1 Fig. 3.1 shows an early water-powered device used to raise a heavy load.

The heavy load rests on

piston B.

cylinder A cylinder B

water load

piston A piston B

connecting rod connecting rod

pivot beam

Fig. 3.1 (not to scale)

Initially, a large weight of water in cylinder A pushes piston A down. This causes the left-hand end
of the beam to move down and the right-hand end of the beam to move up. Piston B rises, lifting
the heavy load.

(a) The weight of water in cylinder A is 80 kN.

Calculate the mass of water in cylinder A.

mass = ................................................ [2]

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 (b) The density of water is 1000 kg / m3.

Calculate the volume of water in cylinder A.

volume = ................................................ [2]

(c) Piston A moves down a distance of 4.0 m.

Calculate the gravitational potential energy lost by the water.

loss of gravitational potential energy = ................................................ [2]

(d) The heavy load lifted by piston B gains 96 kJ of gravitational potential energy.

Calculate the efficiency of the device.

efficiency = ................................................ [2]

[Total: 8]

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2 (a) A water tank has a rectangular base of dimensions 1.5 m by 1.2 m and contains 1440 kg of
water.

Calculate

(i) the weight of the water,

weight = ............................................... [1]

(ii) the pressure exerted by the water on the base of the tank.

pressure = ............................................... [2]

(b) Fig. 5.1 shows two water tanks P and Q of different shape. Both tanks are circular when
viewed from above. The tanks each contain the same volume of water. The depth of water in
both tanks is 1.4 m.

1.4 m

P Q

Fig. 5.1

(i) The density of water is 1000 kg / m3. The pressures exerted by the water on the base of
the two tanks are equal.

Calculate this pressure.

pressure = ............................................... [2]

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 (ii) Equal small volumes of water are removed from each tank.

State which tank, P or Q, now has the greater water pressure on its base. Explain your
answer.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................... [2]

[Total: 7]

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3 Fig. 2.1 shows a uniform, rectangular slab of concrete ABCD standing upright on the ground. The
slab has height 0.60 m, width 0.30 m and mass 18 kg. A force of 40 N acts horizontally to the left
at B.

A B
40 N

0.60 m

D C
0.30 m

Fig. 2.1

(a) (i) Calculate the weight W of the concrete slab.

W = ........................................................ [1]

(ii) The thickness of the slab is 0.040 m.

Calculate the pressure exerted by the slab on the ground.

pressure = ........................................................ [2]

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 (b) (i) On Fig. 2.1, draw and label an arrow to show the weight W of the slab acting at its centre
of mass. [1]
(ii) Calculate
1. the moment of the 40 N force about point D,

moment = ........................................................

2. the moment of W about point D.

moment = ........................................................
[3]

(iii) The ground is rough so that the slab does not slide.
State and explain what happens to the slab as the horizontal force at B is gradually
increased.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[2]

[Total: 9]

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4 A large crane has a mass of 8500 kg. Fig. 4.1 shows the crane on a muddy building-site.

lifting-arm

hook
axle
caterpillar tracks

Fig. 4.1

(a) Calculate the weight of the crane.

weight = .................................................. [1]

(b) The crane rests on two caterpillar tracks each of which has a contact area with the
ground of 3.4 m2.

(i) Calculate the pressure that the crane exerts on the ground.

pressure = .................................................. [2]

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 (ii) As the crane driver walks towards the crane, he starts to sink into the mud. He lays
a wide plank of wood on the mud and he walks along the plank.

Explain why he does not sink into the mud when he walks along the plank.

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................. [2]

(c) When the crane lifts a heavy load with its hook, the load exerts a moment on the
lifting-arm about the axle.

(i) Explain what is meant by moment of a force.

..................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................. [1]

(ii) Despite the moment exerted on the lifting-arm, the crane remains in equilibrium.

State the two conditions required for any object to be in equilibrium.

1. ..............................................................................................................................

2. ..............................................................................................................................
[2]

[Total: 8]

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5 Fig. 2.1 shows a mobile bird sculpture that has been created by an artist.

tail

bird sculpture

pivot

M hole in sculpture E
for pivot

12 cm 30 cm

Fig. 2.1

M is the centre of mass of the bird sculpture, including its tail (but not including the
counter-weight that will be added later). The mass of the bird and tail is 1.5 kg.

The bird sculpture is placed on a pivot.

The artist adds the counter-weight at the end E of the tail so that the bird remains stationary
in the position shown.

(a) Calculate the mass of the counter-weight.

mass = ................................................. [2]

(b) The centre of mass of the sculpture with counter-weight is at the pivot.

Calculate the upward force acting at the pivot.

force = ................................................. [1]

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 (c) The sculpture is rotated clockwise to the position shown in Fig. 2.2. It is held still, then
carefully released.

pivot

counter-weight

Fig. 2.2

(i) State whether the sculpture will stay in that position, rotate further clockwise or
rotate back anticlockwise.

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

(ii) Explain your answer to (i).

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................
[3]

[Total: 6]

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