DMA Strackure aia: Le pyinidine 1 bind with 0 004 NTE DJA tie stand of polyrucleatde Ie Stractune, Tre ord of nuclabiles in A strand \purcithen inthe 5” toa fhe bez Phasphoke gmp) L, bree ot group HKiscead ia the 5 bo clveclio dep The bro strands. un anbiporallel VEE a Cras lint x the seyunce of bofes determines the calng sh OF DUA (ganic. intoowabion) 2 on strichune + Able bebix (B form) met commen physiol gical farm xcharaderestics Tare contiparalteltsiands ns cght hanced belig (5 J pod! to “aechae, Col ocasact a ass a, Deomplarentong howe pang - Adenine =Teymine capborines Goon /rat Az nds nhGanet C Duh shawl a2 hanplate. bor synttesis of ren complemonkow, shoad_ ba tocen bane laughter DUA mebcles age stackiny : the batge pairs cracked alone each atve buy van der wisals torees. sc hydrophobic infeacians x stebihy of Hoe helix prouised bay 1) vamclee wats abtcackion > qurecahes ak van dec waals datorcelosoin [2 hgrophabicinlcachins. 2) hylapn dong bebacen compat pen Dimensions pin cach comphele bunn Here is 10 Baiee fice Q):- Gabel Hee nanos of base peic in U nebical burn of DUB 240 Dave poirs (oneheical compte: ban = 10 Bare pues) xDe nitions Leche 2 Rupture of hydrogen TEESE bonds and separation of the two strands Question DNA'T rich in Tih tote pecs, DAD" richin GHC bare pars . Which onlrs higher velhiny temperate’) Awsusut = DAIA"D" has Winhea melbiow leapucoburt (CG Inas mace Wyionce bonds Yoon AT) x shun Hee lent ot DuA segnenkl ty | miblina temperaline iment ot BBases =Code = amiro acid >t tronsciped into BNA (mRUA, ERNA, CRNA) ; osephypeal J funcional un oP heradiy » Hoe pon of gone along a heomanonte Iau ol Wes gene Sy Bomeqpaus ak asinsirachions 60 walee maleabes (proteins) Leman genes cl code Beptlans « Homa” Groves in geal envoces awchion Se spac sequnes, we +22 prices of daramosoneg in coll much * Human genome: {PaloMcone Duh eae nla st, — inclades— 5 pan-cobag DA gues ens fa PAA a plein 27 of penne haploid picid a eect sort sane oP conbain_gancs oc BMA 04 fib 20h sin geem cells In bomabic calls srt gale Rn ay a (pila —_$§$£2ea= 2 = Ab Uocnssace erase reece wla223 chconmaee ad spin bab te tal He sane gucrtyse con cl Primarystructure —> sequence of nucleotides | opiong ae Secondarystucture—»Brighthanded helix (clockwise) seal unl oR yey onlin Nas DNA Tertiary structure: \ sino a aha It is the folding of long DNA molecule to decrease its size and allow its packing inside the cell this is called (DNA supercoiling) — cheomalin > clatomonoce Pehromabl > DNA > goneOngonizah ian of eakary akic DNA techn a x Caromakin’s Sivples! implest Porm present in non. v vidi a cubtarplic cells Gagaice) x clrramororne i inh most condensed shake when coll undecgoing The mebaphasech cll cbivisin Wal Kare visible under ight mierovope + In electron microscope, chromatin resemble 2a regularly beaded thread. One chromesome >I single DMA walecuLe Abon = wa Peoleine sedebe sage abe 3 otha Hisdnes proteins boxe pectin. Deharged > tide in bysine’® Angina Unk site WA Qdoryec Weide) sa foes Provence of pepe gure Te mye tie tne Le lineage cts) single na DOM ans, Deepal gut ener Tene meh fs. Fiduca cwomabids comected eh co! ote dhicss ch inp Kal 30 o), HDI WI “Aaesion conde comecte) to spec pris Pp acct I on spate WWI Each cheomabid, ~ Dtdawacs (Rend) Hoal: chamfered by the pcsmsee.cl vorabe ceptibed cumlose ot speatic. seq nce Gb socscal atsbuns) Long (TTAGES,) in htmtin oTack dotomadid formed at at oucleninmet pihine cone ) Fach nucleosomes antiste at Eccl Aaah (calle kale ster ei repped 175 Nebbhoncled burns: oF DAS “Gp Comes milion) sleet x suprcsiling of DNA: sbebivoen onto? ndbestnne Ure nse, come rsdn ob linear VOU hawt bo be padued Incheomadin comping hss'25) vaipiagins nfo eruclars 10m dame Leal roger st (pany cabot ft) °°"? 10m Worl (10am inchavabe) ctpnome 2 fours eakaot 53. 30 nun ce Leach un cenan bruciessrs) ts Sell (cqindealh!) Gat 204 Lpaclinn cobinal 8d) > sted layed stuckoe(allachal to 2 pelt cathid tn ensettes. Each covets conbain é [20 - Lac een of Hoe coil condsin 30 ropettes atone protineDMA Replicakion Leche mais Hoe Syntheses of Dua oceurs dlunny & phare Cycopy i totmemadie ct ganic abn wBave-pasring cube evry stand ack a Kmpake for Parner nes cnpitancany Sond 4DUf Replicatin is Seomi-Comberuadine’- nul, famed) 2dausiler Dut har one cid chavd jsoe nom loomed! ComPloninbe tm Co import Ducky) bo bransher gemehic. sabe in the cormeck seqaance. DNA Replicabion ia A) Separodion of He'2 DA erronde:- in lye a elie on 1.DUA eepicabion seks ab speabic DAA sayunce called oxgin ob roplenhin saan Sohn deamasefshe poe Lidaa praia recogonises toe origin of eeplcabiony, separates Yee 2 stomnels ak arery email cegjon by ATP hypolys STRis Smal sepotahivn allows, Wicase orvgwe. be hawt actesste DUA sronds » The, Sielohingy allows mort deal tobind with unwound royon DUA cases) binding bo hate Ladar (da) his bound inadivalin dest «deal inleracts with chs bod bo sin Shand. ee Lreratt chads (peicuss) sp ahicle encitde Ye ssa irbeiase UoaB) renbibe pommase els sychreus of RUA primer on aun sham Ott sMerelease of the helicase loader K actuabion of helicase (daa) 3.DwA helicase(dnals) separates tre double heli log breaking hydraqgen bonds using enecray yA? hag 4. Single stand DNA birding Proteins (S58) which loinds with cath skemnd +o 1) promand: repining, 2) probec the single arvanel frm mucleabes Poles, 5 Preparing complex consist af nal, dal , SSB prokin , DUA huicas[dna®) + +) replicabonintiahion Dmaintaining He separation of 2DAA sands 6. DAA Tapsisomecanes .0rt- regpors: ble boc roman Topoisomacase. | howe both wucdeabe Lebrond Bn cals ie He bolin —s 2 stan) pasted oma \sqpse (skyand cleasing) “Topsisomerag \\ Fronsieat ouk in one strand bebemieet at iba shronds hs pegndairnd),——_ eh pdr nd) TDMA gyrase =- Type ll bopaitomecaie. Aoundlin bucheria 9 plats 8. Now cach reese ssDVA ock-os Nnploke bo due te sy bta of @ new danger DNS shrand He Quinalones:= onli essbial dys eq naidiie auc {eyou} ck iaibibne, bacenal gyrase pring, bacterial reghcabion Biensuiphon eek comcar ogyonkss £4 cloposcle shargek human sora Ihy Parent strand a eT Rua Drivers 4 ewan onan mr syptvosaed log xvate (fh pages) ne aotunpmomotcatat ping boned paghbl iP.) ‘6 AB Shank RA raleale 5-10 saat noi BY Sytreris of 2 DUA wierand s:. ~peompmany be He DOA 4 Z ) erry 51-53 deedion Daa Palywerase, W\ pp siyndthesis cof bas 2. nem shemuds., only in) By 3. chirection by usar decay oeduade Araposphate (ATP, ence, 48) 2) Voc presence OF RNA primers ~DIUD palyrucase Poems areas DMM strand ino compamintany stquence bo He parent DNA actadinss bo bare pairing, cule Grow? dadding deorpnudechde bipaphale. lm prophake dhesterbad with of ak 3'end of RUA pine Dcemoul sb pycoPhosphahe (2 phespinate) 3) pennde emai Bor Ye ceathioaLby Hrelualyss of pyraphaphe ko bocin phoiphodt dec bord) overt airection of replication: us “SDNA synthesis in two diferent directions: i Gara Per eg emer es ‘Heat of OHA henge "near the rr repestion forks ‘These. short. stretches of dscontinvous DNA, termed Okazaki fragments, are * Leading strand: te sand that is being coped inthe direction ofthe advancing "r caled the leading sand repiation fork - DE ee eee kan pry ci eee eee aed Oi pals po cb ahr comet) chase tnmmalee cerlnin He added wuletdas ae aatgcehed 04, 38 ene = Carat ne I te the Rat cat of the rma Frat te gap at fide dna) ee Fare Yd Buhradels thy weil bao lege Sp ca et eps YY Vagyng shewud Qadghaz=}Uertiphowtalezapen mceohdes or Cys th sb Sens a mono sinoopotionne Notes ° = Although the leading-srand DNA polymerase can replete Hs template ar on 28 is exposed, + Nucci tiposphates have thee_phorston Sunes of the lagging strand (or Peis eae es et eR tho esd mwa ‘Seonvibosa: The phosphor group proximal to the jour», Mavement of the replication fork:to-expose-a eguts i cled the malaise, wheres te lS + bani length of temas plore scan Ge mile and distal groups ae called the B-phosphate eens uneteplicated, Each time a substantial length of new andthe yphosphate, respectively TOT Taeging-strand template is exposed, DNA econ ae smhens 1s itated and. continues “unt it Li - “Natuent reaches the Send of the. previous, newly nam eer s-seint 20870" synthesized stretch of lagging -strand DNA. Meta © DNA Synthesis + The dion tamu 2 owing oncetie Chainolengnnisincatedy the lowing reat ieae+ | then. he hn re forthe oberon of maceodes cZECE ito ona? tata! re energy povided by the | sie ofthe pyrophosphate no fo porpste Bou See ES ea 0-0-0, 5 ob ile Fs chucrnello ithaca + All DNA polymerases require a primer with a free 3'-OH. They cannot initiate a new DNA yo! “strand de nove. How, then, are new strands 2” of DNA synthesis started? To accomplish this, puaid! the cell takes advantage of the ability of BNA “18 polymerases to do what DNA polymerases AM Pr Cannot: start new RNA chains de nova.pel cphaye ae slyge ne ta lJ an? 2 Nag acs hm ia sg cet J Oui Saeed oe mt ee ee The antiva drug Acyow structure pictured Below) is used to wet infections + * caused by double-stranded DNA vite uch a herpes simple vis, Aeyinr Ag As “OC i ‘vate level of yess ° ras Somescenk (esa) (Lirias cas cock express tlomersiea a Meurons doa dice 4 ub cosick tie gore (thal expressed for ldonese) bukit ik expressed Ln goes cell Comcer ctl shor calls > Nelamer dock shalom shy) Duc te $e presence af en) Tell Them AU Genes Gotta Go ."inia Meds Co sequence at Yelomer TAG * Telomerase is a reverse transcriptase ( uses an 7 internal RNA strand as a template for synthesis of a complementary DNA strand). * Its activity depends on the presence of an RNA molecule in its structure, which __is complementary to the TTAGGG repeat. “> Ajuccc * Telomerase recognizes the single stranded 3° termi telte-toelongte the navenal sand then the this parental strand Is used as a template for synthesis of the telomere of the lagging strandRibonucleic Aad URNA) Leclwe # YU nucleaticler:- DAMP 2) GMP 3)CMP_Y)UMP inkecconned. 4 phosphediester bondls SSyptreseed buy aprocess Hs, Transiriphin yee of oe is contaled by aves sequence in one't" shot Dut (Lape Sond) So Mypes ol RIVA: DRlbosimal AWA (RMA) 30/2) hmufe BUN RUD 57 @Ribosomal RNA (r RNA): | *Messenger RNA(mRNA) + FRNA are found in association with several BMessenage RUA 5, ‘@Transfer RNA (tRNA) My Pray Rvasoet ARR ED p mtn ay Moiectoatewesin Snifbon PONE hme Spent ROA Cobo spud ang ieee Sedo hrins hed © jakron be €¥on syst eniny crabtna exon TK2u3 9 aft 1 FP ero KD Cane ES Cle yGee enpresrian Leclwe B Sy Cena Di) andar goes braneceiphinindo mRNA thal: can teanslale He cousdad qovliistaceabion 2 Transoription (RIVA syntnesis) «He spatrens o® RWA using DUA os a template Oo P 4 ) ties fea Loy, encegyne Oa BWA pabgeeta ne te PVD pobymucste (RNAP) one ot 2DAIA aWonds is bygnsitpesl <> Tensile simncl or Ubals sense) Prbecaureits sequumce inthe same as tre neaday syatrerired DAA Heng processed in various ways before being exported 1: 70,000 ys, 1: nition from the nucleus where it can be translated. in teaasceiphian Lr of replication \clude capping of the 5! end of the RNA, splicing, and polyadenylation of The choice of which regions to transcribe is not the 3” end of the RNA. The most complicated of random: there are specific DNA sequences that ee ct the. ion of transcription at the start of these is splicing—the process whereby non- each region and others at the end that terminate coding introns are removed from RNA to transcription. generate the mature mRNA. the_general transcription factors (GTFs). Several ination factors are required for efficient and. promoterspectc intiation in eukaryotes, Nuclear RNA polymerases of eukaryotic cells: L- RNA pol [torres 0s 585208 rem veges 2-RNA pol tse orem comir Ga oR 3+ RNA pol Ill: sal nuclear FAS (NA) “eacondal RNA eo eer conte mrs ee asses + Similar to prokaryotes, eukaryotic RNA synthesis include three main phases: 1. Initiation : involves the binding of RNA polymerase to 9 fagion on the BNA which Iz-specific and fs known as the bromoter rezion, 2 Elongation “after the promoter region is recognized by the RNA polymerase, I starts to synthesize a complementary fransenpt to the ‘template DNA. strand he. RNA Efe ™ Grey ands selene: pyrophosphate each time nucleotide Is sued to the growing chains ne 3: Termination : elongation of the RNA chain continues until» termination signal is reached. INA Polmerase I Cor Promoters Are Made Up ‘ot combinations rent Chases of Sequence Element ind fo aval Worse inion OY Me Pol machinery “A cor porate © tpl stot [SD] Tw rst fei it shea py ny sing ik pon ant ‘nner ion espe Sie ond SEE nee Speers q| SaTe fo tp isting ft 1 (ccs “ng ann epost eh a the oar by pase 3 Termination in eukaryotes: