FLUID:~That can flow. ex-liquid and ges.
Stati¢ Fluid: -
> Relative density:
Poti
RD. = Unitless.
Purser
Oy = bgm/em?
Pot = 0.8 gm /emm®
Pay = 23-6 gm em?
Prise = 2.04 gem fem”
Density of Mixtare:~
(a) M= same 9 = diff.
2m 040,
Posie a mm Pa a
ae
(b) V= same 9 = diff
0,V+p,V
Pmic = ay *
Pressure (P):-
F
% Scalar, Néw?, [ML
tL atm = 1.05 x 107 N/m
“Pp” with depth:
“Variation of
AP = gh
9 = density of liquid.
AP does not depend upon amount of
liquid, shape of container.
Pascal's Law:~
Static fiq, “P’ on horizontal level must
| be some.
Relation between Absointe & Gauge
Pressure:
Pabiotubie * Pree
Preaage = Prue to tg. ony
*Moving Container “P® Calculation: ~
(Be “a,j?” [elena hail)
Lift up:~ (with a")
Pace = (G+ @)H
Lift down:- (with “a”)
Pree? OCG - a)H
3. Free Fall:- (a= 9)
Prot =O
*Note:-
bf Pascal Ufay
Static fluid me
pressure balance
kerte hai
Fy FL
iar
r
h = depth When air bubble move From bottom to surface
of lake then pv, = Pv.
2> MRS :
Agar Koi Cheez linearly vary
Krti hai toh uska Avg:~
Measurement of ATM. Pressure:-
2. Barometer: - “Torricilli”
Po
f
c's
Fy = Po * Puig gh
H = 76 cm of Hg = 1 atm
‘The Garib Ravalal Exp:~
vacua
Height of water column in Barometer: -
Fluid Mechanies
U-Tube:-
Initialy one liquid is on same horizontal level,
other liquid is put in left arm of container
then 1 liquid moves x down from initial
level in left arm of U-tube,
Po
Bit Tia
xy
A 4G
« (Guat = 6.9020)
er
ek aise line select Karo jiske about “P"
same hona chahiye
Important Case:~
41> When U-tube is given horizontal ace!”
(a) vise is fig. coluwan:~
aH. B> A vessel is rotated about vertical axis
Find rise in water “H":~
3 Po= AGH * Pays
“Pays = Povegl
Ip
Archimedes Principle:—
F (Buoyant Force) = Weight of displaced
L liqui.
depends on density of liquid, volume
of solid submerged in liquid.
* does not depends on density, location of
object inside liquid.
Volume of = Volume of
displaced liq. Solial in tg.
Reason
SP
difference
liquid
* Apparent Weight:-
0 = object p= Liquid
oe o=9 op
Sink! Submerge &| Float on
Float. Surface
°
wemaa[s- | Neo N=o
3
chown) | eect
Ne ongg| £- —— | | Remains
trade | | where its
Placed!
: Vz, Chota
Ne mga t= 2 Wada
“Object of density “a” is released then find
acc!” of object inside liquid:~
(o>)
A Eail of density “D” is immersed in liquid of
density “d” to a depth “h” below the surface
of liquid & then released. Upto what height
will be ball jurap out of the liquid:
Phases *A container is at rest then inside volume
is Vi, and when ace!" up with ag the inside
volume is V,.! of an object then:~
Container Ke acl" se up/down volurae
ennerged in liquid depend hi nai Krta.
Buoyant Foree with Cavity:-
Vmatter = Vr ~ Ve
N= ofV, — Velg ~ Vag
To Find Veavity =
D> N=mg~ Fe
Fa= a. aa Problem
™ Solvin
Vote? “
| Strategy
* Rise / Fall of liq:~
When ICE placed on liquid will Melt:
0, > Op = Rise
0 < Bo = Fall
PL = Py = Same.
Po = density of water.
6, = Surr. Liquid.
Fluid Dynamics-
Ideal Fluid:~
0 Non-viscous
9 incompressible
0.9 = const"
9 Streamline é& Irrational Flow.
Equation of Continuity:
(Conserv” of Mass)
Fluid Mechanies
*Area x Velocity = Const”
‘\ rate of Volume Flow
remains Const”.
Bernouli's Eqn:~
(Conserv of Energy)
Ay
aN ly
a
A eee
est Po Py Thy
v, F
| » Ground
Ce toy: ie
wee 2 ee
er
( Divide by 0g
Pressure Gravit"™
head. head
Velocity
head. Ramlal House:~
Wind is flowing outside then pressure inside
P, and outside house Py
PoP,
Hence upthrust force will act on roof
F=(P, ~P,) x Area
1
PSV" = cost
AV = const”
Potential energy same on horizontal level
Velocity of Efflux:-
Closed!
Vimp: ~
H = height of
water column
from hole
Py= Prop = liquid
Py = atin P.
Open Container (Torvicilli IPT)
aa Py Po
V= fagh ) bi- height of lig.
level Frova hole,
Velocity of efflux does not
depends on density of liquid.
Range, Heights, Time of Flight:-
Physics * Height at which Range is maximum & its
value:~
Just like
Motion in
1-D
Force on Container:
F= pa?
* F = 29 ag"
0 = density of lig.
H = Height of liquid column from Hole.
a= Area of orifice.
For massless container, “Hi” to keep
container at rest:-
a= hole
wing = 2pagh A = Container Area.
Time Taken to Move Liquid from
Height H, to H,:-
Fluid Mechanies
Time to Fall down :~
a [aw
ata
hk
© Ratio rom h-» = & = -» bottom
Dust
eh
Venturimenter:-
9 To bottom :~
© Measure vate of Volume Flow
© Based on Bernoulli's Principle,
* a, = AV, = V= Rate of Volume Flow:
Pres pvee0=P,+2 pv20
2 2 Dynamic Lift & Magnus Effect:-
—
. Se
x
Se viet
Football Spining
about vertical
axis
Football without
Spining
Vy = Vg 2 Vet ¥
Viscocity:-
[Cohesive Force between Lig. molecules]
Force between two lig
= coeff. of
viscocity
Shear
Strain Rate
__ Shear Stress
" Velocity gradient
SS
”
Poissulle = 10 Poise.”
Stoke's Law:-
Only For Sphere.
Jab Force between Solid -ligs~
CEs ernrv3
9 Terminal Velocity:~
mg = Fy + f,
ae a (6 - ey
oS a
v= object, @ = object, o = liquid
&
Graph:~ cae
Kove Kort
Vz a Ps Bigger vain drops velocity is
greater!
> Ball is thrown down with velocity greater
than terminal velocity in viscous lig. then
variation of “v” v/s “t''? (NEET-2022)
v
t
2 Coalesce of Drops:~
Aye WV, PRE
9 Temperature dependence of 1:-
2
Nig
Poiseuille Equn:-
Ly For Viscous tig
Ls Bernoulli is not valid
Wok sirf ideal tig kelige
Fluid Current:
AP = Press difference
v= radius of pipe
| = length of pipe.
n= coefficient of viscocity
Physics Parallel
Q= Diff
AP = same
ap
Q=—
Ry
s RR,
eee RG
Reynolds Number:~
Inertial Force pvd
‘ Viscous Force =
d = diameter of pipe
pov liquid.
Laminor :- R, < 4000
Turbulent :- R, > 2000
Unsteady :- 4000 < R, < 2000
Surface Tension
e
2> Rod i= $= —
2i
: F
2> Disc $= ——
Bree
Ri s :
B> Ring: $= ————
ea Dar + aR
4> Annular Disc -- T
Rod :~
Fite
t
Mg
Fire = For + Mg
= aS + Mg
Fluid Mechanics
Surface Energy :-
+ E=SA
< Sphere.
S.A = 4n0R*
R
Vol. = > THR’
3
7 Circum = 2nR
Splitting of Drops into Droplets :~
2°
igo,
2% 9 2
°
OA= 41 [wi*-R7]; AA = 4? [04
af
AA = 4nr?| = 4
r
Bubble Drop
As 41? x2 As 40k?
Film: Take Area double
Energy Released when Droplets Combine
to Form a Drop :~
AE = E(n-n®?) © S4ne*(n-n?)
ag -2] «300
AE = netrer® = 4nR*
V= vol of
sees
AE = 3VT -=
+ R| larger drop
@ Pressure is always high in concave side
P P>Pa>Py
Values of Excess Pressure :~
Drop
2s
eee
2s
R
Bubble
AP = Pi, - Py,
Radius of Coalesce :~
Two drops of radius r, & ¥, cowlesce under
isothermal condition.
Angle of Contact
obtuse Acute
sO AES
@> 40° @< 40"
Cohesion > Adhes. Coke. « Ades
Capillary Tube
Rise Fall
o> 40"
Convex Meniscus
< 90°
Concave Meniscus
"P=PyePoy of)
Due to excess pressure
2s
Py- = =P, (2)
R
Due to pressure variation in liguid
Porogh = Pg=Po
Putting value of Py From (2)
- = + pgh= Po
R
28 pgs be 28
R gk
0
pe ree = radius of tub.
= R cos
Height of liq: rising in CT.
6
org, a
Sef?
“Mass of lig. in tube”
Rise of lig. in tube of insufficient length :~
don't
overflow Radius of Interface :~
°
Height/Depth of liquidl 0 $/r
Mass of liguid 0
Potential energy of liquid o r®
If container with capillary in a fe
falling lift, liquid vise upto complete
length and does not overflow.
mer
an
Fluid Mechanics
6 fit at or of aR,
arg ai we a et ay TAL?
2
h ee
e088 « 5
For two different liquid iF h, $ and r
sanae then find relation b/w density and
contact angle
2ScosO
ear
cos 8x0 Temperature:- Measure of hotness’ and
coldness.
> Two body A at T, and B at
contact.
©—®
If T, > T then
S-2 Some temp" will flows from A to B
= False
S-2 Some heat will flows from A to B
= True
T,, put in
$-3 Heat will increase in B => False
S-4 Tempr of A will decrease => True
Heat can not be stored it can Flows from
Body A to B
F-52 K-273
242-32 BTS-273
Se ane ee MCAS
Relation betvieen Kelvin & Celcius :~
°
ace at
| ‘5°
Ce K-273 %
“273
K
273
Ks C+2735
Cc
0 Relation between °F & Kelvin :~
4a
F-32=
(K-273)
5
© Change in Temperature
AC = AK = AF
Q. The freezing point on MR® scale is 20°
and boiling point 250°. A temperature
of 0° thermometer will be read as.
Ans. Let x is resting at 60°C
x-20 60-0
150-20 100-0
x= 40°C
hange i
change in physical quantity - constant
er unit raise in temperature
1> Resistance Thermometer :~
Re- Ro
te «100
Ryoo Ro.
2> Pressure thermometer :—
P.-P,
ts . os 100
Prco~Po 3> Volume Thermometer :-
V.-V,
pee ee ao
Vs00~Vo
4> Length Thermometer :~
ye eaee
bscobo
Q Length of rod at 20°C is 40m and at
80°C is 40 m then find temperature
when its length is 30 wa.
Ans.Change in length per unit raise
temperature = const
40m-40m £-10m
AL=L, KOO; L, = ly (t+ ad 6)
25 Areal Exp. :~
AA = ABAB 3 Ay = Ay (4 +B A 6)
B> Volume Exp. :~
AV= V7 485 V,=V,(L+7 46)
Imp velations :~
Bulk modulus and thermal coefficient of
volume expansion.
av
AP = B— = BYae
Vv
B = Bulk Modulus of Elasticity
© For anisotropic crystal
YEOH ay + a,
For Isotropic «,
Thermal Properties of Matter
9 For Two Rod
Gl Gb
(i
* If difference in length of these two
rod independent upon each other then
4G, = Lamy
Ramlal Ne socha winter me gold buy
karunga, summer rae sold karurga tab
length Increase ho Jayga ©
> Ramalal ko koi benifit nahi hoga
(Cavity Problems.
Photographic Enlargement.
Tho Lt lt
Tl3euUN
Me
m Convex
Concave
y
my o, High Temperature
Room Temperature
F
A
Ys Young's Modulus
A rod of length & and area A placed on
smooth surface then due to to increase
in temprature thermal stress is zero
@
TS. = — = aYA@ Temperture?
Temperturel
a
E Loss or gain
Cin time
eee Le
_alaeiuuutosmunmautane
variation of density
with temperature :-
0, = Pkt - YAR)
Anomalous Behaviour’
of Water :~
Vv, em _ Max
Min 7
Ms \
{ \
lace 14sec
itt, ee
Yeontainer
# if %FY%s y
Level Unchanged
# if Y2%s Y
Lig. Over‘lows.
IY SYs vis ve
Lig, go down
OTT
Effect of Expansion on Appai
Weight in Liquid :~
Nemg - eM
yy
Y=, N= Same
VS¥5° N= dee. Vs t
VWs Nein Vet
@
nap Note :~
Ly Wy [2-2 aA}
Bee
ie cnt
wl
[ Meter Seale Only one
type will
be asked :-
True length = Reading + AL
of Rod taken
AL=L a6 :
CALORIMETRY :-
Heat Capacities
14> Specific Heat Capacity :- Heat required
to raise the temperature by unit degree
°C of unit mass
Q= msae
raise T of “nv” Kg by A6
unit of $ = J/kg kelvin
2> Heat Capacity (C) :~ Heat required to
raise temperature by unit of m mass.
C=ms (a6 = 1°C)
raise T" of object by °C
MR®
= Joh Jaldi Garam hoga woh jaldi
Thanda hoga. Uska specific heat
capacity kava hai.
Physics at high
- tevaperature
st
2> Molar heat Capacity [C]
Q= cag
raise T* of 1 mole Sub’ by 2°C
Note :
$,, = 4 cal/gna’C = 4200 J/KgK
Sieg = 0.5 cal/gm°C = 2400 J/KgK
Seteam = OS cal/grn°C = 2400 J/KgK
Leal=42J
4 Latent Heat :~
Q= mL
* heat veg. to change state
Lice = 80 cal/gun
Leteam = 540 cal/grn
MR* feel
© Water Can't exist below O°C. Ice can't
exist above O°C. at O°C both can exist
Mixture of (Ice + water) only Possible at
0°C. Zero se upar gya matlb sab pani ho
{gya, zero se Niche sab ice
oO Steam + water mixture only exist at
200°C.
Thermal Properties of Matter
Q. 30 gm ice at O°C mixed with 10 gm
water at 40°C then mass of water in
mixture?
Ans Qi, = mL = 800
Quaten = Wt = 10 x 40 = 400
only 5 gro ice will melt
mm (water) = 15 gm.
Principle of Calorimetry :~
Heat Loss = Heat Gain
Mixture :-
© Final aes of Mix. :~
IM, +My
tJ
Final Temperature of = when two
liquid of mass m, & m, of specific heat
capacity 5, and S, at temperature T, and
T, mixed.
>
m,S,7, + m,S,T,
mS, +m,
Mixture of ice & water :—
rn gran ice at O°C mixed with W gram
water at TC
Bring both ice & water at common
Temp" and sarae phase.
Required :- Q = mL (m gram [ce melt into
m gram water at 0°C)
Supply :- Q = WT = mSAT (When W gram
water cool down from T to 0°C)
2 mb WT
Twig °C (ant), =O
(ame), = Wo me 2> mL > WT
T.=0€
Tes (aint gg = -V0'
(amt), = Were!
‘Amt. of ice converted to water.
B> mL WT
wr mL *Poani Wi
m+W — Rahega
Mixture of ice & steam~
Required :- Q= mL = 80m
Supply :~ Q = WL + WSA8 = 40 W
2> Qsuppty * Prea
se mar 25 i
s4ow :
Steam pete
200°C,
100°C 3
180m = S40W
The MR*
Mie + Weteanc
Tie sea
100°C 2
\3 2
Tie fe
q eaeaaa
©? to 100°C
6 4
7 2
fa 4
Tmax POC 4
a L
Q: 200 grrn ice at -20°C is mixed with
500 grim water it 20°C, then find
temperature of mixture and amount of
water, ice in mixture
‘Ans. MR* Dono ko kisi ek phase me same
temperature par le ke aaa.
Q, = ms AT + mL = 2000 eal + 46000 cal
heat given to ice to melt AC.
Q, = msAt = 10000 cal.
Heat given by water when it fall from
20° to 0°
Q, > Qy hence complete ice will not melt,
out of 10000 cal heat given by water
2000 cal used to increase temperature
and 8000 cal use to vaelt ice
miL = 8000
wa’ = 2.00 ice will melt
T.,., = O° because (ice + water) mixture
Mater
My, = 100 grm
= G00 grm
Q. Sgmwater at 30°C and 5 grnice at 20°C
mixed then teemperature of mixture.
Ans. Tye = OF requirement < supply
Water Equivalent :~
Woh liquid utnahi Heat (ega AT Tevap. Rise
Keliye jitna’ W,,, water le raha hh!
Toh Aapko uss Liquid Ko Na Assume Karke
Water Ko uss liquid Ki tarah Treat Karna hai!
Body
mS
46
dQ dQ
J SBR = Wc x OB
eq :~ Water equivalent = 559 at 40°C.
WT = 55 x 40 = 2200 cal,
Physics V. Imp Question :~ © lee Formation :—
Kom ice
- V Foren
+A bullet of mass “va” moving with “u” hits |
an ice block of “M’ gm Kept ona frictionless |
floor & gets stuck in it. How much ice will
welt if x% of the lost KE goes to ice ? (initial Formation of ice :~
temp! of block & bullet = 9°C)- O tox: x to. ax: 2x to Bx
eee st
Otox : Oto2x : Otoax
t at: ot
aE
Sits okay to feel up and down
Its normal and natural, don't
overthink, move forward and
work hard 9
‘Thermal Properties of Matter & Conduction
Heat flows from hot end to cold end, medium
required but particles of medium simply
oscillate but do not leave their position.
2 Slow process
+ Takes places in solid
«Path may be zig-zag
«Temperature of medium increases.
Convection
© Media required, each particle of
medium absorbs heat and moves Frorn
hot end to cold end
© = Slow process
© Occurs in fluid not in solid
Temp” of medium increases
Radiation
«Heat flows in the form of electromagnetic:
waves
© Medium is not required
© Path straight line
«No change in temp" of medium
Law of Thermal Conductivity:—
K = Coefficient of Thermal Conduetivity
(Material Property)
Q= Heat,
SOM UST ES
Heat Curvent:-
AT
Hs —R,=
R, kA
R, := Thermal Resistance
Combination of Rod
9 Series Combination :~
“me add
Ry, = Ry # Ry Rayne
Junction Temp :- Rate of heat flow sane
in series combination.
Hy = Ha
KD
kK, (T ~ To)
°
2 Combination of Conductor :~
L> Series :~ Teor
Length Should
be same
Heat Transfer
Radiation :-
Black Body :-
&
Absorptive a= —
Q
&
Reflective r= —
Q
a@
Transmitive t = —
POWER
© Emissive Power [Intensity] --
Q J
Es — 5 — = Watt/m?
At wis
Stefan's Law :~
E=oT' T = Kelvin.
Watt
o = 5.67 x10 ——>
wk!
Emissivity :~
e Power of Normal body (¢)
Emissive Power of Black body (E)
For Black Body (e) = 3
Emissive Power of Normal Body (é) :
€= eE = eoT*
Q
Pe—= AcoT™
t
Stefan-Boltzmann's Law :~
Poors = Femit ~ Pabsorb
Prog # 0A [T* ~ T3]
To = Sure, Temp", T = body Temp”
@ Wien's Law :~ 0 Kivchoffs Law :-
' iF A good absorber is a good emitter!
Ayr eb
A> AL > Ay Solar Constant :-
ToT Ts i" Total Thermal Energy falling per unit
aaa a area per sec
an
ba 29x50 mk ; pete, ae emissivity of
slensth corresponding 2
to which Energy 8 monies ts ee [e | sun.
Newton's Law of Cooling :~ UP J yo = Stephan's const
— =
+ Tine 't! taken to fall temperature T, lo
to T, where Tp is the terperature of St] R= Radius of Sun.
surrounding. Tan || = Dist of sun &
(G2 ) earth.
-%
t 2
+ Rate of cooling xc Teraperature difference | Weisman Praz Law :~
8 40°C 9 80°C 9, 70°C <> 60°C Ratio of thermal conductivity and
Time t,
AV=+ve Wt
o Compression > AV=—ve WL
Ip
Work=+ Su, V,XP,~P,)
Internal Energy (U) :-
—> “Path independent”
U= KE + PE
—> “Temp" dependent.”
Vat
Due to 4
molecule
TON
Df molecule
N = No. of molecules.
= No. of moles
Ky = 2.38 x 1077? mkg $
JK
Degree of Freedom :~
| 4> Moroatoraic Gas :~ (Ne, He, Ar)
f23T+0R
2% Diatomic gas :~ (Nz, 05, H)
f23T+2R
3> Triatomic Linear gas :- (CO,)
fe 3T+2R
42° Polyatomic gas/Triatomic Non-linear
gus:~ (SOq, CHy, NH)
fr 3T+3R
When Considering Vibrational Motion:~
0 No effect for Monoatomic gas
© Diatowie = f = 3T + 2R+ 2V=7
© Triatoraie
> Linear f= 3T+2R+2V=7
> Non-Linear f = 37 + 3R+2V=8
Heat Capacities :~
14> Specific heat Capacity (S) :-
dQ
Se
m dt 2> Heat Capacity (C) :- | Molar Heat Capacity :~
dQ
a Const" P Const" V
3> Molar heat Capacity :~ Coe 4Q dg = du
dQ dn R
"nat a
Relation between Specific & Molar Sp.| Note :-
HC.
w Cp ep GyeR
* MS) Cu? —$ \ aa
n v
> Cy & C, denote the Specific Heat per
unit mass of an ideel gas of Mwt “M” oe 2
then :~ ve a Ae
Cp ~ 6, = R > Molar Sp. heat
R
=~ (Specific heat per
M unit mass) |
MR* Table :~
Gas DOF (F) °C, (RE/2) Cp (C, +R) ¥(C,/ 0)
Monoatomic 3 3R SR a
ass ~ 22166
2 3
Diatomic s SR 7R 7
ean — 2144
2 2 s
Triatomic Linear s SR 7R rd
a —_ 214
2 Ss
Triatomic Non-linear é BR 4R 4
a 2138
3
Diatomic at high} 7 7R aR 4
Temperature > : 7
Gas Mixture :~
(Die * )
) _ Codie
mm Cae
fate qe tals + abt
mer ta
& Phases Ast Law of Thermodynamics :~
dQ = dU + dw
Based on Energy Conservation
dQ du [aw
Given=+ | Tt=+ | by gas=
To gas of gas
Taken=- | TL=~ | ongas=-
from gas | of gas
(a)
9 V= Const" (P oT)
Isochorie Process !
WD=0 Q=AU=nC, AT
nfRAT
Gay-Lusaae Law :~
Q=
2 Graph:-
PA
PY v
()
ATG & Thermodynamics
(®) Charles Law :~
P = Const"
'sobavic Process |
W = PAV= P(V, - V,)
Fraction of Heat goes in Work :~
Ven
v
v1 0c Loe P
v
Boyle's Law :~
2 T= Const” PV = Const™
2 (sothermal Process !
2 Reversible i... V slow.
@ > AU = 0 > Hum jitna Kam Karenge
sab heat mein jayega!
aQ
v, \]
w= 2.303 nrT | !09,,|— |) = d@
vy
Pp.
W = 2.303 nRT loa.e{ al =dQ
ta
Graph :-
Pp T
(d) Adiabatic Process :~
0 AQ=0 PV’ = Const”
Ce
9 Y= Adiabatic Coefficient = =
Q
9 Sudden Process.
dws - du
‘Tyre burst
Expansion :- VP Wetve Us —ve TY
Compression :- VWs -ve Use TT
a aq ie sit
eee eo ee
9 Note :~
ART -T)
\
isothermal ta
a NS pttatomie
akoonie
adiabatic MonoaEbowie
v
Pi isobaric P| Wy ww
ea
fsothermal
tw adie | wy
‘isochorie = isobaric
Expansion Compression VV
W, > W > Wy Wy > Wy > Wy
wW, 20 WwW, 20 « Note :-
Adiabatic Elasticity = Bulk Modulus = yP
Tr PMT" = Const”
You
Power of P< 1
P
s TeV
yax? Rectangular
hyperbola
Vv
Polytropic Process :~
PV" = TVX? = PP*T* = const”
A>B=P= Const? VI TY
B>C=V= Const Ph Tt
CoD Const" Vf Tt
D>A=V= Const PL TY
AIG & Thermodynamies
P Plc
—~
A
ieee A
v
A>B Pitt v= Const®
B>C WT) P= Const®
CA PLYP T= Const™
>
Pp
B ¢
A D
—-———_ V
(ial: paseo
A D
ADB T=Const* PP vy
B>C P= Const’ Tt vt
C>D = T= Const™ PL vb
DA P= Const" TL
Efficiency (m) :~
WD
nC,AT + nCAT
titi oan,
AB BC Heat Engine :-
working
Gas cian %
| keejecty Sine
Senne Given)
work
14> Carnot Engine :~ Output :~ Work
Input := Heat
AB = IT Exp.
BC = AB Exp.
cD = IT = Comp
DA= AD = Comp
Q Ty
Carnot Theorern :- —
Qe
Work
2> Heat Pump :- Output : Heat
input: Work
working
3> Refrigerator :- Output :~ Heat
Input :~ Work
# Same as Pump.
Ort
a
Room a
Electricity
Work
Q. The efficiency of a Carnot heat engine is
= Find the coefficient of performance
3
of Carnot refrigerator when both heat
engine and vélrigerator are working
between similar source and sink.
t
Sol. Efficiency of heat engine is, = —
3
The relation between B é& 9 when same
Carnot engine is used,
am
eee eee
”
2
3
Acarnot engine works as a vefrigerator
in between-250 K and 300 K. if it
acquires 750 calories from heat source
at low temperature, then what is the
heat generated at higher temperature.
(in calories)?
Physics Q
” psa
&
300-250 Q-750
A system is taken from state A to state
B along two different paths 4 and 2. If
the heat absorbed and work done by the
system along these two paths are Q,, Q,
and W,, W, respectively, then
(@) Q, =,
(0) Wi, = W,
Sol.
Sol.
TG
(6) Q,-W, = Q,-W,,
(A) Q, + W, = Q + We
Internal energy does not depends on
path. Heat & work depends (¢) Q,-W,
= Q,-W, Is correct.
Ina given process, dW = 0, dQ <0, then
for the gas:
(a) Temperature increases
(0) Volume decreases
(0) Pressure decreases
(d) Pressure increases
dw=o0 dQ Wy (a) W, = 2W,
()
During an experiment and ideal gas is
* Found to obey an additional law Ve2
Sol,
= constant. The gas is initially at a
temperature T and volume V. When it
expand to a volume 2V, the temperature
becomes.
Ideal gas: V P* = constant
Again PV = RT From equation of state,
Hence, VP x P = constant ie. WRT x P=
constant
aRT
Again, P
(RT) = constant
Vv
constant
Vv
Thus volume V when expanded to 2V,
temperature T,
By Q. A carnot engine having an efficiency
1
of —~ th of heat engine, is used as a
10
refrigerator. if the work done on the
systera is 10 J, the amount of energy
absorbed from the reservoir at lower
temperature is:
Coefficient of performance
refrigerator
of a
Sal.
Q
Also B =
7 ete)
For an adiabatic process,
Pv.” bs Pav,"
S
Kinetic Theory of Ideal Gas :~
mol >
py
ar
Ideal gas
TOTP Ts
Real gas
Low P &
proach ideal gas at
igh 7
is
| (PV, * PoVa) ToT
| PV, Tq + P2VQT,
| Pressure of ideal gas :~
- 2 N
P= —nmV2,, sno. density = —
3 v
wa = mass of each
molecule
Physics Kinetic interpretation of temperature :-
3RT
KE = —
2
© Energy density
KE 3P
Ee
© Rotational KE :~
RT
PTW st
(For a given Temp’)
Now = / $8 =/2 Vane)
a fam /sa Vs
Vayg + 0:92 Vane
vet
fae.
Maxwell Distribution Curve :~
Velocity
KTG & Thermodynaies
a Ny dv = no. of molecules
Temp" independent.
Mean free path :~
n= number density =
) d = diameter = 2r
Density of gas :~
Amixture of petrol and air when ignited
is not in egullbriun state
Rts temperature and pressure not
yniforen,
Ans.:~ Both and corvect
explanation
ave correct
A > AQ is extensive
Rit is propotional to total mass of
system.
Ans.:~ Both are true and correct explanation.
@ os ean Los
Periodie Motion:~
(Repeat itself after a regular interval of time)
ot
abe A)
nea eae (repeat not about mean)
(To & Fro)
Oscillation Not Oscillation|
~y
large # Srrall amplitude
Amplitude © Energy conserved
oF mn
Not
ction]
Sivaple harmony
# Vibration Oscillation with high a = Aus sin(wt + @)
frequency. A= Amplitude
# Periodic but not oscillation
= ail uniform circular snotion.
> earth around sun
© AILSHM is oscillatory and periodic
w = Angular Frequency = = = ant
@ = initial phase
= 0 for mean 4 start
All oscillatory is periodic but need not = 1/2 for extreme ® start
SHM
All periodic need not to be oscillatory — | = 1/6 for half of extreme & start
& SHM A
b= w/4 for x = start
SHM :~ (Araplitude is srnall) BR
Note: ~
n= even = Translat”
pon = odd but not 4.
dees:
ae \_5Oscillation but not SHM”
9 Equation of SHM :~
x= A sin(wt + >)
v= Aw cos(wt + o) Fire Concept MR*
x= A sinwt
se na rail pay
Mai -> Velocity
Wo - Position
Simple Harmonic Motion
Motion From Mean :~
Mai tere piche, wo mere piche hai re
Kismat mai turn se na vail pau, wo mere
tum > acc”
2> az -wK
Note :~
2804 wae
(eae
\ aur
Wvap :-
TP of a particle executing SHM along straight
line its velocity at position x, and x, from
vaean are V, and V, & Then TP :-
2 yA
Tsan |
Ving
Energies :~
L
Kes mw
2
K
we know m= —>
@ © a? =) = = Ka? coP(wt + 6)
ai eA
K = Force Const” = vaw
Energy graphs :~
v
PE
—A MP aac
PE= Max KE = mak PE = Max
Ke=o KE=O
®
Kiet
itt jge given time
wea SR Patten
at etl
ae Repeat FU.
MR*
Physical Time | ‘Frequency
Quantity Period
Position li F
| Velocity T ft
Speed Wa ar
Acceleration ae fF
KE 2 2f
PE W2 2F
KE-PE V2 2F
|ke-PE| 4 at
ME = KE + PF ° o
TP of SHM :~
Force Method Energy Method
Fe -kx pe
dr
az - Mex | asf -w%x
m
w= 2 we2t
T T
TP of Spring Mass System :~
F = const" at
Al SHM TET
independent of "g? ke
shape of object
Physics MR*
© Equilibrium 2 oa RY Ae mass Bt
at aa sr F extra MEE HY Osciate i
° _. filekkar Equilibriuen &T Kx, = wg Put
fro at aa ay ear 2 Ae em
Combination of Spring :~
1> Series Combination :-
F = same, elongation different
2> Parallel Combination :~
ifferent, elongation = same
Cutting of Spring :-
Spring constant K
cut in two equal part then
ORT I
2k 2k
Q. Cut into three part of ratio 1:2:3
then vatio of spring constant.
Length of spring
Kyi ky: Kye G2 3:2
Ky = 2k
K.=6K K,=3K
Simple'Harmonic Motion
°
°
ast
Libel
24k, 4K
red
Parallel :~ Kyy «
s
ak
Fake 3k + Ks OK
s
Reduced mass Concept :~
MM,
(MK
ewe
Ts 20
Rotation + Translation wale Que. :~
1 = Moment
of inertia 2 Constrain Motion :- Time Period of Simple Pendulim :-
Te 20
Geft.
N
© Special Cases :
> Life =
t
© Up r22" | —
gra
© Down i= p22 | —!
ga
© Free Fall = T= 00
2> Cav:
—E(Electric field)
| —sostor— on
oo
K
T=2nf
Physics 4> Pendulum in liquid :~
V= Vol. of bob,
lensity of liquid.
Mass of bob.
}o = density
_ 2) 5 of bob.
7
Pendulurn A POA eid aon ot TER
TP. ea |
9
Angle made by pendulum with ceiling is
90°.
o> TRINER:
Simple Harmonic Motion
mg
7> TP. when length of Simple Pendulum is
very large :~
2 [rR
rae [& '
9
o 1KcR
Te2n
g
T= 84.6 min.
teae [E
= an
‘9
m released
fe
T=2n[—
g
Vv
49> Second Pendulum
length = 1m Tine period = 2 sec
FeOS Hz
@ TP of Physical Pendulum :-
Te
wagd
1= MOL of object wrt point of
suspension.
d= dist” of O & CM!
o
Ad
gsind
Mg
Vertical Rod hinged about one end
> Special Case
4> TR. of Solid Cylinder performaing SHM
if it is slightly displaced downward
& released :~
lenathofeylinder
inside liquid
2> Oscillation of liquid column (I) :-
DA = Area
m
xp TeAe [oo
29g
Vx
i t 7
Te2n|—
g
sala l=
2
vaass of liquid
0 = density of liquid
A= Area of liquid column.
L = Total length of liquid colunn.
Oscillation of liquid column (IT) :~
L = total length of water column
fot
g(sina+sinB)
Te20
Superposition of SHM of two object
Oscillating in Same Direction :~
Ae, [a2 +A? + 2A,A,cos0
0 = initial phase difference.
ind
+ A,cos®
= Angle b/n Ay & 2% SHM
Physics © Phasor diagram :~
| Damped SHM :~
cost = sin t=) | * KKH a
sin(wt+0) |, 2 a,
Ay = initial
Amplitude
FY = Age sin(wt)
‘sinwt wom A, = Amplitude
A,= Age Ses
en
n= Ap em
singoot 8) C de after "0. of oscillation
ae a-oscillation
Equation of | Equation of | Eaustion of roe spine lip i
Equation of | Eauation of | superimposed F(t) = F, cosw,t w," must be
+H Hh SHM x(t) = Asinw,t 5 equal to “w,”
ee xyZA md bdx
ks = Asin(wt) Acos(wt) _| sin (wtrn/4) FE art Re Fo coswt
XyzAcs | xKX=A |
Asin(wt) Je) | sin (tens) || Oh aapka Force a Freq. aan at suagk
Asin | x,=Acos | x= JB Asin | Body a Frea.& aR ar safe: resonance
(wt-n/6) | (wt - 2/3) (wt) Hye
ae ~~] | Q. Amplitude becomes half in 4-oscillation
Asin(we)) 927 Circle then find amplitude after 16 - oscillation.
Acos(wt) | x2 + y? =A? AzA,e7*
= | Straight line
A Yo eran
Mas Asin(we! asian | a = g
x,=Asin | x =Acos | xafBA
(ut + 2/3) | (wt+n/e\ | costwt)
Simple Harmanic Motion
aR
Srailuve is the
first step of success. # Ture wave si ho main tumhara median
Ten aati ho meri zindagi mein Mera use krti
ho, main apne mean position ke about aage
piche oscillate krta rehjata hu tumbare liye,
aur tum Mera use krke aage nikal jaati ho.
a WAVE —
Mechanical Non-Mech
wove wave
Medium \~ Medium x
# Sound, Wave # EM Wave
on string, wave ie, Light
on water, Wave.
Mechanical Waves :-
4> Transverse Wave :~
Particle upar niche wave aage:
Ex + String Wave
Longitudinal Wave
Particle age -piche aur wave aage.
Ex. :~ Sound.
Equation of Propagating Harmonic
Wave :~
Y= Asin (wt + Kx tg)
SHM ek particle Ka oscil” hai wave hazaro
lakho particle Ka oscillation hai !
|
‘Wave. Motion
initial phase [t=O x= 0]
tt
jave
ving = A sin [ky + wt + 6]
en te 2%
Dono Same
Longitudinal Wave :
atic
wd
© Transverse Wave :- <<
viet Dy = A sin (Ky + wt) Particle
Ve a angie
wavs
i inte”
Dono different
Ly y= Asin (Kx - wt)
} eck @dusraQy
wave is moving in +x-axis
a> y= Asin (Kx + wt) ao
Wave is moving in —x-axts
Note :- Vp = Aw eos (Kx + we)
(aman ® AW
Relation Between wave Velocity & max
Particle Velocity :~
"(Wplmae = ARV ave
Estivaation of Particle Whether ITLL Go
UP/DOWN
Vparti ‘ove * Slope of wave MR*
Na Tumhe Forvaula likhna na slope dhekhna
direct answer bs wave jis direction mein
| travel Kr rahi hai uss direction mein thoda
shift Krdo !
Condition of Wave Eq. :~
fy oF eae ot
ae dGetaditeaNe:
“y’ > Finite hona chahiye at all
position of "x’:
y= Rlax + bt) =
(ax + be)
IMP Relation :—
eae
o dx At
Q The maximum particle velocity is 3
times the wave velocity of a progressive
wave. If A is the amplitude of oscillating
particle, find phase difference between
two particles of separation x.
Sol. The maximum particle velocity = 3 time
wave velocity
Aw = 3v
av
we
A
AS we know
veat
oe
Baa
Wave Motion
= phase difference =
ar
=] 20a |x
3
3x
axe
Q. The velocity of waves in a string fixed
at both ends is 2 m/s. The string forms
standing waves with nodes 5.0 cm
apart. The frequency of vibration of the
string in Hz is
Sol. Here the distance between the two nodes
is half of the wavelength
a
“P+ Fem =H A= 06m
v 200
Hence n= = — = 20Hz
A 40
Velocity of T. Wave in A String :-
serain = As yar
i
& = coefficient of liner expansion
B= M/L Y= Young Modulus
vate [7 _ [stress [¥. Strain
w jPA fe e
ee Ved ce Cy ote ets ote ote
7,
Te
7, Jaise~Jaise Upar jaoge
T,
TH Veuve t
a
@ MR*
wl = px
T, = 9 = HGK
Tire taken to reach top point
SMOOMOKNGA
fe
T22/—
I
ee
g
Pave
Ratio of transvers wave at bottom
ee ae
TL.
to top
V = Af = Frequency same
Aava [tension
Ac (eae
Ay ‘hy
Sound Wave :-
> Speed of :=
1 Sound :~ Vz > Vig ? Vue
2> Light °~ Veacuum ? Yeas ” Vig? Vs
> Range
Infrasonic Sound '- F< 20 Hz
Audible Sound :- 20 Hz sf < 20 KHz
Ultrasonic Sound :- f > 20 KHz
¥
Vg or Vi =
ee i of
y= Young modules 6 = Bulk modules
@
Speed of Sound :~
|
jo. Newton's Formula :- (isothermal P)
_[P p=P V2 280 m/s
Yawn? [>
© Laplace's Correction :- (Adiabatic P.)
YP
Vege = |=
JP
{=
v=
M
Note :~
Vieist air
i Vary air
Prncist air © Pay air
oa
‘ems? Vsound in gas
Speed of sourd in gas varies with
temperature. Let speed of sound is Vp
at 0°C. Speed of sound is V, at T°C.
Then find the relation between them
a}
avs Yh = 06st
546
Change in Velocity of Sound is [0.6% ws.
per unit raise in temperature ie. [028%
Sound Wave Travel Due to Pressure &
Density Variation. :~
Compression Ravefraction
Yer Mo [a
Sab °C mein
Chalega
P > Max Min
p> Max Min
Physics S> Min Max
> between disp” (5) & Pressure wave in
sound wave is 1/2.
Relation Between Pressure Amplitude
& Displacement Amplitude :~
Angular wave no.
P. amplitude Disp™ amplitude
Bulk Modulus
Intensity of Wave :~
ie a
[3 = = = pvatw*
\e 2
p22, watt
msec wn?
Energy Density of Wave :-
Energy , Kintensity) .
2 par
Volume V(Velocity) 2
2
Where, | aoe pVAtw?
MR* > divection se feel karo
Intensity Variation Due to Diff.
Point Linear Planar
gee taX tar?
e Aa
Loudness of Sound Wave :~
Watt
1, = 10°? ———
lo mat
L= 10 logy () dB 4Bel = 1048
,
Mee
AL = 10 [09.9
Wave Motion.
Principle of Superposition of Waves :-
APs AP + AZ + 2A,A, c05 @
feheh+2fi li cos@
2
(e+ fe) A +AP
‘mn (a-Jay AWAY
Interference :-
Aaise doh wave Ka superposition jiska A & F
same hai !
Constructive Destructive
Ane =Az+A, | Aum =A; ~
baa? (f+ SE) |i? (WG Sa)
cos g = 3 cos = 4,
20, 20, 41, ox,
gem, 31, Su, 7x,
;
BA SA
x = 0, A, 2A, 3A, Perera rere
=
i ~~
Ww a
cm | (rane
ea
Two wave same amplitude A, :-
Constructive Destructive
Amex ® Ao Awin =O
be (ATP = 41 Igy FO Ua) 4 Cone * fad?
(0) 2487 (4 +B
(d) (2 + BAB
[nae 7
@)
(c) 272 +B)
so he
Apply MR*
Bet
a cin
Reflection of T. Wave in String :-
(String S4t Sound & Same hai)
(a) Raver > Denser :-
Reflected | Transmited
f f fe
Speed | Same uy
Wavelength | Same A
Stationary Wave :-
Aaise doh wave ka superposition jiska sab
Huch same hoga bs direction opposite
The intensity ratio of the two interfering | 4> Y = 2A sin (Kx) cos (wt)
bears of light is 6. What is the value of |
|Antinode
n
= KK = (2ned) =
2
a
Ke (ans) 2
Different equation of Stationary Wave :-
Y = 2A sin (Kx) . cos (wt)
Y = 2A cos (Kx). sin(we)
Y = 2A sin (Kx) . sin (wt)
Y = 2A cos (Kx) . cos (wt)
Q. node is formed at origin then araplitude
which is at between node and antinode.
Sol. x= 2A sin (kx), X=
= 2Asin REA
4
Piysics | Difference Between Stationary &
Progressive Wave :~
Stationary wave | Progressive wave
> Particle at [42> No Particle at
Node > rest rest,
2> No Transfer of |2> Transfer of E &
E&P. P occurs,
"A" samme
3> Sabka “A” diff. | 3>
4> Allinsame phase|4> All ave in aiff.
between N. phase
s> All particles} s> All particles
cross MP with’ cross MP with
diff. speed at| same speed at
same time. diff. time.
Stationary Wave :~
y= 2A sin (Kx) 08 (we)
S sum
Amplitude
Formation of Stationary Wave in
String Sonometre Wire :~
Wave Motion
(a) Fundamental or 1° harmonic :~
a ~ harmonics or (n—2) overtone :~
toni No. of AN =n
tar] No.of N= ned
Difference between any two consecutive
harmonies ;~ Open Organ Pipe :-
(a) Fundavaental Freq, or 2% harmonic =~
Gey
aL
(b) 2™ harmonic or 1* overtone i-
AN_AN AN
xx) EY
(0) 3" harmonic or 2" overtone :~
AN
AA AA
o
xa)
Bs AA) Na
ape eye ee ee eee
a) 2efe 2) M
oo nz harmonic — (n-2) = overtone
No. of N="
vd,
No. of AN = n+ 2
eye
te {
Rihikesiasiny
For Pressure wave :~
2)
owt 2077" AN, ) A
N JN
Mininnuen isp wave,
Disp" wave & Pressure wave have
= W/2
Closed Organ Pipe :~
(a) Fundamental or 2* harmonic
G8)
i
@
(b) 3" harmonic or 2* overtone :~
AA
KES
Wie
(0) 5® harmonic or 2™ overtone :-
A AA
.
wa NaN
© (2n+4)=Hormonic n= Overtone
Fawn 2) fffyehisis
4b vi
Difference between any two consecutive
harmonics :~
expe
The MR*
Frequency Ka ratio likhdo aur uss ratio mein
dhekho Konse wave form Ki baat chalrahi
Jiss wave form Ki baat chal rahi hogi wahi
turahara N & AN hoga.
i wy
2” overtone 3" overtone
B wave form — 4 wave forvn
BN&ZAN 4N & 4AN
End Correction :-
Closed OP :~
A
ji eet
=
ma
Open OP
al
(Qneav
4(L+e)
e20er. LQ. The length of an open organ pipe is | Sol. The fundamental Frequency of open pipe
| twice the length of ancther closed organ
=f, = > = 100Hs
pipe. The fundamental Frequency of cael =
the open pipe is 100 Hz. The frequency Hence the shi aaa of closed
of the third harmonic of the closed organ Pipe yay
pipe is. oe
Resonance Tube :~
i
$ is
a fi
ee
ve Doppler effect is observed when
4, () The source is moving observer is
“Resonance” stationary.
cay (ii) The observer is moving source at rest
4L, 4ly
(iil) Both are moving.
See ae ee Condition when doppier effect will not
he occur:
() When both ave at rest.
(ii) When both are moving with same velocity,
(iil) Both are moving exactly perpendicular
to each other.
Doppler Effect :~ {iv) When they are moving greater than
There is apparent change in Frequency due | ‘Peed of wave
to relative motion of source and observer. (v) When once is moving on circular-path
Valid in sound and electromagnetic wave and other is exactly at centre.
also. (vi) Does not depends on distance b/w thers
‘wave Motion @ Se
Man is standing and source is crossing
hina then graph of frequency observed
with distance ov time.
f
time/distance
Frequency only depends on relative
welocity does nat depends on distance
and time.
The MR*
(The pro-version of Mr*)
a Rest
o
Ar
v
V-Vs
i e Vs
| f
s
ef
? Vs
rtf
8> IMP Case :~
(a)
Vt Vs
Observer
f
Annee 3
O
© Ot @-y
6
vest vest
2f, We
‘Af s —2e
ws)
@> Car is Moving Towards Stationary
Wall :-
(a) Man is standing behind CAR
¥, iY
Observer 8h aainand
A
(00) FM) Minrop
(Rest)
Bf Ws.
af VA
Phases SS. () Man is standing b/w CAR and
wall at res:
%,
Oe | ED
es
t f° "Sine
(car) F, (wall)
Mirror
Gest)
The MR*
(The pro-version of MR")
10> When medium is moving opposite
to the direction of sound :~
V,
sound = V Vig
) Baki Sign
dheklena
pep, (Move
V=Vy Vs
When medium is moving in
direction of sound :~
2VEVy
an>
Vecurd
Baki Sign
dhekler.a
V+ Vu Ve
oly v,
Peete
12>
Beats!
“f" slightly different. Af < 10.
rele
Amplitude
2
oscil”
Ye Amplitude Ko
decide Karega!
Wave Motion
Sol
Sol
.
Tuning Fork :~
Sharp :- Ft
Waxing :- fh
Waring: (A AS?
Waning :~ win (Ay - Ap)?
Two tuning forks when sounded together
produced 4 beats/see. The frequency
of one fork is 256. The number of
beats heard increases when the fork of
frequency 256 is loaded with wax. The
frequency of the other fork is
fi, - fy = 4Hz
f= 256Hz _y 260H2
fe me (Possible)
>> 2sae
in waxing of A f, will decrease but
frequency difference is increasing hence
260 Hz will be answer.
A tuning fork A produces 2 beats per
second when sounded with a tuning fork
of frequency 200Hz. When A is loaded
with wax the beats stop. What is the
Frequency of fork A?
There are 2 beats per second
MR -f=2
= 200 -f,
f,= 20022
f= 202 or f, = 198
Wher loaded with wax the beats stop
since the Frequency decreases on loading
