Republic of the Philippines

UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN MINDANAO

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
Main Campus
Kabacan, North Cotabato

HYDRAULICS
CE 313

LABORATORY 2

BERNOULLI’S THEOREM DEMONSTRATION

PARONDO, Jerle Mae E.

3 BSCE – A
Subject: Hydraulics (Laboratory) (CE 313)

Professor: ENGR. CHRISTIAN MANGINSAY

ACTIVITY ACCOMPLISHMENT REPORT

Activity Title: Hydrostatic Pressure

Date Conducted: September 14, 2023

Venue: CEIT Building-CE18

I. What was done:

On November 18, 2023, the 3-BSCE-A class at the College of Engineering and

Information Technology did a lab exercise centered around the demonstration of

Bernoulli's Theorem.

II. How it happened:

The experiment's protocol was discussed before the lab activity began. The

workers assigned to that section simultaneously put up the F1-10 hydraulics bench

and the F1-15 Bernoulli apparatus test equipment. In order to enable timed volume

collections, the apparatus was set up on the hydraulic bench with the outflow tube

above the volumetric tank. The 14° tapered segment is convergent in the direction of

flow in the initial portion of the test. After then, the actual experiment began, and

here are the steps we took to get the required data. The bench flow was first

connected to the apparatus intake. Both the apparatus flow control valve and the

bench valve were closed. We then turned on the pump after that. Water flooded the

test area when the bench valve was progressively opened. We use the bench valve,

apparatus flow control valve, and air bleed screw to purge the air from the

manometer. We made the necessary modifications to the manometer levels until

they were at a reasonable height where the base board's manometer readings had a

maximum at h1 and a minimum at h5. We obtained data on the manometer from h1

to h6, once the water level was stabilized and the total pressure probe was

withdrawn. The total head was determined by moving the total pressure probe from

h1 to h6 along the test segment. The timed volume collecting method was used to

measure the flow rate. Subsequently, the flow rate was decreased such that

manometers 1 and 5 (h1 to h5) had a head difference of around 50mm. Following

that, the flow, total head, and pressure head were recorded. Subsequently, the

procedure was carried out twice, ensuring that the (h1 to h) difference fell roughly

midway between the values obtained for the lowest and greatest flows. We go on to

the second half and invert the test section with the 21° tapered section converging in

the flow direction in order to study the impact of a faster converging section. On the

14° tapered part that converges in the flow direction, we repeat the process for three

more sets of flow.

What went well:

We successfully completed the experiment demonstrating Bernoulli's theorem,

gathering all necessary data and following the right protocol

What went wrong:

We first found this experiment's technique to be challenging to follow. We made

many attempts to follow the process but were unable to do so. However, we were

able to determine the proper approach after going through the process several times.

Additionally, some of the experiment participants received electric shocks from the

apparatus.

III. Recommendations:
 To save time by not having to repeat the procedure and to ensure that everyone

learns and comprehends the activity, be sure to thoroughly organize and discuss the

activity before executing it. Moreover, exercise caution when using the apparatus.

Wear personal protective equipment wherever feasible to keep ourselves safe from

harm like electrocution.

NARRATIVE REPORT

The experiment's protocol was discussed before the lab activity began. The

workers assigned to that section simultaneously put up the F1-10 hydraulics bench

and the F1-15 Bernoulli apparatus test equipment. In order to enable timed volume

collections, the apparatus was set up on the hydraulic bench with the outflow tube

above the volumetric tank. The 14° tapered segment is convergent in the direction of

flow in the initial portion of the test. After then, the actual experiment began, and

here are the steps we took to get the required data. The bench flow was first

connected to the apparatus intake. Both the apparatus flow control valve and the

bench valve were closed. In the "Bernoulli's Theorem Demonstration" experiment,

the students were tasked with examining the validity of Bernoulli's equation by

measuring the pressure head and total head at known places along the flow using a

tapered duct (venturi system) coupled to manometers.

Students were assigned the job of completing the exercise on November 16,

2023. Students had the opportunity to go over the step-by-step instructions and task

assignment that same day to ensure that there would be no problems completing the

assignment. After a lengthy debate, the students started assembling the test

apparatus for Bernoulli's apparatus. The pupils have difficulties throughout the

process, particularly while adjusting to the unfamiliarity of the equipment. An

experiment cannot be considered successful if the students do not encounter

setbacks, such as getting splashed by water.

We realized we were following the method incorrectly since we had forgotten

several of its components in the middle of carrying it out. To fix it, we did the exercise

again, but this time we used the right method. The students evaluate how we should

have done it correctly and more successfully than the last experiment after learning

about the several aspects that contribute to the failure of our data. Before the pupils

can operate the equipment and carry out the task correctly, it takes a long time.

Nevertheless, after a great deal of trial and error, the students complete the

experiment successfully and collect the data needed to create the lab report. The

collected test results are computed, entered into a table, and discussed in relation to

the specific behavior of Bernoulli's equation.

OBJECTIVE

This experiment aims to test the validity of the Bernoulli equation in the

context of a continuous water flow via a tapered conduit.

METHOD

This experiment will verify the validity of Bernoulli's equation by measuring

the pressure head and total head at known places along the flow using a tapered

duct (venturi system) coupled to manometers.

EQUIPMENT

The following equipment is required to complete the demonstration of the Bernoulli

equation experiment:

F1-10 hydraulics bench,

F1-15 Bernoulli’s apparatus test equipment, and

A stopwatch for timing the flow measurement.

PROCEDURE

1. Place the apparatus on the hydraulics bench, and ensure that the outflow tube

is positioned above the volumetric tank to facilitate timed volume collections.

2. Level the apparatus base by adjusting its feet. (A sprit level is attached to the

base for this purpose.) For accurate height measurement from the

manometers, the apparatus must be horizontal.

3. Install the test section with the 14° taperedsection converging in the flow

direction. If the test section needs to be reversed, the total head probe must

be retracted before releasing the mounting couplings.

4. Connect the apparatus inlet to the bench flow supply, close the bench valve

and the apparatus flow control valve, and start the pump. Gradually open the

bench valve to fill the test section with water.

5. The following steps should be taken to purge air from the pressure tapping

points and manometers:

 Close both the bench valve and the apparatus flow control valve.

 Remove the cap from the air valve, connect a small tube from the air valve to

the volumetric tank, and open the air bleed screw.

 Open the bench valve and allow flow through the manometers to purge all air

from them, then tighten the air bleed screw and partly open the bench valve

and the apparatus flow control valve.

 Open the air bleed screw slightly to allow air to enter the top of the

manometers (you may need to adjust both valves to achieve this), and re-
 tighten the screw when the manometer levels reach a convenient height. The

maximum flow will be determined by having a maximum (h 1) and minimum

(h5) manometer readings on the baseboard.

If needed, the manometer levels can be adjusted by using an air pump to pressurize

them. This can be accomplished by attaching the hand pump tube to the air bleed

valve, opening the screw, and pumping air into the manometers. Close the screw,

after pumping, to retain the pressure in the system.

6. Take readings of manometers h to h when the water level in the manometers

is steady. The total pressure probe should be retracted from the test section

during this reading.

7. Measure the total head by traversing the total pressure probe along the test

section from h1 to h6.

8. Measure the flow rate by a timed volume collection. To do that, close the ball

valve and use a stopwatch to measure the time it takes to accumulate a

known volume of fluid in the tank, which is read from the sight glass. You

should collect fluid for at least one minute to minimize timing errors. You may

repeat the flow measurement twice to check for repeatability. Be sure that the

total pressure probe is retracted from the test section during this

measurement.

9. Reduce the flow rate to give the head difference of about 50 mm between

manometers 1 and 5 (h1 –h5). This is the minimum flow experiment. Measure

the pressure head, total head, and flow.

10. Repeat the process for one more flow rate, with the (h 1 –h5 ) difference

approximately halfway between those obtained for the minimum and

maximum flows. This is the average flow experiment.

11. Reverse the test section (with the 21° tapered section converging in the flow

direction) in order to observe the effects of a more rapidly converging section.

Ensure that the total pressure probe is fully withdrawn from the test section,

but not pulled out of its guide in the downstream coupling. Unscrew the two

couplings, remove the test section and reverse it, then re-assemble it by

tightening the couplings.

12. Perform three sets of flow, and conduct pressure and flow measurements as

above.
 RAW DATA AND CALCULATIONS

A. RAW DATA TABLE

Position 1: Tapering 14° to 21°

Test section Volume (Liter) Time (sec) Static Head (mm) Total Head (mm)

h1 0.3 60 240 241

h2 220 211
h3 205 196
h4 195 185
h5 190 176
h6 200 200

h1 0.47 60 280 275

h2 260 258
h3 240 240
h4 220 221
h5 205 210
h6 245 240

h1 0.67 60 300 300

h2 269 269
h3 239 237.5
h4 204 205
h5 187.5 185
h6 247 245

Position 2: Tapering 21° to 14°

Test section Volume (Liter) Time (sec) Static Head Total Head
(mm) (mm)

h1 0.6 60 265 255

h2 233 230
 h3 210 205
h4 205 200
h5 215 210
h6 290 295

h1 0.7 60 255 245

h2 215 210
h3 179 170
h4 173 165
h5 180 175
h6 285 297

h1 0.9 60 268 263

h2 252 247
h3 211 206
h4 208 202
h5 221 212
h6 297 315

B. RESULT TABLE

Position 1: Tapering 14° to 21°

Test No. Test Distance Flow Flow Velocity Static Dynamic Calculated Measured
Section into Area Rate (m/s) Head Head Total Total
duct (m²) (m³/s) (m) (m) Head Head
(m) (m) (m)
1 h1 0 4.90E-04 5.00E- 0.010 0.240 0.000 0.240 0.241
h2 0.06028 1.50E-04 06 0.033 0.220 0.000 0.220 0.211
h3 0.06868 1.10E-04 0.045 0.205 0.000 0.205 0.196
h4 0.07318 9.00E-05 0.056 0.195 0.000 0.195 0.185
h5 0.08108 7.90E-05 0.063 0.190 0.000 0.190 0.176
h6 0.14154 4.90E-04 0.010 0.200 0.000 0.200 0.200
2 h1 0 4.90E-04 7.83E- 0.016 0.280 0.000 0.280 0.275
h2 0.06028 1.50E-04 06 0.052 0.260 0.000 0.260 0.258
h3 0.06868 1.10E-04 0.071 0.240 0.000 0.240 0.240
h4 0.07318 9.00E-05 0.087 0.220 0.000 0.220 0.221
h5 0.08108 7.90E-05 0.099 0.205 0.001 0.206 0.210
h6 0.14154 4.90E-04 0.016 0.245 0.000 0.245 0.240
3 h1 0 4.90E-04 1.12E- 0.023 0.300 0.000 0.300 0.300
h2 0.06028 1.50E-04 05 0.074 0.269 0.000 0.269 0.269
h3 0.06868 1.10E-04 0.102 0.239 0.001 0.240 0.238
h4 0.07318 9.00E-05 0.124 0.204 0.001 0.205 0.205
h5 0.08108 7.90E-05 0.141 0.188 0.001 0.189 0.185
h6 0.14154 4.90E-04 0.023 0.247 0.000 0.247 0.245
 Position 1: Tapering 21° to 14°

4 h1 0 4.90E-04 1.00E-05 0.020 0.265 0.000 0.265 0.255

h2 0.06028 1.50E-04 0.067 0.233 0.000 0.233 0.230
h3 0.06868 1.10E-04 0.091 0.210 0.000 0.210 0.205
h4 0.07318 9.00E-05 0.111 0.205 0.001 0.206 0.200
h5 0.08108 7.90E-05 0.127 0.215 0.001 0.216 0.210
h6 0.14154 4.90E-04 0.020 0.290 0.000 0.290 0.295
5 h1 0 4.90E-04 1.17E-05 0.024 0.255 0.000 0.255 0.245
h2 0.06028 1.50E-04 0.078 0.215 0.000 0.215 0.210
h3 0.06868 1.10E-04 0.106 0.179 0.001 0.180 0.170
h4 0.07318 9.00E-05 0.130 0.173 0.001 0.174 0.165
h5 0.08108 7.90E-05 0.148 0.180 0.001 0.181 0.175
h6 0.14154 4.90E-04 0.024 0.285 0.000 0.285 0.297
6 h1 0 4.90E-04 1.50E-05 0.031 0.268 0.000 0.268 0.263
h2 0.06028 1.50E-04 0.100 0.252 0.001 0.253 0.247
h3 0.06868 1.10E-04 0.136 0.211 0.001 0.212 0.206
h4 0.07318 9.00E-05 0.167 0.208 0.001 0.209 0.202
h5 0.08108 7.90E-05 0.190 0.221 0.002 0.223 0.212
h6 0.14154 4.90E-04 0.031 0.297 0.000 0.297 0.315
C. GRAPHS

Test 1
0.300

0.250

0.200

0.150
Head
(m)

0.100

0.050

0.000
0.000 0.020 0.040 0.060 0.080 0.100 0.120 0.140 0.160
Distance to Duct
(m)

Static Head Dynamic Head

(m) (m)
Calculated Total Head Measured Total Head
(m) (m)

Test 2
0.300

0.250

0.200

0.150
Head
(m)

0.100

0.050

0.000
0.000 0.020 0.040 0.060 0.080 0.100 0.120 0.140 0.160
Distance to Duct
(m)

Static Head Dynamic Head

(m) (m)
Calculated Total Head Measured Total Head
(m) (m)
 Test 3
0.350

0.300

0.250

0.200
Head
(m)

0.150

0.100

0.050

0.000
0.000 0.020 0.040 0.060 0.080 0.100 0.120 0.140 0.160
Distance to Duct
(m)

Static Head Dynamic Head

(m) (m)
Calculated Total Head Measured Total Head
(m) (m)

Test 4
0.350

0.300

0.250

0.200
Head
(m)

0.150

0.100

0.050

0.000
0.000 0.020 0.040 0.060 0.080 0.100 0.120 0.140 0.160
Distance to Duct
(m)

Static Head Dynamic Head

(m) (m)
Calculated Total Head Measured Total Head
(m) (m)
 Test 5
0.350

0.300

0.250

0.200
Head
(m)

0.150

0.100

0.050

0.000
0.000 0.020 0.040 0.060 0.080 0.100 0.120 0.140 0.160
Distance to Duct
(m)

Static Head Dynamic Head

(m) (m)
Calculated Total Head Measured Total Head
(m) (m)

Test 6
0.350

0.300

0.250

0.200
Head
(m)

0.150

0.100

0.050

0.000
0.000 0.020 0.040 0.060 0.080 0.100 0.120 0.140 0.160
Distance to Duct
(m)

Static Head Dynamic Head

(m) (m)
Calculated Total Head Series8
(m)
 DISCUSSION

 Comment on the validity of Bernoulli’s equation when the flow

converges and diverges along the duct.

A mathematical phrase that connects a fluid's elevation, pressure, and

velocity is called Bernoulli's equation. An experiment measuring the flow rate, static

head, and total pressure head of a fluid moving via a tapered duct is one technique

to look at the correctness of this equation. Nonetheless, this equation's concept

presupposes that the flow is constant, incompressible, and has very little viscosity.

Manometer tubes and a venturi meter were used in this specific activity. The

converging and diverging section of the venturi meter is where several manometer

tubes are joined. The venturi meter's converging section yields the readings from h4

and h5, while the diverging section yields the data from h7 and h8.

The fluid's flow area steadily decreases as it approaches the converging part.

The velocity at the converging portion of the venturi must be greater than the velocity

at the other parts because the velocity of flow is defined as the ratio of the flow rate

to the cross-sectional area of the duct. As a result, as the fluid flow begins to diverge,

the duct's cross-sectional area rises, which causes the flow's velocity to also begin to

decrease.

The flow velocity is maximum at h5, as Tables 3 and 4 demonstrate, and the

values noticeably fall as the fluid approaches the regions of increasing cross-

sectional area (h7, h8, and h6 – per se). This is further demonstrated in Graphs 1

through 6, which demonstrate that this relationship is seen in every test carried out

during this trial. We may infer from the data that the Bernoulli's equation holds true
for both divergent and convergent flow, provided that the fluid's characteristics and

flow satisfy the principle's presumptions.

 Comment on the comparison of the calculated and measured total

heads in this experiment.

There is a slight difference between the estimated and measured total heads

in this experiment, generally ranging from 0.4% to 6%, as the figures above

demonstrate. The majority of the measured values are lower than the calculated

ones, as seen in Graphs 1 through 6. This suggests that there were some mistakes

made during the experiment's execution.

The first test, where the suitable height is reached with a 50 mm difference

between h1 and h5, exhibits the biggest difference between the results for tapering

14° to 21°. As a result, there is little to no difference between the estimated and

observed total heads numbers in the third test, where the flow is at its greatest.

Additionally, as Graphs 6 and 4 illustrate, the difference between the two sets of data

in tapering from 21° to 14° is greater in the third test and smaller in the first test.

These differences might have been caused by a number of things, such as

measurement mistakes, the consistency and correctness of the data collected,

trapped bubbles that were not released from the manometer tubes, the water's

internal resistance, and the tool's performance. In this instance, there were some

equipment-related problems. Nevertheless, the apparatus is not the only reason for

the mistakes that surfaced in this specific lab exercise. The observers' lack of

experience with the apparatus and their eyes' alignment (which requires them to be

perpendicular to the water level on the manometer) when determining the static head

level were additional factors that influenced the experiment's outcomes.

  Energy loss and how it is shown by the results of this experiment.

Bernoulli's equation, which applies the conservation of energy principle to

frictionless laminar flow, illustrates the relationship between pressure and velocity. In

compliance with the energy conservation regulation, energy balance needs to be

properly reported. Therefore, when using the Bernoulli principle, calculating the

energy losses became essential.

When a fluid flows through a channel, it loses energy as a result of fitting,

expansion, contraction, and friction. One kind of obstacle flowmeter that loses

energy to friction is the venturi meter. A reduction in pressure results from the

increase in velocity when the channel becomes constricted at a location due to a

change in its diameter.

Pressure drop is often directly correlated with velocity and inversely correlated

with pipe diameter. The Fanning equation, which is used to compute friction losses,

suggests these links. The experiment's measurements for the static head and

velocity in each reading provide signs of energy loss.

First, Graphs 1 through 6 show the connection between the pressure drop

and velocity. The flow velocity reaches its greatest value at point 5, which is also the

point where the pressure drop is at its maximum. For instance, in the first test of the

14° to 21° tapering, the part with the fastest velocity, 0.063 m/s, yields the lowest

value of static head, 0.190 m. On the other hand, the static head is 0.240 m at the

lowest velocity of 0.010 m/s, indicating the least amount of pressure loss.

Another sign of energy loss from friction in this experiment is the inverse

relationship between the pressure drop and the pipe's diameter. According to the
data tables, the test section with the smallest diameter, h5 with 10.0 mm, obtained

the maximum pressure decrease throughout all tests. On the other hand, test

sections h1 and h6, which have the largest diameter of 25.0 mm, report the lowest

pressure decrease.

 Components of Bernoulli’s equation and how they vary along the length

of the test section. Indicate the points of maximum velocity and

minimum pressure.

The pressure head, velocity head, and elevation head are the three primary

components of Bernoulli's equation. The test section's length determines the values

of these components. Both the elevation head and the velocity head rise with

increasing fluid flow distance. This is only true, though, up until the fluid travels from

its starting point to the venturi meter's throat. The elevation head and velocity head

start to drop as the fluid moves from the throat area to the diverging parts.

Additionally, when the fluid flow goes farther till it reaches the throat region at

test section h5, the pressure head drops. From that point on, the pressure head will

progressively rise as the fluid gets closer to the neck area. The graphs above show

the results of the pressure head and velocity head measurements, while the data

from test section h1 serves as the datum line for the elevation head measurement.

Based on these findings, test section h5, which has the narrowest point in the

duct due to its lowest cross-sectional area, is home to the points of highest velocity

and least pressure in all of the tests.

DOCUMENTATION