(1) The document discusses the Calvin cycle, which uses ATP and NADPH from the light reactions to convert CO2 into carbohydrates through a series of chemical reactions.
(2) Key aspects of the Calvin cycle include the fixation of CO2 by the enzyme rubisco to form two molecules of 3-phosphoglycerate, which are then reduced to produce hexose phosphates that can be used to synthesize sucrose or starch.
(3) The cycle regenerates the 5-carbon sugar ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate through the reduction of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate to prepare for another round of CO2 fixation. Regulation of the cycle involves factors like light, pH,
(1) The document discusses the Calvin cycle, which uses ATP and NADPH from the light reactions to convert CO2 into carbohydrates through a series of chemical reactions.
(2) Key aspects of the Calvin cycle include the fixation of CO2 by the enzyme rubisco to form two molecules of 3-phosphoglycerate, which are then reduced to produce hexose phosphates that can be used to synthesize sucrose or starch.
(3) The cycle regenerates the 5-carbon sugar ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate through the reduction of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate to prepare for another round of CO2 fixation. Regulation of the cycle involves factors like light, pH,
(1) The document discusses the Calvin cycle, which uses ATP and NADPH from the light reactions to convert CO2 into carbohydrates through a series of chemical reactions.
(2) Key aspects of the Calvin cycle include the fixation of CO2 by the enzyme rubisco to form two molecules of 3-phosphoglycerate, which are then reduced to produce hexose phosphates that can be used to synthesize sucrose or starch.
(3) The cycle regenerates the 5-carbon sugar ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate through the reduction of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate to prepare for another round of CO2 fixation. Regulation of the cycle involves factors like light, pH,
(1) The document discusses the Calvin cycle, which uses ATP and NADPH from the light reactions to convert CO2 into carbohydrates through a series of chemical reactions.
(2) Key aspects of the Calvin cycle include the fixation of CO2 by the enzyme rubisco to form two molecules of 3-phosphoglycerate, which are then reduced to produce hexose phosphates that can be used to synthesize sucrose or starch.
(3) The cycle regenerates the 5-carbon sugar ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate through the reduction of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate to prepare for another round of CO2 fixation. Regulation of the cycle involves factors like light, pH,
• Reductive conversion of CO2 into carbohydrates • Process is powered by ATP and NADPH (formed during the light reactions of photosynthesis) The CO2 fixation pathway has several names: •The reductive pentose phosphate (RPP) pathway. •The C3 pathway. •The photosynthetic carbon reduction cycle. •The Calvin cycle.
CO2 enters the plant through pores on the leaf
surface called stomata. 23.1 The Calvin Cycle Synthesizes Hexoses from Carbon Dioxide and Water
The Cycle Stage 1, Fixation: Ribulose 1,5-Bisphosphate Carboxylase-Oxygenase (Rubisco) • Gaseous CO2 and the 5-carbon sugar ribulose 1,5- bisphosphate form two molecules of 3-phosphoglycerate • Reaction is metabolically irreversible (G0’ = -51.9 kJ/mole)
• Rubisco makes up about 50% of the soluble protein in
plant leaves, and is one of the most abundant enzymes in nature Regulation of the Rubisco Reaction • Rubisco cycles between an active form (in the light) and an inactive form (in the dark) • Activation requires light, CO2, Mg2+ and correct stromal pH • At night 2-carboxyarabinitol 1-phosphate (synthesized in plants) inhibits Rubisco
2-carboxyarabinitol 1-phosphate Activation requires light (Mg2+ part of active site) Stage 2, Reduction: Hexose Phosphates Are Made from Phosphoglycerate
These hexose phosphates are interconvertable.
Also, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate can be transported to cytol and converted to Fru-6-P and Glc-1-P via gluconeogenesis. These, in turn, can be used for sucrose or starch synthesis.
1,3-bisphosphoglycerate dehydrogenase (NADPH
and not NADH)
3-phosphoglycerate kinase Stage 3, Regeneration: Production of Ribulose bisphosphate from glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate.
1 3
2 3 3
2 GAP + 3GAP = 5 GAP
Fru‐6‐P + 2GAP + DHAP + 3ATP →
3 Rib‐1,5‐bisP + 3ADP Calvin Cycle Summary (3)
(1) (1) (3)
(1)
(6)
(1) (1)
(6) (1)
(6)
(1) (1)
(1) Chloroplasts Cytoplasm
Pi
Sucrose (transported from leaves to roots)
23.2 Regulation of the Calvin Cycle 1. Stromal Environment: Increases 2. Activation of RUBISCO by light: addition of CO2 to In Mg2+, NADPH, Fdred, and a lysine (201), which is favored by alkaline pH and decrease in H+ increased Mg2+
3. Regulation of enzyme activities via thioredoxin.
Couples Calvin cycle to light rxns.
The “Wasteful” Oxygenase Reaction of Rubisco
CO2
2 3PG
Calvin cycle (3PG)
No CO2 fixation (O2 utiliztion).
Uses ATP and NADPH without hexose production. Photorespiration 4. Regulation of “Oxygenase” Activity by the C4 Pathway.
NADPH NADP+
Permeable gases Impermeable gases
5. Regulation of Oxygenase Reaction in Crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM)
Download full Research Methods for Sport Management 2nd Edition James Skinner & Aaron C.T. Smith & Daniel Read & Lauren M. Burch & Jacqueline Mueller ebook all chapters
Download full Research Methods for Sport Management 2nd Edition James Skinner & Aaron C.T. Smith & Daniel Read & Lauren M. Burch & Jacqueline Mueller ebook all chapters
