various forms of art. What are
the art forms and elements present in the image above?

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 Learning Target
In this unit, you should be able to identify various contemporary art forms and their practices
from various regions.

Lesson 1: Integrative Arts

You might have heard of Nick Joaquin’s A Portrait of the Artist as Filipino in your literature class.
It is a significant literary piece that has been adapted into a musical and, in 2017, a screenplay
directed by Loy Arcenas entitled Ang Larawan. This is an example of a creative adaptation
resulting from integrative art.

Think-Pair-Share

In pairs, discuss the function of art in your daily lives. After your discussion, answer the
following questions:
1. What is your favorite art form? Why?
2. Can art exist without functions?
3. What do you think are the functions of art in your life and in society?
4. Give examples of how art functions in our daily lives.

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 Learn about It!

The word art is quite challenging to define and its definition has been heavily debated
throughout history. The word came from the Latin word ars, meaning “skill” or “craft”. A
common definition of art is the use of creative processes and imagination to express ideas or
feelings. This is often done through the various art forms discussed below.

Visual Arts
Visual arts express artistic ideas through images, structures, and tactile work. Examples of
visual arts are paintings, sculptures, and architecture. Some visual artworks are integrated,
which means it combines several mediums to create new and unique artwork.

Literary Arts
Literary arts is an expression of ideas through writing. There are many types of literary
artworks, and these can be categorized into the following:

● Poetry – It is one of the earliest forms of literature, distinguished by its imaginative and
figurative language. Some poetic forms, such as the sonnet, are strict with rhymes and
syllabic counts, while contemporary poetry pieces now go beyond the limits of form
and more. Many contemporary writers also use free verse.
● Prose – It is an imaginative literary piece not written in verse. Prose is commonly
written in complete and grammatical narratives. Examples of prose are short stories
and novels, among others. Generally, prose is a literary piece that is not poetry.
● Drama – It is a text written to be performed and not just read. Usually, people refer to
dramas as plays.

Performing Arts
Performing arts is the term used for the arts performed in front of an audience. It is an
expression of an artistic idea through combining written lyrics, text, dramatization, and
multimedia production. Artists utilize their voices and bodies to communicate their artistic
expressions through music, dance, and theater presentations.

● Music – It is a form of emotional expression that uses sound patterns produced by

different instruments, voices, or a combination of both.

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 ● Dance – It uses rhythmic body movements to express an idea or emotion. Usually
performed with musical accompaniment in a given space, its movement sequences can
be improvised or carefully choreographed.
● Theater – It is the art of presenting written dramas on stage. It is a collective art form
that combines music, dance, speech, gestures, dialogues, and acting in a live
performance.

Film and Broadcast Arts

Film emerged during the late 19th century and managed to rise during the 20th century up
until the present. This art form, which combines various technical skills in photography, sound
recording, and optics, is a remarkably effective medium in portraying the emotion and
expression of an idea.

Broadcasting, on the other hand, is the distribution of audio, visual, or a combination of both
signals to an audience. These may come in auditory information, such as the radio, or audio
and visual information, like the television. Broadcasting makes art forms, such as film, music,
spoken word, and others, easier to spread to a larger scale.

How can arts be integrative?

Knowing the different art forms discussed above, how can they be integrated with one
another or, in some cases, all of them? Different art forms are distinct from each other but are
not necessarily independent. This means that two or more art disciplines can be used to
create an integrated artwork.

Art integration calls for combining various disciplines to create an expressive work. An
example of contemporary artwork is spoken word poetry. It is when poetry is written to be
read on a stage, usually in intimate settings such as a coffee shop.

Integration of various art forms has become increasingly evident in contemporary art. With
people of different cultures having contact with one another, artists inevitably lift styles and
techniques from different practices.

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 Check Your Understanding
Answer the following questions.

Recall
1. The word art has its roots in the Latin word ______.
2. _________ is a literary form that is not poetry.

Application
3. Which art forms are present in the staging of a theatrical play?

Synthesis
4. Why is integrative art popular in contemporary times?

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 Lesson 2: The Elements and Principles of
Art
Certain elements and principles make an artwork an artistic piece. These elements and
principles are socially agreed upon and, when followed, usually define what is formally known
as aesthetically pleasing. Knowing the elements of art is crucial to artists and viewers of art, as
this can enable a deeper understanding of the artwork.

Think-Pair-Share

Before understanding how to integrate art forms, you must first understand the definition of
art. In pairs, discuss what makes certain pieces considered art and others not. With that,
answer the question, “What makes art, art?”

Learn about It!

The Elements of Art

Space
Space varies depending on what art discipline it pertains to. In visual arts, this may refer to
emptiness, which may either be positive or negative space. Positive space refers to a part
enclosed in a shape, while negative space refers to the opposite part enclosing the shape.

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 Fig. 1. Positive vs. negative space
In other forms of art, like literature and music, space may pertain to the pauses and intervals
between lines or notes.

Line
In visual arts, a line is a continuity of points. It may come in two characteristics:
● form – It can be curved, dotted, or broken.
● direction – It can be vertical, horizontal, or diagonal.

Fig. 2. Vertical curved lines vs. diagonal dotted lines

Several kinds of lines may convey various meanings. For example, a horizontal line usually
suggests calmness, like viewing the horizon during sunset. Vertical lines may convey
superiority, while diagonal lines may pertain to dynamism.

In other disciplines, like theater, this may pertain to the lines in the script, while in dance, it is
the routine of steps executed by the dancer.

Shape
Shape is formed by connecting both ends of a line. Shapes are two-dimensional figures with
height and width. The following are the different kinds of shapes:

● Geometric shapes are enclosed figures, such as triangles, squares, and other structured
figures.
● Organic shapes are shapes found in nature. They do not have a structured form as they

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 are usually free-flowing. Examples of these are the shape of a leaf or a cloud.
● Abstract shapes are like organic shapes because they lack definition, but are not
necessarily found in nature. They are also asymmetrical and free-flowing.

Similar to lines, shapes may contribute to making meaning when used in an artwork. For
example, a circle is usually linked to love, harmony, and infinity, just like in an engagement
ring. When upright, a triangle may suggest stability because of its solid base, and it may
suggest tension when it is upside down. Meanwhile, a square or a rectangle may convey
familiarity and equality.

Fig. 3. Shapes vs. forms

Form
Forms are three-dimensional; they have the exact dimensions as a shape except with added
volume. Unlike shapes, they have more depth and do not feel flat. Forms can be spherical,
cubic, pyramidal, conical, cylindrical, and more.

Color
In visual arts, color is linked with the natural phenomenon in our environment. According to
science, light that passes through a prism will produce various hues of different wavelengths.
These colors may pertain to lightness or darkness, coolness or warmth. Also, colors may
convey different meanings depending on the cultures and traditions of a region.

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Value
In visual arts, value is considered a characteristic of a color that pertains to its lightness or
darkness.

Fig. 4. Value pertains to the lightness or darkness of a color

In music, this may refer to the pitch. Pitch is considered the highness or lowness of a sound.

Texture
In visual arts, texture is the tactile or illusory surface of an artwork. In music, texture is the
mood or quality of a composition.

The Principles of Art

The elements of art may be arranged in a way that they can create a more fascinating artwork.
Principles of art refer to the way these elements are organized. Understanding the elements
and how they work together will significantly help you improve your artistic skills and
capability to understand art.

Scale
Scale refers to the artwork’s size in relation to the viewer’s body. Some words to describe scale
are the following:
● diminutive – refers to having a small size
● monumental – refers to having a larger size than most objects

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 Fig. 5. The golden ratio is believed to be a universal principle of good structure and design.

Proportion
Proportion refers to the size of an object in relation to other objects. For example, when
drawing a human standing next to a house, it is important to make sure that the human is
proportionate to the house. This means that the size of the elements should reflect what they
are—a human standing next to a house—rather than a human standing next to a dollhouse.

Harmony
Generally, an artwork is in harmony when the different parts produce an overall positive
impact or effect. In visual arts, harmony is the coordinated arrangement of its parts. In music,
harmony refers to the simultaneous sounding or playing of different notes to produce a
sound.

Variety
In other terms, variety may also pertain to diversity. Variety means adding multiple elements
to break an artwork’s monotony and make it more interesting.

Movement
Movement is a fundamental natural principle associated with the environment. Living things
and heavenly bodies move naturally, while some nonliving things also show movement when
acted upon by an external force. Movement serves as one of the primary principles in dance
and theater. In visual arts, an artwork has movement when it incorporates the passage of
time, even in an illusory manner.

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 Fig. 6. In visual arts, there is movement when the piece suggests the passage of time.

Rhythm
Rhythm refers to the repetition of certain elements to produce a pattern. Repeated design
elements in an artwork may create a specific flow and may direct the viewer’s gaze. In music,
this refers to the equal distribution of notes.

Balance
Balance refers to the even and fair distribution of elements. The following are the two types of
balance in visual arts:

● Informal balance, also called asymmetrical, exists when the art elements are not equally
distributed on both sides.
● Formal balance, also called symmetrical, exists when the art elements are equally
distributed on both sides.

Emphasis and Subordination

Emphasis is a principle that refers to the greater impact given to a particular element.
Opposite to emphasis, subordination describes how certain elements only function as a
supplement to the element being emphasized in an artwork.

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Unity
Unity refers to the overall cohesiveness of an artwork. It also means the pleasing combination
of the elements in a particular artwork.

Repetition
Repetition refers to the pattern of an artwork. It is the combination of elements in an artwork,
such as shapes, colors, and lines.

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 Check Your Understanding
Answer the following questions.

Recall
1. ____________________ refers to the lightness or darkness of a color.
2. A form is different from shape because it has the added dimension of
____________________ .
3. Another term for informal balance is ____________________.
4. The type of line usually associated with dynamism is ____________________.

Application
5. How can you say that a visual artwork has movement?
6. When do you say that an artwork has harmony?

Synthesis
7. How can your knowledge of the elements and principles of art help you in appreciating
art better?

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 Lesson 3: Art Forms in the Philippines
The Philippines is an archipelago comprising over 7,000 islands. These islands are home to
people with different languages, beliefs, cultures, and histories. The country’s diverse
ethnolinguistic groups are a testament to its rich culture and traditions. This diversity is
observable through the artworks found all over the country. More than the geographic
influences, art in the Philippines is also influenced by the rich history of its people.

Think-Pair-Share

Are you aware of any cultural practices or artistic productions, such as festivals, from your
region? With a partner, discuss these practices and answer this question: What are the
historical and cultural roots of these artistic practices?

Learn about It!

Indigenous Art Forms

Artistic production in the Philippines started even before the colonizers reached the Philippine
islands. People often used art in their daily lives. Our ancestors wove fabrics for dresses,
made weapons for hunting and battles, and chanted songs to bring good harvest. Unlike
today, indigenous artworks are not classified strictly into disciplines. For the indigenous
communities, art had social utility; they integrated art into their communal ceremonies.
Planting, harvesting, weddings, funerals, and rites of passage are examples of communal
ceremonies performed by these communities.

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 Fig. 1. The Manunggul jar is a burial jar excavated in the Tabon cave in Palawan.

Many indigenous communities and tribes in the Philippines still follow these practices today.
The government supports the preservation and promotion of these Filipino cultural heritages.

Indigenous Arts (Performing Arts)

Rituals played a significant role in the everyday lives of Filipino ancestors. For example, the
Kashawing ritual in Lake Lanao acts as a prayer for abundance during the harvesting season.
It involves a reenactment of a legendary pact between ancestors and unseen spirits. The
Tagbanwas of Palawan perform a similar type of ritual for planting rice.

Filipino ancestors harvested and hunted for a living. Their hunting experience also inspired
them to create drama, poetry, music, and dance by imitating the movements of animals. This
is performed as a ritual to prepare for hunting.

The indigenous people also had their own musical instruments to accompany their rituals. An

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example of this is the agung ensemble. When played, musical instruments are usually
complemented with dances that imitate the movements of animals. Higaonon and B’laan
tribes have banog-banog, and the Bagobos have manmanok dances that mimic the
movement of birds. Meanwhile, the courtship ritual in Ifugao is represented through the talip.

Indigenous Arts (Visual Arts)

Most indigenous arts were inspired by animism. Indigenous people made statues and
symbols to represent their beliefs. The Ifugaos carved the bulul, which they depict as their
granary god. In the Southern Philippines, the okir is a curvilinear decoration with evidence of
Indian and Islamic influences.

What Is Contemporary Art?

Contemporary means the present period, and the present is relative. Many historians regard
the 1970s as the birth of contemporary art. This art concept lies behind the artwork's
meaning, not in its beauty or form. The idea lives on the outside, which takes the form of
videos, performances, and installations. Photography, painting, and sculpture are still on
trend with contemporary art. The goal is for viewers to experience and channel the effect of
the art.

Contemporary Art in the Philippines

The birth of contemporary art in the Philippines began when the late former president
Ferdinand Marcos started his administration. In his vision of the “New Society,” he gave
culture and the arts focus, the Cultural Center of the Philippines was established, and urban
planning and architecture were given more priority. However, the declaration of martial law
(1972–1981) gave birth to dictatorship and numerous human rights violations. During that
time, social realism emerged. Underground cultural circles and writers hiding behind pen
names were famous, as censorship was widespread. Artists used literary, visual, and
performing arts to express dissent. An example is the poem “Prometheus Unbound” by Jose
Lacaba, under the pen name Ruben Cuevas. The piece is an acrostic, meaning each line’s first
letter forms a message. The acrostic revealed a strong sentiment against the administration
and became a famous slogan against the regime. As the piece was published, the editor,
unaware of its hidden message, published it in Focus magazine.

When the martial law was lifted and the Marcos regime ended, democracy was reintroduced
to the Filipino people. This newfound freedom paved the way for more diverse and expressive
Filipino artists. The Filipinos no longer exclusively made art for or against the government;

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now, art is a tool mainly used for self-expression. With the rapid rise of technology and the
popularity of social media, Filipinos find more platforms and ways to express themselves,
constantly changing the art scene. Contemporary art is distinct because it blurs lines across
artistic disciplines and integrates various elements and principles.

Philippine Festivals
The country is noted for its artistic and culturally rich festivals, which are recognized
worldwide. These festivals give imaginative Filipino minds opportunities to express their
creativity and preserve cultural tradition and heritage. Often, these festive settings become
the stage for local artists in music, dance, and visual arts, which are highlighted for their
contemporary or indigenous backgrounds.

Fig. 2. Moriones festival in Marinduque

Moriones Festival
The Moriones festival is characterized by painted masks and helmets, colorful costumes, and
the outer garments of ancient Greeks and Romans. The Moriones festival is held at the
province of Marinduque during the Holy Week and depicts the reenactment story of the
Passion of the Christ. Men and women from the locale replicate the costume of the soldiers
using the morion masks, named after the morion helmet in the 16th and 17th centuries. This
festival inspired the creation of other festivals in the country.

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 Fig. 3. Sinulog festival street parade in Cebu Fig. 4. Sinulog festival costume

Sinulog Festival
The Sinulog festival is considered one of the most celebrated events in the Philippines, which
happens on the third Sunday of January. This festival celebrates the significant event that
paved the way for the birth of Christianity in the Philippines and is held in honor of Señor Sto.
Niño, the statue that was handed over to Rajah Humabon by Ferdinand Magellan. Sulog, which
means “water-like current movement,” is characterized by doing a “two steps forward and one
step back” dance step to mimic the movement of the river. The day of the celebration depicts
a grand street parade, accompanied by Sinulog music, where dancers wear colorful costumes
and joyfully sway to the movements.

Fig. 5. Kadayawan festival in Davao

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Kadayawan Festival
Stemming from the word madayaw, which means “treasured” or “valuable,” Davaoeños
express their gratitude for the bountiful harvest of the season in the region’s famous
Kadayawan festival held every third week of August. They used to perform rituals, sing, dance,
and display their harvest in front of their houses as a sign of respect. Most of these are done
until today. This festival is characterized by the street dancing of different Mindanao
communities in their costumes and floral float parades. Other shows and performances are
also witnessed in the celebration of this event.

All these festivals are living proof of the integration of different art forms of today—a mixture
of music, dance, theater, visuals, and design boiled into what we call the rich culture of the
Philippines. This proves not only the people’s creativity but also the belief that we are
safeguarding and promoting our own culture throughout the country.

Check Your Understanding

Answer the following questions.

Recall
1. What is the indigenous dance that mimics the movement of birds?
2. What is the curvilinear decoration influenced by Indian and Islamic cultures and is
popular in the Southern Philippines?
3. Which festival is characterized by painted masks and helmets, colorful costumes, and
the outer garments of ancient Greeks and Romans?
4. What is the real name of Ruben Cuevas?

Application
5. How did lifting martial law affect contemporary art in the Philippines?
6. How did the indigenous people integrate art into their communal ceremonies?
7. What makes contemporary Filipino art distinct from the artworks in other periods of
time?

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Synthesis
8. What is the importance of understanding contemporary Filipino art?

Let’s Create!

Gather everyday objects from your homes and bring them to class. In groups of five, create an
artwork mainly using the gathered objects. The artwork must depict contemporary Filipino
culture. Remember to integrate various practices, elements, and principles of art discussed in
the previous lessons. Once you are done with the piece, have a show-and-tell activity with
your classmates and discuss what makes your artwork distinctly of your generation and
uniquely Filipino.

Use the given rubric to evaluate your artwork:

4 3 2 1
Traits:
100-75 75-50 50-25 25-0

The artwork The artwork The artwork The artwork

Novelty and features novel features slightly features features generic
originality ideas and can novel ideas and interesting ideas and overused
easily be set is recognizable but not ideas and is not
apart from from various necessarily new recognizable

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 various artworks. and is barely from various
artworks. distinct from artworks.
various
artworks.

Effort and rigor The artwork The artwork The artwork The artwork
undergoes undergoes undergoes poor undergoes poor
rigorous planning but planning, and planning, if at all,
planning and a with slight need collaboration with little to no
strong for among collaboration
collaboration improvement, members is among the
among and barely evident. members
members is collaboration involved.
evident. among
members is
mostly evident.

Cultural The artwork is The artwork is The artwork is The artwork is

relevance easily associated associated with barely disconneted
with contemporary associated with from
contemporary Filipino culture, contemporary contemporary
Filipino culture and there is an Filipino culture Filipino culture,
due to the evident due to and barely any
evident and integration of unsuccessful integration is
successful elements. attempts at seen.
integration of integrating
elements. elements.

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 Check and Reflect
Check the column that best describes your skills.

I think I need more I have a minimal I am confident that I

Skills understanding of it. can do this with ease.
time and assistance.

I can identify various

art forms.
I can assess an
artwork based on its
use of elements and
principles.
I can draw
connections between
historical and cultural
events and various
artworks.

Reflect

I find __________________________ the most interesting because ______________________.

I got ____ checks because _______________________________________________________.
I need to improve on _______________________because _____________________________.
I need to practice _________________________ because _____________________________.
I plan to _____________________________________________________________________ .

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Wrap Up

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 Answers to Check Your Understanding
Lesson 1: Integrative Arts

Answer the following questions.

Recall
1. The word art has its roots in the Latin word ars.
2. Prose is a literary form that is not poetry.

Application
3. Which art forms are present in the staging of a theatrical play? performing arts

Synthesis
4. Why is integrative art popular in contemporary times? The learners’ answers may vary.

Lesson 2: The Elements and Principles of Art

Answer the following questions.

Recall
1. Value refers to the lightness or darkness of a color. value
2. A form is different from shape because it has the added dimension of volume.
3. Another term for informal balance is asymmetrical balance.
4. The type of line usually associated with dynamism diagonal line.

Application
5. How can you say that a visual artwork has movement? The learners’ answers may vary.
6. When do you say that an artwork has harmony? The learners’ answers may vary.

Synthesis
7. How can your knowledge of the elements and principles of art help you in appreciating
art better? The learners’ answers may vary.

25
Lesson 3: Art Forms in the Philippines

Answer the following questions.

Recall
1. What is the indigenous dance that mimics the movement of birds? manmanok
2. What is the curvilinear decoration influenced by Indian and Islamic cultures and is
popular in the Southern Philippines? okir
3. Which festival is characterized by painted masks and helmets, colorful costumes, and
the outer garments of ancient Greeks and Romans? Moriones festival
4. What is the real name of Ruben Cuevas? Jose Lacaba

Application
5. How did lifting martial law affect contemporary art in the Philippines?
The learners’ answers may vary. The learners must be able to explain the aftermath of
martial law in contemporary art in the Philippines.
6. How did the indigenous people integrate art into their communal ceremonies?
The learners’ answers may vary. The learners must be able to explain the integration of art in
indigenous people’s communal ceremonies.
7. What makes contemporary Filipino art distinct from the artworks in other periods of
time?
The learners’ answers may vary. The learners must be able to differentiate contemporary art
from artworks from other periods of time.

Synthesis
8. What is the importance of understanding contemporary Filipino art?
The learners’ answers may vary. The learners must be able to explain the importance of
understanding contemporary Filipino art.

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 Bibliography

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https://www.theartist.me/infographics/10-principles-of-art/.

Al-Hussaini, Fatima. n.d. “Kadayawan Festival Davao: History, Schedule, and Local Tips.” Guide
to the Philippines. Accessed October 20, 2022.
https://guidetothephilippines.ph/articles/history-culture/kadayawan-festival-davao-guid
e.

Artincontext. 2022. “Elements of Art - An Analysis of the Seven Elements of Art.” Accessed
October 10, 2022. https://artincontext.org/elements-of-art/.

Benavides-Perez, Angelita. 2016. Philippine Contemporary Arts: Expressions and

Experimentations. Quezon City: Brilliant Creations Publishing, Inc.

Bright Hub Education. 2010. “What are the 5 Main Literature Genres?” Accessed February 1,
2018.
http://www.brighthubeducation.com/homework-help-literature/100292-the-five-main-g
enres-of-literature/.

Carino, Leonard Rey S. 2011. “Reflections on Philippine Festivals.” ASEF Culture360.

https://culture360.asef.org/magazine/reflections-philippine-festivals/.

Cousins, Carrie. 2015. "The (Sometimes Hidden) Meaning of Shapes." Design Shack. Accessed
February 1, 2018.
https://designshack.net/articles/layouts/the-sometimes-hidden-meaning-of-shapes/.

Enriquez, Marge. 2016. “The art of Conrad.” Lifestyle Inquirer. Accessed October 8, 2022.
https://lifestyle.inquirer.net/246570/the-art-of-conrad/.

Google Arts & Culture. n.d. "Moriones Festival." Accessed October 20, 2022.
https://artsandculture.google.com/entity/moriones-festival/m047mtb2?hl=en.

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Google Arts & Culture. n.d. “What’s the Difference Between Modern and Contemporary Art?”
Accessed October 20, 2022.
https://artsandculture.google.com/story/what-s-the-difference-between-modern-and-c
ontemporary-art/vwKiW17vbvl3JA.

Marder, Lisa. 2019. “Ways of Defining Art.” ThoughtCo. Accessed October 8, 2022.
https://www.thoughtco.com/what-is-the-definition-of-art-182707.

Merriam-Webster Dictionary. n.d. “Contemporary.” Accessed October 19, 2022.

https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/contemporary.

Richman-Abdou, Kelly. 2022. “What Is Contemporary Art? An In-Depth Look at the

Modern-Day Movement.” My Modern MET. Accessed October 17, 2022.
https://mymodernmet.com/what-is-contemporary-art-definition/.

Sayseng, Ayesha. 2016. Contemporary Philippine Arts from the Regions. Pasay City: JFS Publishing
Services.

Skylar, Robert, Arthur D. Murphy, Dudley Andrew, Roger Manvell, and Ralph Stephenson. n.d.
“film.” Encyclopedia Britannica. Accessed October 11, 2022.
https://www.britannica.com/art/motion-picture.

Taboclaon, Aleah. n.d. “Sinulog Festival in Cebu: Everything You Need to Know” Guide to the
Philippines. Accessed October 20, 2022.
https://guidetothephilippines.ph/articles/history-culture/sinulog-festival-cebu-guide.

Tanabe, Rosie, ed. 2022. "Broadcasting." New World Encyclopedia. Accessed October 11, 2022.
https://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/p/index.php?title=Broadcasting&oldid=106476
3.

Yusi, Lyn. 2015. "The Development of Art Galleries in the Philippines." National Commsission
for Culture and the Arts. Accessed February 1, 2018.
http://ncca.gov.ph/subcommissions/subcommission-on-cultural-heritagesch/art-gallerie
s/the-development-of-art-galleries-in-the-philippines/.

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 Photo Credits
Leeroy New, Oroborus at Conrad Manila, 2016
https://www.flickr.com/photos/cricru/27380979411

Agustin, Constantine. August 2018. Accessed October 20, 2022.

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Kadayawan_Festival_2018_Photos_(4956493012
7).jpg

Camelito, Jupilot. January 19, 2020. Accessed October 20, 2022.

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Dance_of_Gratitude.jpg

Foronda, Emman. March 30, 2018. Accessed October 20, 2022.

https://commons.m.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:The_Moriones_Walk.jpg

Manunggul Jar. Museum of the Filipino People. Accessed October 20, 2022.
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Neolithic_Pottery_Burial_Jar,_Palawan,_890-710_
BC_(25144673285).jpg

Uy, Wynn Loner. January 20, 2018. Accessed October 20, 2022.
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:One_Beat_One_Dance_One_Nation.jpg

Glossary

martial law – known as Proclamation No. 1081, martial law in the Philippines is an imposition
of military rule declared by former president Ferdinand Marcos in 1972. Martial law in the
Philippines was lifted in January 1981.

social realism – an art movement focusing on the plights of the working class and the poor.

secularism – a principle that is for the separation of the government and any religious
institution

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