DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS (IT 2040)
LECTURE 01- INTRODUCTION TO DBMS AND DATABASE DESIGN PROCESS
LECTURE CONTENT
Introduction to databases, DBMS and their benefits
Database design process
Requirement analysis
Conceptual modelling using EER diagrams
Design traps
LEARNING OUTCOMES
Explain what is a database and a DBMS.
Identify situations where using a database would be beneficial.
Explain the database design process.
Draw a EER diagram for a given scenario.
WHAT IS A DATABASE & A DBMS?
A database is a collection of related data.
A database management systems (DBMS) is a general-purpose software
system that facilitates the processes of defining, constructing,
manipulating, and sharing databases among various users and
applications.
What do you understand by defining, constructing, manipulating and sharing
databases?
WHY A DATABASE?
Traditionally data are stored in files. So why don’t we store all data in
files.
Example :
Scenario 1 : A several thousand of students are enrolled for courses at SLIIT.
How do you recommend to store these students’ data and why?
Scenario 2 :During the New Year season you need to buy various groceries
and presents for family. How do you recommend to store your shopping list
and why?
DATABASE APPROACH VS FILE PROCESSING SYSTEM
Database system is of self-describing nature
Database enables insulation between programs and data, and data
abstraction
Databases support of multiple views of the data
Sharing of data and multiuser transaction processing
Security and access levels
ADVANTAGES OF DATABASE APPROACH
Data independence – application programs are independent of the way the data is
structured and stored
Efficient data access – make the data retrieval efficient using sophisticated techniques
to store and access data
Enforcing integrity – provide capabilities to define and enforce constraints
Ex: Data type for a name should be string
Restricting unauthorized access – allows only authorized users to access data
Providing backup and recovery – protects users from the effect of system failures
Concurrent access – simultaneous access of data by different users
DATABASE DESIGN PROCESS
There are six main phases of the process to develop a database
Requirement collection and analysis
Conceptual database design
Logical database design
Schema refinement
Physical database design
Security design
REQUIREMENT COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS
The purpose of the phase is to collect and analyze the expectations of
the users & the intended uses of the database.
The process would include interviewing clients and analyzing documents
such as files used to record data and reports to be generated.
At the end of the requirement collection, the database developer should
identify any unclear or incomplete requirements, redundant information
and eliminate them.
REQUIREMENT ANALYSIS (CONTD.)
Aspects to consider include
What data is to be stored in the database?
What applications are to be built?
What operations have to be performed?
CONCEPTUAL DATABASE DESIGN
The result of the requirement analysis step is a concisely written set of users’
requirements.
Once, this step is completed, the next step is to create a conceptual database
schema for the database, using a high-level conceptual data model.
This step is called conceptual database design.
Entity-Relationship (ER) model is a high-level conceptual data model.
ER MODEL - ENTITIES & ATTRIBUTES
You already know these !
Check the handout for the definitions and examples for entities, different types of
attributes and keys.
Select an important entity in a context you are familiar. Add simple attributes,
a multivalued attribute, a composite attribute and a key to the entity you
identified.
Try not to use the attributes shown in the handouts.
Exchange what you have drawn with your peer. What have they written?
ER MODEL - BINARY RELATIONSHIPS
You already know these too !
Check the handout for the definitions and examples for different
cardinalities in binary relationships such as 1:1, 1:N and M:N
Now draw examples for each cardinality ratio above associated with binary
relationships.
Exchange what you have drawn with your peer. What has he/she drawn?
ER MODEL - WEAK ENTITIES
Weak entities are entities that cannot be uniquely identified alone in a domain.
Following restrictions must hold with relevance to weak entities
The owner entity set and the weak entity set must participate in a one-to-many
relationship set (one owner entity is associated with one or more weak entities,
but each weak entity has a single owner). This relationship set is called the
identifying relationship set of the weak entity set.
The weak entity set must have total participation in the identifying relationship set.
Can you think of an weak entity in a domain you know?
ER MODEL - TERNARY RELATIONSHIPS
A ternary relationship is when three entities participate in the relationship.
When to use ternary vs binary?
Ternary relationships could be used when there is a common attribute that needs all three
entities together, (ex: quantity)
Include the ternary relationship plus one or more of the binary relationships, if they
represent different meanings and if all are needed
ACTIVITY
Draw an ER diagram for the scenario below.
A Library is organized into several sections such as fiction, children and technology. Each section
has a name and a number(unique) and its headed by a head librarian.
Each book belong to a section and has a title, authors, ISBN, year and a publisher.
A book may have several copies. Each copy is identified by an access number.
For each copy borrowed, current borrower and due date should be tracked.
Members have a membership number, an address and a phone number.
Members can borrow 5 books and could put hold request on a book
Librarian has a name, id number, phone and an address.
EER MODEL
ER model we discussed so far has been enhanced by adding several new concepts
leading to the development of the EER model.
An important extension included in the EER model is the specialization and
generalization concepts.
Specialization is the process of defining a set of subclasses of an entity type.
Employee & permanent employee
Generalization is the process of identifying commonalities between entity types and
grouping them as super-classes.
EER MODEL - ISA RELATIONSHIPS
In many cases an entity type has numerous subgroupings or subtypes of its entities
that are meaningful and need to be represented explicitly because of their
significance to the database application.
Ex: the entities that are members of the EMPLOYEE entity type may be distinguished
further into contract employees and permanent employees
Such subtypes could be represented in EER diagrams using ‘ISA’ relationships
EER MODEL - ISA RELATIONSHIPS (CONTD.)
ename
Note that the subclasses may have their eId age
own attributes and relationships. Employee
Every entity in the subclass is also an
employee entity and have all the have all
of the attributes of Employees entity.
ISA
Thus attributes of the permanent contractId
employee include all attributes of salary
employee entity and those of
permanent employee. Permanent Employee Contract Employee
Hours_ Hours_
rate worked
OVERLAPPING CONSTRAINT
Overlapping constraint determine whether two subclasses are
allowed to contain the same entity.
For example can an employee E be a permanent employee and a contract
employee? Probably not. Therefore, the permanent employee subclass and the
contract employee subclass are disjoint.
Can a person P in a university environment be a student and a faculty member at
the same time. If it is so, we denote this by writing student overlaps faculty
member. In absence on such a statement we assume that the sub classes are
disjoint.
OVERLAPPING CONSTRAINT (CONTD.)
ename name
eId age age
NIC
Employee Person
ISA ISA
contractId salary
salary
GPA
Permanent Employee Contract Employee Student Faculty member
Hours_ Hours_ Student overlaps faculty member
rate worked
COVERING CONSTRAINT
Covering constraints determine whether the entities in the subclasses
collectively include all entities in the super class.
For example, does every employee entity e, belong to one of its subclasses (i.e. permanent
employee or contract employee)? If so we denote this by writing permanent employee
and contract employee covers employee.
Does every person p in a university environment belong to either student sub class or
the faculty member sub class? Probably not. Therefore, there is no covering constraint
associated with the hierarchy.
Existence of a covering constraint is also know as having a total specialization.
Absence of a covering constraint in a class hierarchy is known as partial
specialization.
COVERING CONSTRAINT (CONTD.)
ename name
eId age age
NIC
Employee Person
ISA ISA
contractId salary
salary
GPA
Permanent Employee Contract Employee Student Faculty member
Permanent employee and contract employee Hours_
covers employee worked
ACTIVITY
In a blank paper draw two ISA relationships, one which is having a covering constraint
and another which is having a overlapping constraint.
Exchange what you have drawn with your peer. What have they drawn?
Have you understood the concepts properly?
EER MODEL - AGGREGATION
Aggregation allows us to indicate that
a relationship as a above which is pId name matchId venue
between a relationship set that set
participates in another relationship set. Player
M
play
N
Match
For example, a cricket players play in
cricket matches. When he plays a match
1
for his performance he may win awards.
win
Note that, the difference between awardName
ternary and aggregation is that N
aggregation contain two independent Award
relationships whereas in ternary
relationship there is one.
ACTIVITY
Can you think of an aggregation relationship in a domain familiar to you?
Exchange what you have drawn with your peer. What have they drawn?
Have you understood the concepts properly?
ACTIVITY
Draw an E-ER diagram for the following requirements.
Students contain an id (unique), name and an address.
There are academic semesters containing an semester id (unique), semester and year.
There are courses offered during academic semesters. A course has a number (unique), name and
credits.
Students make payments. A payment has receipt number (unique), amount and date.
Payments can be classified into Tuition (semester payment), Examination and other (Library fine,
Printouts).
A Tuition payment is made for an academic semester
For other payments description should be stored
Students register for courses offered during a particular semester. The registered date must be
stored in the database.
DESIGN TRAPS
There are several different "modeling traps" (called connection traps) that
you can fall into when designing your ER model.
Two connection traps that we will look at are:
Fan traps
Chasm traps
FAN TRAP
A fan trap is when a model represents a relationship between entity
types, but the pathway between certain entity instances is ambiguous.
Often occurs when two or more one-to-many relationships fan out (come from)
the same entity type.
Example: A department has multiple employees, a department has
multiple projects, and each project has multiple employees.
N 1 1 N
Employee has Department has Project
FAN TRAP (CONTD.)
Which projects does employee E3 work on?
CHASM TRAP
A chasm trap occurs when a model suggests that a relationship between
entity types should be present, but the relationship does not actually exist.
(missing relationship)
May occur when there is a path of optional relationships between entities.
Example: A department has multiple employees, a department has multiple
projects, and each project has multiple employees.
1 N 1 N
Department has Project has Employee
CHASM TRAP (CONTD.)
Which department is employee E8 in?
What are the employees of department D4?
WHAT YOU HAVE TO DO BY NEXT WEEK
Try out the self-test questions on the course web.
Try out tutorial and bring the answers to the class.
Answer the questions at the end of chapter 2 of Database Management Systems by
Ramakrishnan & Gehrke
